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Greetings Troublemakers... welcome to Trouble.

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My name is not important.

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At 10:30pm on October 29th, 1969,

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Charlie Kline, a student programer at UCLA,

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successfully sent the first digital message

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from one computer terminal to another via the DARPANET,

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a top-secret research project

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run by the US Department of Defense.

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The transmission of this single word, 'login'

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was a pivotal moment in human history,

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as it represents the official birth of the Internet.

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And it was from here that the first message was sent.

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A revolution began!

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In the nearly fifty years that have followed,

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this invention has thoroughly transformed our world

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and come to dominate virtually all aspects of our lives.

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It has restructured and rejuvenated capitalism,

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by revolutionizing finance and transforming the globe

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into a single interconnected marketplace.

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It has provided new methods of interacting with one another

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and helped shape the ways that we receive and process information.

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And it has provided a place for people to upload

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terabytes of videos of their cats.

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This is pinky... he's a male. He's available for adoption.

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He's pet of the week.

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The Internet has also become the central pillar

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of a new form of social control

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based around mass data collection

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and the construction of algorithms

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aimed at better predicting and manipulating human behavior.

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But while states and digital capitalists have used the Internet

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as a platform for mass surveillance and pacification,

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it has also been a site of subversion

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and created new possibilities

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for decentralized attacks on the dominant order.

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We've got a problem.

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What?

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Someone synched a RAT to one of my servers.

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A remote access tool – we're being hacked!

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On the front-lines of this war are hackers.

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Those who use curiosity, programming skills and problem solving

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to unlock closed systems and bend powerful forces to their will.

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Over the next thirty minutes,

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we'll share the voices of a number of these individuals

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as they share their experiences of defacing web sites,

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leaking emails, developing tools to thwart digital surveillance

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... and making a whole lot of trouble.

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Hacking is one of those terms that I think has become

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a little bit nebulous.

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I would define it as using technology in a way that wasn't intended,

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by finding bugs and oversights in designs

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to make it produce results that were never supposed to happen.

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Creative subversion of technical systems.

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You take software and you modify it to get another result.

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For example, accessing information on a system

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that you shouldn't be able to access.

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Or making the system do something that it shouldn't be able to do

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– or that you shouldn't be able to make it do.

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There's a lot of different definitions of hacking, depending on who you ask.

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US criminal law defines computer hacking as unauthorized access

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to obtain information, transmitting destructive code, etc.

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I mean, they've basically expanded the definition

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in their ongoing efforts to criminalize everyday Internet activity.

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If you ask someone like Richard Stallman,

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he'll tell you that it's really just a creative solution to a problem.

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But hackers also do like to break into systems.

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There are all kinds of systems,

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and there's all kinds of access

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and all kinds of ways to gain access.

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Some hackers choose to fix and protect these systems.

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They work for the government, Microsoft etc.

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They call themselves White Hats.

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They're not even really hackers.

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They're seen in the hacking scene as sellouts.

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They do it for the paycheck... or maybe because of the flag.

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But there are those, of course, who don't don't it for employment.

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They don't do it for a paycheck,

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they do it for the love of solving complex puzzles.

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For the thrill of breaking into whatever artificial borders

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that these people decide to erect.

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Everything that's built can be broken.

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I don't think hacking has changed all that much in the last few years.

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What really has changed is the scope

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of things that can be affected with hacking.

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Before, in the 90's, most of it was just practical jokes

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because none of it had a lot of impact on real life.

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And in popular culture,

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you start to have hackers appear in movies, in television series,

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where there's this whole figure of these hackers

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that have these super powers.

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That can invade computer systems in any way, shape or form.

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There's a new virus in the database.

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What's happening?

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It's replicating... eating up memory.... uhh, what do I do?

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Type 'cookie' you idiot!

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Then it gets a lot more popularized.

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Since the dot-com boom at the end of the 90's,

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things now have a huge impact

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and everything tends to be connected to the Internet,

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or some sort of network.

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As digital information networks have evolved,

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a lot of personal information is being stored.

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Y'know, big data corporations and industries are relying on computers

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... so hackers have access to this kind of information

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that these big companies have as well.

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Hacking can be very simple and very complex.

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But most times hacking is very simple.

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By supplying input in a certain way,

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you're able to make the back-end system

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believe that what you're supplying

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is actually part of its own code.

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Which, in a lot of cases, can give you full access to that system.

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That's not just limited to computers or telecommunication systems.

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We can really kind of apply this idea to all kinds of technical systems.

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So, for example, something like social engineering

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is a human form of hacking.

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Y'know, you can pretend to be somebody that you're not

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and ask another person questions about themselves

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in order to get them to reveal private information.

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It's possible that there is software

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in theory that doesn't have vulnerabilities.

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But in practice, that's impossible to have.

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If an application or a system

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performs queries to a database based on your input,

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you could possibly alter your input

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to be able to then alter the database query,

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and possibly gain access to information that you shouldn't be able to.

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Mostly what an exploit does,

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it's a small tool that you run to get access to a special sector

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of the software you want to get.

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A lot of exploits and vulnerabilities are discussed publicly

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and being used in the wild.

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If you pay attention to lists like Full Disclosure or Security Focus,

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they'll tell you some of the latest tricks that are being used.

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Of course, those are the ones that are already publicly known,

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and that the vendors have often already released patches

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... but a lot of companies don't always patch.

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They're not as on-top of it as they'd like to think that they are.

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For example, the Equifax hacks a couple of weeks ago

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was running outdated versions of Apache software.

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Most people don't really do updates regularly.

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So most people will actually get hacked by something very simple.

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Denial of service attacks

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... basically coming up with ways to create an enormous amount

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of traffic to your server,

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to the point where it can't continue to provide those services.

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There's such a thing as Distributed Denial of Service attacks,

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where that traffic is coming from many places at the same time.

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The most serious techniques are what they call 'undisclosed vulnerabilities',

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what they call a 'zero day.'

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When someone discovers a vulnerability, and instead of reporting it

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– which is the White Hat way –

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they continue using it privately.

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And they don't report it publicly,

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so that way there's no way for anyone to

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really adequately protect themselves against it.

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I think a useful way to think about this is

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that the Internet is a really hostile place.

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It was never designed with privacy or security in mind.

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State actors and corporations control the entire thing.

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And so when you talk about their ability to exploit it

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... I mean, to me, so many of the basic services that we use

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on the Internet are exploitative

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without thinking about a hacker getting into it,

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or malware or something like that.

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State actors like the US government

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have the ability to observe all Internet traffic in real time,

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collect it and store it,

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and then use it later at their discretion.

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And they work very closely with the digital capitalists

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– facebook, google and all these other entities

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– who are already storing that information anyway.

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The Internet has long been a tool used by social movements

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of various political stripes,

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both as a means of disseminating information

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and a fertile ground for recruitment.

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Back in the 1990's, the anti-globalization movement

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arose alongside the open-media publishing platform, Indymedia,

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which allowed for the virtual coordination of many localized fronts

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in the global fight against neoliberal capitalism.

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I need 50,000 people.

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50,000? You're gonna have to give me some time.

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And drums.

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You want drums? OK, I can do that.

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And what about the Italians?

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The Italians? Man, they're stuck on the border.

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They're gonna be with you tomorrow.

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And the black bloc?

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The black bloc are already there.

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You're gonna see black and red like there ain't no tomorrow, kid.

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You just sit tight.

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These days, social media platforms like facebook

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have given rise to a new form of online activity known as 'clicktivism',

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in which likes, shares and the signing of online petitions

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have become a popular way for liberals and so-called 'progressives'

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to project an image of ostensible participation

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in campaigns centered around a variety of social justice-related issues,

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and often masking their lack of participation in real world struggles.

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Real change requires real action.

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That’s why I always share political articles on facebook,

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whenever I see them.

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But not everyone has been lulled into this comforting delusion

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of how social change works.

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On both sides of the political spectrum,

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groups and individuals have continued

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to use the Internet pragmatically,

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both to spread their ideologies and coordinate their IRL activities.

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Anonymous is a decentralized network of hackers and activists

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that exist in places like IRC and Twitter,

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and anyone is free to become Anonymous

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and start their own operations within the network.

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It's kinda similar to the black bloc tactic

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used as cover and collective identity.

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I'm doing ten years in the fence for computer hacking charges

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related to my involvement in Anonymous.

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I was hacking police departments, military contractors

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... defacing their websites,

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releasing their emails and databases to the public.

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One of the bigger targets was a company known as Strategic Forecasting

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– Stratfor – which is a private intelligence firm

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made up of mostly former State Department and CIA agents.

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We took down their websites.

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We went on donation sprees with all their clients' credit cards,

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and gave their email archives to Wikileaks.

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And Wikileaks pubished them,

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showed that they had been spying on activist groups

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on behalf of corporations like Dow Chemical.

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Groups like Anonymous got really really famous defacing websites.

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Other groups attacked police websites,

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getting all the data they have about current police members.

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There's also groups that were blocking huge institutions,

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like credit card companies or banks.

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If they block their transactions, they lose money.

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So there's a bunch of stuff you can do with hacking.

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Anonymous, they were really famous for

0:11:05.477,0:11:08.681
really getting that kind of popular participation in a hacking movement

0:11:08.681,0:11:12.433
that really didn't mean you had to be an expert to use it.

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You could download a piece of software,

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and you could just run it on your computer

0:11:16.412,0:11:19.264
and you would enter in the target URL

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and you could begin to participate

0:11:21.300,0:11:24.840
in what was effectively like a virtual sit-in.

0:11:24.840,0:11:27.057
Now as far as Anonymous, or hacktivists in general

0:11:27.057,0:11:29.122
playing a role in revolutionary movements...

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Anonymous was very active during

0:11:30.682,0:11:32.490
Occupy Wall Street and the Arab Spring.

0:11:32.490,0:11:34.560
In general, an overall revolutionary strategy

0:11:34.560,0:11:36.917
benefits from a diversity of tactics.

0:11:36.917,0:11:39.509
Multiple attacks converging from all angles,

0:11:39.509,0:11:43.440
including street protests, to smashed windows, to hacked websites.

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So Anonymous, y'know, revealing scandalous personal information

0:11:46.813,0:11:50.871
on individuals associated with a company that is the current target of protests

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– timed well, it could be very effective.

0:11:52.907,0:11:54.944
It's a really interesting concept to me.

0:11:54.944,0:11:57.899
And a lot of people who are members of Anonymous

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use tools that I work on every day.

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And I hope they will use them for good.

0:12:01.781,0:12:09.502
I think the unifying idea is just using anonymity to achieve some end.

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And doing it with other people.

0:12:11.243,0:12:14.482
And I think that that speaks to some of their internal contradictions too,

0:12:14.482,0:12:17.531
because they're not unified by a political ideology.

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Members of Anonymous fight with each other about that.

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And I think when you have no political ideology motivating work like that

0:12:26.170,0:12:31.021
– work that has the potential to impact the whole globe,

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and has before

0:12:32.861,0:12:34.200
- it can be really dangerous.

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We of Anonymous declare total fucking war on antifa,

0:12:37.585,0:12:40.203
and all who support their criminal and violent actions

0:12:40.203,0:12:41.813
towards innocent civilians.

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I've seen Anonymous operations go after people

0:12:46.346,0:12:50.343
in a kind of y'know, right-wing, Pizzagate-type style.

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You know... I mean it originated on 4Chan.

0:12:52.822,0:12:57.170
Historically, the hacker community has been very inclusive.

0:12:57.170,0:12:58.750
When everything started,

0:12:58.750,0:13:02.883
nobody really knew who was on the other side of the line.

0:13:02.883,0:13:06.292
Everyone was just green text on a black background.

0:13:06.292,0:13:10.063
With that said, there is a lot of sexism in tech generally,

0:13:10.063,0:13:14.797
and I'd say that the people who are recruited from

0:13:14.797,0:13:18.757
places like Reddit and 4Chan are like, y'know,

0:13:18.757,0:13:20.662
your typical tech bros.

0:13:20.662,0:13:22.516
Every community on the Internet,

0:13:22.516,0:13:25.152
and every sub-community within those sites,

0:13:25.152,0:13:26.819
whether it's 4Chan or Reddit or whatever,

0:13:26.819,0:13:29.254
has a dog in the fight in gamergate.

0:13:29.254,0:13:34.678
Gamergate and 4Chan, and the origins of the alt-right,

0:13:34.678,0:13:38.354
I think are one of the most obvious confirmations

0:13:38.354,0:13:42.681
of something that many of us who are radicals already knew

0:13:42.681,0:13:47.185
... which is that toxic masculinity, misogyny, whatever you wanna call it,

0:13:47.185,0:13:50.705
is an incredibly dangerous and violent force.

0:13:50.705,0:13:52.655
And it never ends there.

0:13:52.655,0:13:54.604
Beyond the origins in 4Chan,

0:13:54.604,0:13:59.300
I don't really know exactly where a lot of these young men came from.

0:13:59.300,0:14:02.423
I imagine that it's probably not any more interesting

0:14:02.423,0:14:06.931
than they are a result of late-capitalist alienation.

0:14:06.931,0:14:10.984
But I think that they started out with, y'know,

0:14:10.984,0:14:13.657
your just, like, garden variety misogyny.

0:14:13.657,0:14:18.059
And then actual literal fascists went to their forums

0:14:18.059,0:14:20.656
and whispered fascist poison into the ears

0:14:20.656,0:14:23.076
of all these impressionable men.

0:14:23.076,0:14:27.990
And because they already were prone to violence and bigotry,

0:14:27.990,0:14:30.906
then it was just the natural conclusion.

0:14:31.756,0:14:37.476
Doxxing is the practice of exposing information about your opponent

0:14:37.476,0:14:40.467
that they'd rather have kept secret.

0:14:40.467,0:14:44.704
Typically, doxxing happens from information

0:14:44.704,0:14:47.300
that is already somehow readily available

0:14:47.300,0:14:48.811
and maybe just a little bit hidden.

0:14:48.811,0:14:52.810
If someone is doing their activism under a pseudonym,

0:14:52.810,0:14:56.907
attackers will search for any kind of connection

0:14:56.907,0:15:00.970
to their real physical persona and put that information online.

0:15:00.970,0:15:03.994
And then whoever the target is,

0:15:03.994,0:15:06.315
all the people who wanna go after that target

0:15:06.315,0:15:09.025
will work collectively to terrorize them.

0:15:09.025,0:15:11.344
The result of it can be, y'know, something like

0:15:11.344,0:15:13.823
getting 50 pizzas delivered to your house

0:15:13.823,0:15:16.538
... or it can be a SWAT team

0:15:16.538,0:15:19.618
showing up in response to a fake bomb threat.

0:15:19.618,0:15:22.742
Protection against this is best done by

0:15:22.742,0:15:26.226
compartmentalization of your online activities.

0:15:26.226,0:15:31.293
So keep your activist activities and your regular activities separate.

0:15:31.293,0:15:35.227
Use different email accounts when you sign up for services.

0:15:35.227,0:15:38.530
Doxxing's also been used by hacker collectives

0:15:38.530,0:15:44.490
to expose lists of police officers, members of fascist organizations...

0:15:44.490,0:15:47.754
A lot of people were doxxed after the Charlottesville rally

0:15:47.754,0:15:50.175
out of just public open-source knowledge,

0:15:50.175,0:15:52.288
and had to back-track on their beliefs

0:15:52.288,0:15:55.329
and actually had to go out in public and offer apologies.

0:15:57.437,0:16:00.191
In June of 2010, a malicious computer worm

0:16:00.191,0:16:02.144
called the Stuxnet virus was first discovered

0:16:02.144,0:16:05.908
by a small Belorussian software company, VBA32.

0:16:05.908,0:16:08.362
It was soon shared with cyber-security experts

0:16:08.362,0:16:10.341
at Kaspersky Labs, in Moscow,

0:16:10.341,0:16:12.235
and Symantec in Silicon Valley,

0:16:12.235,0:16:15.987
who quickly realized that it was unlike any virus ever seen before.

0:16:15.987,0:16:17.653
Far from your run-of-the mill malware,

0:16:17.653,0:16:19.561
Stuxnet was a sophisticated weapon,

0:16:19.561,0:16:21.439
comprised of millions of lines of code

0:16:21.439,0:16:23.279
and believed to have been jointly developed

0:16:23.279,0:16:24.715
by the cyber-warfare divisions

0:16:24.715,0:16:26.743
of the American and Israeli military.

0:16:26.743,0:16:30.193
Its target was the Natanz nuclear enrichment facility, in Iran.

0:16:30.193,0:16:33.763
For Natanz, it was a CIA-led operation.

0:16:33.763,0:16:36.157
So we had to have agency sign-off.

0:16:37.397,0:16:43.606
Someone from the agency stood behind the operator and the analyst

0:16:43.606,0:16:46.663
and gave the order to launch every attack.

0:16:46.663,0:16:48.657
For months, the virus had lain hidden

0:16:48.657,0:16:50.958
within the plant's Programmable Logic Controllers,

0:16:50.958,0:16:53.355
machines that are commonly used to regulate and control

0:16:53.355,0:16:56.144
a wide variety of industrial processes.

0:16:56.144,0:16:58.004
Running commands that were completely untraceable

0:16:58.004,0:16:59.358
to workers in the plant,

0:16:59.358,0:17:01.950
Stuxnet targeted centrifuges for sabotage,

0:17:01.950,0:17:05.084
causing them to explode, seemingly without cause.

0:17:05.084,0:17:08.246
The virus was only discovered due to an error in an upgrade patch,

0:17:08.246,0:17:11.148
which allowed it to jump out of the secured military facility

0:17:11.148,0:17:12.987
and onto the world wide web

0:17:12.987,0:17:15.384
…. otherwise we would have never even known it existed.

0:17:15.384,0:17:20.207
The Israelis took our code for the delivery system and changed it.

0:17:21.417,0:17:24.082
Then, on their own, without our agreement

0:17:24.082,0:17:25.921
they just fucked up the code.

0:17:26.621,0:17:30.125
Instead of hiding, the code started shutting down computers

0:17:30.125,0:17:32.910
... so naturally people noticed.

0:17:32.910,0:17:35.781
Because they were in a hurry, they opened Pandora's Box.

0:17:36.991,0:17:41.139
They let it out and it spread all over the world.

0:17:41.139,0:17:44.304
The Stuxnet virus set an important historical precedent,

0:17:44.304,0:17:45.614
as it heralded the beginnings

0:17:45.614,0:17:48.222
of a dangerous new chapter in modern warfare.

0:17:48.222,0:17:51.604
Still in its relative infancy, state-led cyber military campaigns

0:17:51.604,0:17:54.442
are now being conducted under conditions of total secrecy,

0:17:54.442,0:17:57.374
shrouded from public scrutiny, or even knowledge.

0:17:57.374,0:18:00.104
And given the widespread incorporation of digital systems

0:18:00.104,0:18:02.473
into all aspects of industrial civilization,

0:18:02.473,0:18:04.913
from electrical grids to emergency management systems

0:18:04.913,0:18:06.556
and even missile launch sites,

0:18:06.556,0:18:08.855
the potential consequences of these types of attacks

0:18:08.855,0:18:11.243
could lead to truly catastrophic loss of life.

0:18:11.243,0:18:14.003
And while states have been the first to reach this stage

0:18:14.003,0:18:16.306
in the development of offensive cyber warfare,

0:18:16.306,0:18:18.126
corporations and other sub-state actors

0:18:18.126,0:18:19.658
are already charting their own courses

0:18:19.658,0:18:21.670
in the militarization of digital systems.

0:18:23.461,0:18:25.549
A lot of what we have as the Internet now

0:18:25.549,0:18:27.033
- a lot of the building blocks of the Internet -

0:18:27.033,0:18:28.339
were created by hackers.

0:18:28.339,0:18:31.244
Experimenting with the technology, coming up with new uses

0:18:31.244,0:18:35.626
for a communications system that was originally designed

0:18:35.626,0:18:39.595
to sustain military communication in times of war.

0:18:39.595,0:18:42.797
And all of these really talented young programmers

0:18:42.797,0:18:45.363
started to found these Internet start-ups

0:18:45.363,0:18:48.417
and these companies that become Silicon Valley.

0:18:48.417,0:18:50.884
So hackers suddenly go from becoming criminals

0:18:50.884,0:18:53.948
to these billionaire entrepreneurs.

0:18:53.948,0:18:58.504
These corporations are gathering data at an impressive scale.

0:18:58.504,0:19:02.042
People are naturally communicative beings.

0:19:02.042,0:19:05.688
So we're constantly emitting information.

0:19:05.688,0:19:09.636
And that information is captured by the social media companies

0:19:09.636,0:19:11.284
and search engines.

0:19:11.284,0:19:13.524
And that information is then taken

0:19:13.524,0:19:17.110
and analyzed using algorithms to find patterns.

0:19:17.110,0:19:20.101
Facebook actually records everything that you type in the status message

0:19:20.101,0:19:22.168
– even if you don't send it.

0:19:22.168,0:19:24.587
And maybe you're just thinking out loud when you're doing this.

0:19:24.587,0:19:26.824
You're not thinking that you're actually thinking out loud

0:19:26.824,0:19:28.558
in a really crowded room,

0:19:28.558,0:19:30.745
with everybody having a recorder on them

0:19:30.745,0:19:32.295
... but that's actually what you're doing.

0:19:32.295,0:19:34.078
I think about our right to privacy

0:19:34.078,0:19:36.595
the way that I think about a lot of our other rights,

0:19:36.595,0:19:40.691
in that if we actually had them they would be a good start

0:19:40.691,0:19:41.901
... but we don't.

0:19:41.901,0:19:45.328
Privacy essentially is the right to keep thoughts to ourselves,

0:19:45.328,0:19:47.968
and the right to decide who we share them to,

0:19:47.968,0:19:49.519
and who can actually see them.

0:19:49.519,0:19:53.083
We have a guaranteed right to privacy in the US Constitution,

0:19:53.083,0:19:55.314
which says that the state can't just come in

0:19:55.314,0:19:58.649
and, like, look around at our stuff and do whatever it wants.

0:19:58.649,0:20:01.308
But they do. And they can.

0:20:01.308,0:20:04.017
Because the state has a monopoly on power.

0:20:04.017,0:20:07.727
Protecting your social information and your personal data

0:20:07.727,0:20:10.281
is also defending your self-determination.

0:20:10.281,0:20:12.221
There's this notion that's often used

0:20:12.221,0:20:14.089
by the state and private companies

0:20:14.089,0:20:16.725
that if you don't have anything to hide,

0:20:16.725,0:20:18.630
then you don't have to worry about privacy,

0:20:18.630,0:20:21.468
and you don't need security, and you don't need encryption.

0:20:21.988,0:20:24.037
If you hear anybody saying

0:20:24.037,0:20:26.909
“I have nothing to hide. I don't care about my privacy.”

0:20:26.909,0:20:29.343
I recommend asking them for their credit card information

0:20:29.343,0:20:30.580
or their social security number.

0:20:32.058,0:20:34.941
The biggest concern I have with the “I have nothing to hide”

0:20:34.941,0:20:38.228
is because today it seems really really easy to say it.

0:20:38.228,0:20:41.147
But in the past we have lived in darker times.

0:20:41.147,0:20:45.278
And the information we provide is really really useful to hit our groups

0:20:45.278,0:20:47.397
... or any kind of political activity.

0:20:47.397,0:20:50.402
For example, surveillance cameras on universities

0:20:50.402,0:20:51.979
– when you face a bigger threat

0:20:51.979,0:20:56.332
... let's say we have a coup d'etat in my country.

0:20:56.332,0:20:59.582
That surveillance camera information becomes really really different

0:20:59.582,0:21:01.844
from having just a couple of eyes watching them.

0:21:01.844,0:21:03.661
What people are really saying, I think,

0:21:03.661,0:21:05.901
when they don't care about their right to privacy is

0:21:05.901,0:21:08.703
“I'm not like those bad people.

0:21:08.703,0:21:11.703
"I'm a good person. I'm a law-abiding citizen.”

0:21:11.703,0:21:13.071
Which is a meaningless concept.

0:21:13.071,0:21:14.077
Everybody has secrets.

0:21:14.077,0:21:16.001
Everybody keeps things to themselves.

0:21:16.001,0:21:19.168
Whether or not they like to admit it, everybody puts pants on.

0:21:22.028,0:21:24.439
And then we have these new tendencies

0:21:24.439,0:21:28.498
like the Internet Research Agency and Cambridge Analytica

0:21:28.498,0:21:31.779
finding ways to use our communication and social media

0:21:31.779,0:21:34.005
and create these fake interactions

0:21:34.005,0:21:36.675
where they can quickly create a profile of us

0:21:36.675,0:21:40.344
of who we are, where we are in the political spectrum,

0:21:40.344,0:21:42.014
what our tendencies are,

0:21:42.014,0:21:44.523
and try to push us in new directions.

0:21:44.523,0:21:47.096
And kind of control our view of the world.

0:21:47.096,0:21:49.511
And you know, cyber is becoming so big today.

0:21:49.511,0:21:52.658
It's becoming something that, a number of years ago,

0:21:52.658,0:21:55.190
a short number of years ago, wasn't even a word.

0:21:55.190,0:21:57.726
And now the cyber is so big.

0:21:57.726,0:22:00.794
We conduct full-spectrum military cyberspace operations

0:22:00.794,0:22:02.739
to enable actions in all domains,

0:22:02.739,0:22:05.862
ensure the US and allied freedom of action in cyberspace,

0:22:05.862,0:22:08.216
and deny the same to any adversary.

0:22:08.536,0:22:11.397
Breaking news about Russian interference in our election.

0:22:11.397,0:22:13.935
FBI now investigating Vladimir Putin.

0:22:13.935,0:22:16.734
And as President Obama promises to retaliate for the cyber attack,

0:22:16.734,0:22:19.419
the Russian President continues to deny he ordered it.

0:22:22.052,0:22:23.675
Cyber warfare is really cheap.

0:22:23.675,0:22:25.916
It requires very little equipment.

0:22:25.916,0:22:29.526
It's very quiet. It's easily deniable.

0:22:29.526,0:22:31.683
And so it becomes a really powerful tool

0:22:31.683,0:22:33.993
for state actors and corporations to use,

0:22:33.993,0:22:37.204
because it's very easy for them to just brush it off after

0:22:37.204,0:22:39.904
and say “we never did this” or “we don't know who did this.”

0:22:42.316,0:22:45.796
Nation states are actively at cyber war with each other.

0:22:45.796,0:22:49.032
They each have their own dedicated cyber armies

0:22:49.032,0:22:52.418
for purposes of espionage, for purposes of sabotage.

0:22:52.418,0:22:54.486
It goes from intelligence gathering

0:22:54.486,0:22:57.976
to, really, destroying nuclear programs - as they've done in Iran.

0:22:57.976,0:23:00.733
And probably a whole bunch of other things we don't know about.

0:23:00.733,0:23:03.850
Because they are so secretive... because they're so easy to hide.

0:23:03.850,0:23:08.427
Everything run by a state in this area is run in a very military,

0:23:08.427,0:23:10.157
or corporate way.

0:23:10.157,0:23:13.495
There are people, y'know, doing shift work.

0:23:13.495,0:23:16.829
There are very clear plans and strategies.

0:23:16.829,0:23:19.361
Which means that they'll be working

0:23:19.361,0:23:22.511
more efficiently towards an actual goal.

0:23:22.511,0:23:26.650
The state can also use all of these techniques that it's developed

0:23:26.650,0:23:28.720
against the civilian population.

0:23:28.720,0:23:31.228
Against any actors it feels are a threat.

0:23:31.228,0:23:34.080
Since hacking and compromising someone digitally

0:23:34.080,0:23:36.796
is such an abstract thing,

0:23:36.796,0:23:41.472
it will probably be easier to pull the trigger on someone,

0:23:41.472,0:23:44.297
even if you're not exactly sure if they're

0:23:44.297,0:23:46.057
the person you're looking for.

0:23:46.057,0:23:47.880
This isn't like conventional warfare either.

0:23:47.880,0:23:50.923
They can act in a way that obscures the origins of the attack,

0:23:50.923,0:23:53.632
and they're not held to any standards of transparency

0:23:53.632,0:23:55.670
or accountability on the world stage.

0:23:55.670,0:23:57.710
If we're talking about a government that has no problems

0:23:57.710,0:23:59.080
sending drones into a country,

0:23:59.080,0:24:00.365
I mean... obviously they're not going to

0:24:00.365,0:24:03.904
feel any need to have to answer to their hacking activities.

0:24:03.904,0:24:05.566
It's very likely that we'll see a rise

0:24:05.566,0:24:10.011
in groups using cyber-warfare to advance their own political gains,

0:24:10.011,0:24:12.131
or to counter-attack repression.

0:24:14.407,0:24:17.359
It’s often said that there’s no such thing as perfect security.

0:24:17.359,0:24:19.550
All systems contain potential vulnerabilities

0:24:19.550,0:24:22.659
that can be exploited by determined and capable adversaries.

0:24:22.659,0:24:24.976
And when you choose to go up against the state,

0:24:24.976,0:24:27.551
you’ve chosen an adversary that is both.

0:24:27.551,0:24:30.151
Dozens of FBI agents targeted alleged members

0:24:30.151,0:24:31.911
of a loose-knit hacking group.

0:24:31.911,0:24:35.116
Armed with search warrants, agents hit six homes in New York,

0:24:35.116,0:24:37.332
along with locations across the country.

0:24:37.332,0:24:40.096
The best we can do is develop security protocols

0:24:40.096,0:24:42.123
that are adequate for the task at hand.

0:24:42.123,0:24:44.624
This means being constantly aware of the risks involved

0:24:44.624,0:24:46.584
with the actions that we carry out,

0:24:46.584,0:24:50.107
and understanding what steps that we can take to mitigate those risks.

0:24:50.107,0:24:51.488
When it comes to communication,

0:24:51.488,0:24:54.003
this means using methods and tools that are available

0:24:54.003,0:24:56.754
to thwart interception and mass data collection

0:24:56.754,0:24:59.130
in order to at least make things as difficult and expensive

0:24:59.130,0:25:01.057
for our enemies as possible.

0:25:01.061,0:25:04.604
How would they tell you to access the material on this phone?

0:25:05.844,0:25:07.352
I think they would say what they've said,

0:25:07.352,0:25:08.613
which I believe is in good faith.

0:25:08.613,0:25:11.939
That we have designed this in response to what we believe to be

0:25:11.939,0:25:16.851
the demands of our customers to be immune to any government warrant,

0:25:16.851,0:25:20.258
or our (the manufacturer's) efforts to get into that phone.

0:25:20.492,0:25:23.589
It’s also important to remember that this truth cuts both ways.

0:25:23.589,0:25:26.740
As infallible as the systems of social control may appear,

0:25:26.740,0:25:29.712
they too have vulnerabilities that are just waiting to be exploited

0:25:29.712,0:25:31.904
by determined and capable adversaries.

0:25:31.904,0:25:33.931
Let’s hope we can rise to the challenge.

0:25:34.728,0:25:38.799
Someone has broken into the national bank – the Federal Reserve.

0:25:38.799,0:25:43.865
A Twenty-First Century thief breaking into files, not into metal safes.

0:25:45.175,0:25:47.476
I think there's a lot of interesting things

0:25:47.476,0:25:50.305
that anarchist or anti-fascist collectives

0:25:50.305,0:25:52.558
could do with hacking for their movements.

0:25:52.558,0:25:55.091
But something I think is more interesting to me is:

0:25:55.091,0:25:58.070
how can we use technology,

0:25:58.070,0:26:00.865
and use hacking skills to come up with new ways

0:26:00.865,0:26:04.435
to connect to each other, in a global movement

0:26:04.435,0:26:08.088
where we can come to agreements together in a way that's safe

0:26:08.088,0:26:09.591
... that doesn't expose us,

0:26:09.591,0:26:12.095
that doesn't put us at risk of surveillance?

0:26:12.995,0:26:16.444
We should begin with the assumption that the Internet is hostile territory.

0:26:16.444,0:26:18.430
It's an ongoing state of war.

0:26:18.430,0:26:22.610
Military and law enforcement are using it as a tool for social control.

0:26:22.610,0:26:24.149
But it doesn't have to be this way.

0:26:24.149,0:26:26.620
And hackers and activists, we could use it to undermine

0:26:26.620,0:26:28.534
and subvert these systems of power.

0:26:28.534,0:26:31.456
We could create secure communication networks

0:26:31.456,0:26:33.282
to coordinate the next big demonstration.

0:26:33.282,0:26:37.505
But you certainly would have to be aware of encryption,

0:26:37.505,0:26:41.306
of using proxy servers... of using software like Tor.

0:26:41.306,0:26:42.495
You have to be able to protect yourself.

0:26:42.495,0:26:45.329
Because if not, they're going to use it against us.

0:26:45.329,0:26:49.312
I think the first step for any radical to protect themselves on the Internet

0:26:49.312,0:26:51.510
is to understand their threat model.

0:26:51.510,0:26:52.890
There's a really great resource

0:26:52.890,0:26:55.017
that the Electronic Frontier Foundation has

0:26:55.017,0:26:57.596
on figuring out your threat model.

0:26:57.596,0:27:00.727
And they cover a lot of what you need to be thinking about with these things.

0:27:01.757,0:27:07.177
There's this software called Tor that is very good to anonymize yourself

0:27:07.177,0:27:09.455
if you want to do something over the Internet.

0:27:09.455,0:27:13.105
People are recommending a messaging app for cell phones named Signal.

0:27:13.605,0:27:18.428
The Tor browser, which when you install it and when you start it up,

0:27:18.428,0:27:22.708
it sets up a connection to a decentralized network.

0:27:22.708,0:27:26.394
And then your communication will go via this network

0:27:26.394,0:27:28.050
in a number of different hops,

0:27:28.050,0:27:30.829
so that if you're browsing to a website,

0:27:30.829,0:27:32.532
it's not possible for that website

0:27:32.532,0:27:35.202
to actually tell where you're coming from.

0:27:35.202,0:27:37.614
One of the most important things that we really need to do

0:27:37.614,0:27:39.641
is segment our identities online.

0:27:39.641,0:27:41.741
And so don't re-use identities.

0:27:41.741,0:27:43.286
Don't make them last for a long time.

0:27:43.286,0:27:46.417
You might have a public identity, which you carefully curate,

0:27:46.417,0:27:50.489
and then create yourself new identities to really target

0:27:50.489,0:27:52.478
special operations that you wanna do.

0:27:52.478,0:27:54.168
Special events that happen.

0:27:54.168,0:27:56.327
If there's some protest going on,

0:27:56.327,0:27:57.829
maybe make a new identity.

0:27:57.829,0:27:59.332
It makes things a little bit difficult

0:27:59.332,0:28:01.685
because we do tend to operate on a trust basis,

0:28:01.685,0:28:03.484
and you need to re-build these connections.

0:28:03.484,0:28:08.058
But definitely it's the only way to make sure that you stay protected.

0:28:08.058,0:28:11.637
If you have for some reason linked

0:28:11.637,0:28:16.538
your regular identity with your Internet persona,

0:28:16.538,0:28:19.504
it's going to bring problems if some kind of neo-nazi

0:28:19.504,0:28:24.865
wants to publish that information on a board or whatever.

0:28:24.865,0:28:28.919
Within the hacker community there's a strong ethos of

0:28:28.919,0:28:29.889
shutting the hell up.

0:28:29.889,0:28:31.549
Don't talk about things that you've done.

0:28:31.549,0:28:36.300
And it comes back to this idea that your identity is really not that important.

0:28:36.300,0:28:39.986
Forget the fame.... do it for the actual purpose of the thing you wanna do.

0:28:39.986,0:28:41.650
But don't actually care about

0:28:41.650,0:28:44.410
whether or not people really will know that it's you.

0:28:44.410,0:28:46.312
Don't tell your friends... don't talk.

0:28:46.312,0:28:47.783
Shut the hell up.

0:28:47.783,0:28:50.743
Use really strong passwords, and a password manager.

0:28:50.743,0:28:53.709
That's a really typical avenue that doxxing happens through,

0:28:53.709,0:28:56.246
is just people finding your simple password

0:28:56.246,0:28:58.076
and gaining access to your accounts.

0:28:58.076,0:29:02.598
Use two-factor authentication on all accounts that you can.

0:29:02.598,0:29:04.456
If you're trying to learn how to hack,

0:29:04.456,0:29:06.442
you are going to have to learn how to program.

0:29:06.442,0:29:07.986
How to computer program.

0:29:07.986,0:29:12.090
And if you can learn how to develop websites and run servers,

0:29:12.090,0:29:14.250
you could look at other people's code

0:29:14.250,0:29:15.979
and spot the mistakes that they've made

0:29:15.979,0:29:19.025
that allow you to exploit and leverage that vulnerability.

0:29:19.965,0:29:22.292
Re-install your computer as often as you can.

0:29:22.292,0:29:25.336
Try out new operating systems.

0:29:25.336,0:29:27.124
If you've never used Linux, install it.

0:29:27.124,0:29:31.374
If you've used Linux before, install another distribution of Linux.

0:29:31.374,0:29:35.036
If you've always used Mac OS, maybe try Windows.

0:29:35.036,0:29:38.108
Just try new things and don't be afraid to break it,

0:29:38.108,0:29:40.064
because in the end if the computer breaks

0:29:40.064,0:29:42.972
you can always just reinstall the operating system.

0:29:42.972,0:29:46.991
Try the different tutorials you can find on Kali Linux,

0:29:46.991,0:29:48.907
and really try and attack your own systems.

0:29:49.957,0:29:52.040
Try to think outside the box.

0:29:52.040,0:29:55.194
In that way, y'know, hacking is a lot like anarchy

0:29:55.194,0:29:57.095
– things are what you make of it.

0:29:58.285,0:30:01.697
It's not only about us getting more involved

0:30:01.697,0:30:03.577
in technology and using technology.

0:30:03.577,0:30:06.184
We also have to bring the politics to technology.

0:30:06.184,0:30:08.459
We have to connect with the spaces

0:30:08.459,0:30:11.459
where free software is being developed

0:30:11.459,0:30:15.243
and make our politics a part of that space.

0:30:15.243,0:30:17.323
And I think that's something that's happening, right?

0:30:17.323,0:30:21.115
We can see that in a lot of the free software communities.

0:30:21.115,0:30:22.856
But it's something we need more of.

0:30:23.516,0:30:25.989
Decentralized, ideologically-driven hacker collectives,

0:30:25.989,0:30:29.266
if we unite our efforts we could, without any resources whatsoever

0:30:29.266,0:30:32.214
can dismantle a corporation, humiliate a politician.

0:30:32.214,0:30:34.842
And independent hackers, we have the advantage

0:30:34.842,0:30:37.082
since we're not doing it for a paycheck.

0:30:37.082,0:30:40.369
We're not doing it for any kind of allegiance to a country.

0:30:40.369,0:30:42.034
We're up all night.

0:30:42.034,0:30:44.103
We're breaking into systems because we love it.

0:30:44.103,0:30:46.901
Because the thrill of breaking into anything that they can build

0:30:46.901,0:30:51.925
while being able to undermine their systems of control is a better driver,

0:30:51.925,0:30:55.118
a better incentive for hackers than a paycheck

0:30:55.118,0:30:56.578
or... America.

0:30:56.578,0:30:58.213
If you take the offensive and hack,

0:30:58.213,0:31:01.069
expose and destroy these systems of the rich and powerful,

0:31:01.069,0:31:03.072
we could drive them offline.

0:31:03.072,0:31:06.710
Hack the planet! Hack the planet!

0:31:09.801,0:31:12.023
As a deepening awareness has emerged of the role

0:31:12.023,0:31:13.102
that Russian hackers played

0:31:13.102,0:31:16.042
in swaying the 2016 US Presidential election,

0:31:16.042,0:31:18.562
and facebook has been pressured to release information

0:31:18.562,0:31:21.523
on the Kremlin’s widespread usage of its targeted ads function

0:31:21.523,0:31:22.984
as a means of exacerbating tensions

0:31:22.984,0:31:25.702
and sewing political discord among the American public,

0:31:25.702,0:31:27.970
hacking has moved from the margins of popular culture

0:31:27.970,0:31:30.237
to the center of mainstream political discourse.

0:31:30.237,0:31:33.283
If our movements of resistance have any hope of remaining relevant

0:31:33.283,0:31:35.304
in this rapidly shifting political climate,

0:31:35.304,0:31:38.005
it is vitally important that we understand the ways in which

0:31:38.005,0:31:40.927
power is restructuring itself in our current digital age,

0:31:40.927,0:31:43.707
and adapt our theory and practice accordingly.

0:31:43.707,0:31:45.841
So at this point, we’d like to remind you

0:31:45.841,0:31:47.792
that Trouble is intended to be watched in groups,

0:31:47.792,0:31:49.132
and to be used as a resource

0:31:49.132,0:31:51.407
to promote discussion and collective organizing.

0:31:51.407,0:31:53.964
Are you interested in upping your digital security,

0:31:53.964,0:31:56.440
or exploring the ways in which you can better incorporate

0:31:56.440,0:31:59.686
an offensive online strategy to your organizing campaigns?

0:31:59.686,0:32:01.789
Consider getting together with some comrades,

0:32:01.789,0:32:04.759
screening this film, discussing how this might be done,

0:32:04.759,0:32:07.560
and possibly pairing it with an info-session on how to use Tor,

0:32:07.560,0:32:10.290
and how to encrypt your communication devices.

0:32:10.600,0:32:13.637
Interested in running regular screenings of Trouble at your campus,

0:32:13.637,0:32:15.542
infoshop, community center,

0:32:15.542,0:32:17.568
or even just at your home with friends?

0:32:17.568,0:32:18.978
Become a Trouble-Maker!

0:32:18.978,0:32:20.398
For 10 bucks a month,

0:32:20.398,0:32:22.834
we’ll hook you up with an advanced copy of the show

0:32:22.834,0:32:25.029
and a screening kit featuring additional resources

0:32:25.029,0:32:27.666
and some questions you can use to get a discussion going.

0:32:27.666,0:32:30.870
If you can’t afford to support us financially, no worries!

0:32:30.870,0:32:34.807
You can stream and/or download all our content for free off our website:

0:32:36.709,0:32:40.692
If you’ve got any suggestions for show topics, or just want to get in touch,

0:32:40.692,0:32:43.247
drop us a line at trouble@sub.media.

0:32:43.247,0:32:45.439
We’d like to remind you that our fundraiser

0:32:45.439,0:32:47.910
to grow our subMedia collective is still ongoing.

0:32:47.910,0:32:50.067
We will be doing one final push in December,

0:32:50.067,0:32:52.542
and hope to reach our goals by the end of the year.

0:32:52.542,0:32:56.162
To help make sure this happens, go to sub.media/donate

0:32:56.162,0:32:59.631
and become a monthly sustainer for as little as $2 per month.

0:32:59.631,0:33:02.591
As always, we’re excited to see that people have been

0:33:02.591,0:33:04.237
supporting and screening our work,

0:33:04.237,0:33:06.891
and wanna give a big shout out to new troublemaker chapters

0:33:06.891,0:33:10.857
in Vancouver, Prince George, Seattle, Bloomington, Brighton,

0:33:10.857,0:33:13.912
Ithaca, Quebec City, Prescott and Edinburgh.

0:33:13.912,0:33:15.829
If you’ve been organizing screenings in your town

0:33:15.829,0:33:18.750
and we haven’t given you a shout-out, let us know!

0:33:18.750,0:33:21.126
We will be taking the month of December off,

0:33:21.126,0:33:23.038
and will be back with a fresh season of Trouble,

0:33:23.038,0:33:27.189
plus a ton of fresh new subMedia content, starting in January.

0:33:27.189,0:33:30.505
This episode would not have been possible without the generous support of

0:33:30.505,0:33:34.239
Nicholas, Josh, Avispa Midia, Peter and Biella.

0:33:34.239,0:33:36.411
Now get out there, and make some trouble!