WEBVTT 00:00:09.375 --> 00:00:13.167 I'm going to talk about transparency, transparency in general, 00:00:13.168 --> 00:00:18.704 which could be transparency in philosophy, in politics, or in technology. 00:00:18.705 --> 00:00:22.160 Transparency leads to a certain serendipity. 00:00:22.161 --> 00:00:24.873 A distinctive serendipity. 00:00:24.874 --> 00:00:31.555 This serendipity is a weapon that can be used practically anywhere on the Internet. 00:00:31.935 --> 00:00:35.350 It will destroy many of the brands all around us, 00:00:35.351 --> 00:00:39.138 and it will destroy these brands, as it attacks our imagination, 00:00:39.139 --> 00:00:44.417 because our imagination is the land of the brands around us. 00:00:44.418 --> 00:00:46.534 I'm going to do a demonstration. 00:00:46.535 --> 00:00:49.316 Let's take an imaginary: 00:00:49.317 --> 00:00:53.954 Vermeer, a 17th century Baroque painter we're all familiar with, 00:00:54.744 --> 00:00:59.260 and there we have a brand that we're also familiar with. 00:00:59.261 --> 00:01:02.906 A very old one that is 41 years old. 00:01:02.907 --> 00:01:07.158 It has been with us for four decades. 00:01:07.159 --> 00:01:11.021 And now I'll show you how, with a little imagination, 00:01:11.022 --> 00:01:12.696 we can destroy a brand. 00:01:12.697 --> 00:01:15.767 In reality, this is nothing else but a food-processing giant 00:01:15.768 --> 00:01:18.810 that produces yogurt in a factory. 00:01:18.811 --> 00:01:23.112 That has nothing to do with art, let alone with Vermeer. 00:01:24.282 --> 00:01:26.286 What I just did, 00:01:26.292 --> 00:01:32.397 and what will definitively make you wonder every time you see a "La Laitière" ad, 00:01:32.398 --> 00:01:37.585 was a little thing many Internet users already know about: 00:01:37.586 --> 00:01:40.759 every day on the Internet, 00:01:40.760 --> 00:01:45.152 these unexpected messages are hammered into you in a serendipitous way 00:01:45.153 --> 00:01:48.152 so as to destroy brands. 00:01:48.153 --> 00:01:52.459 This summer, you probably didn't miss 00:01:52.460 --> 00:01:56.702 that reminder that all brands have a political dimension. 00:01:56.703 --> 00:01:59.887 And don't listen to politicians that will tell you 00:01:59.888 --> 00:02:03.251 that it's the fault of the Internet or of social media. 00:02:03.252 --> 00:02:08.526 Politicians are the first to use transparency to solve a critical problem: 00:02:09.547 --> 00:02:10.926 confidence. 00:02:11.817 --> 00:02:16.396 When an intense crisis of confidence hit the French political world, 00:02:16.397 --> 00:02:20.416 the first thing they did was to pass a law on transparency. 00:02:20.996 --> 00:02:25.685 It didn't really work, but politicians forgot the dimension of transparency 00:02:25.686 --> 00:02:30.506 which is that transparency comes from technological determinism. 00:02:30.507 --> 00:02:35.499 Transparency can also be used by technology experts 00:02:35.500 --> 00:02:37.705 as a political response. 00:02:38.626 --> 00:02:40.210 You're familiar with Wiki-leaks, 00:02:40.211 --> 00:02:44.565 and it didn't escape you that because of the Wiki-leaks affair, 00:02:44.566 --> 00:02:47.859 we no longer count on policy 00:02:47.860 --> 00:02:53.615 coming from transparency to impose a reality and to destroy a lie. 00:02:53.616 --> 00:02:56.291 And it also didn't escape you 00:02:56.292 --> 00:03:00.210 that Wiki-leaks means lots of internet users. 00:03:01.446 --> 00:03:04.943 These internet users are called Anonymous. 00:03:04.944 --> 00:03:06.809 Anonymous is utterly fascinating 00:03:06.810 --> 00:03:11.298 because it's the first real social movement of the 21st century. 00:03:11.299 --> 00:03:13.551 It's a movement distinctive to the 21st century 00:03:13.552 --> 00:03:16.586 in the same way syndicalism was distinctive to the 19th century, 00:03:16.587 --> 00:03:20.851 in the same way syndicalism was distinctive to the Industrial Revolution, 00:03:20.852 --> 00:03:23.709 Anonymous is distinctive to the digital revolution; 00:03:24.542 --> 00:03:28.251 And following the Wiki-leaks affair, 00:03:28.269 --> 00:03:34.628 the Anonymous were part of all the big social protest movements, 00:03:34.629 --> 00:03:40.381 in the Arab world, here in France, the United States, Berlin, 00:03:40.382 --> 00:03:45.909 in Paris, China, Istanbul, or South America, 00:03:45.910 --> 00:03:49.851 Anonymous was in all the major events 00:03:49.852 --> 00:03:53.442 that touched populations, until recently, in France. 00:03:54.572 --> 00:03:56.529 Anonymous is really interesting 00:03:56.530 --> 00:04:00.425 because it heralds the social debates of the 21st century. 00:04:00.426 --> 00:04:05.778 And these debates will oppose states, as we've seen, 00:04:05.779 --> 00:04:07.834 but also businesses, 00:04:07.835 --> 00:04:11.257 since Anonymous is already opposed to a plethora of businesses. 00:04:11.258 --> 00:04:13.935 Here is one of the most well known cases. 00:04:16.666 --> 00:04:21.209 Four years before Sony was attacked by Kim Jong-un and his formidable pirates 00:04:21.245 --> 00:04:22.586 (Laughter) 00:04:22.587 --> 00:04:25.198 four years before this sad episode 00:04:25.199 --> 00:04:28.928 that is easily worth as much as Saddam Hussein and anthrax combined, 00:04:28.929 --> 00:04:33.500 Sony was attacked by different kinds of enemies, 00:04:33.501 --> 00:04:37.377 in what was known as a digital Fukushima. 00:04:37.416 --> 00:04:40.788 Sony was attacked by Anonymous, 00:04:40.792 --> 00:04:44.584 helped by another group of hackers, called LulzSec. 00:04:46.228 --> 00:04:50.115 And LulzSec followed a very simple procedure: 00:04:50.116 --> 00:04:55.920 they took what used to be, at the time, Sony's confidential information, 00:04:55.921 --> 00:04:59.439 such as credit card numbers, user names, and passwords, 00:04:59.440 --> 00:05:04.791 and they made them public, allowing endless pirating to happen. 00:05:04.792 --> 00:05:08.376 Users on PlayStation Network are like you. 00:05:08.386 --> 00:05:10.895 They always use the same user name and password. 00:05:10.896 --> 00:05:12.835 Once I have your user name and password, 00:05:12.836 --> 00:05:18.545 I can access anything: the Amazon account, your Paypal, your company's intranet. 00:05:18.546 --> 00:05:22.078 And if you work for the CIA, this is a serious problem. 00:05:22.079 --> 00:05:24.741 This had dramatic consequences for Sony. 00:05:24.742 --> 00:05:28.176 Here we see Sony's share price over a three-month period. 00:05:28.566 --> 00:05:33.379 First off we have Fukushima - this took its toll on their share price- 00:05:33.380 --> 00:05:35.834 secondly, there was Anonymous. 00:05:35.835 --> 00:05:39.374 Thirdly, the arrival of the infamous hacker group LulzSec 00:05:39.375 --> 00:05:43.334 who in a manner of speaking instrumentalized Anonymous and the masses. 00:05:43.335 --> 00:05:47.668 Compare this to Nikkei, the equivalent of CAC 40 in the Japanese market, 00:05:47.687 --> 00:05:52.110 and you'll see that, first of all, Sony and Nikkei follow the same trends, 00:05:52.111 --> 00:05:54.348 and secondly, well, it all falls apart. 00:05:54.349 --> 00:05:56.437 After analysis, 00:05:56.438 --> 00:06:01.596 we see Sony has lost 3.5 billion in its stock market value in this period, 00:06:01.597 --> 00:06:05.606 of which two thirds are attributed to Anonymous. 00:06:05.607 --> 00:06:07.308 In the end, 00:06:07.309 --> 00:06:12.579 this digital Fukushima will cost Sony 1.7 times the real Fukushima. 00:06:13.389 --> 00:06:15.085 That's huge. 00:06:15.086 --> 00:06:19.915 And among the things that deteriorated Sony's value, 00:06:19.916 --> 00:06:23.518 right off the bat we have its brand, the Sony brand. 00:06:23.519 --> 00:06:27.498 So let's imagine that brands are valued in the same way as companies 00:06:27.499 --> 00:06:29.103 in the stock exchange. 00:06:29.104 --> 00:06:32.580 A business's trademark is a part of its worth in the stock market, 00:06:32.581 --> 00:06:35.684 especially when it is widely known. 00:06:35.685 --> 00:06:38.468 Today's problem is that we are going back to a world 00:06:38.469 --> 00:06:41.297 where a company's brand is its Achilles's heel. 00:06:43.797 --> 00:06:46.900 Not counting brands that already have stock market value, 00:06:46.901 --> 00:06:49.482 there is an astronomical quantity of them 00:06:49.483 --> 00:06:53.342 whose prices can sometimes reach ridiculous amounts. 00:06:53.343 --> 00:06:56.970 This year, Apple's value has exceeded 100 billion dollars. 00:06:56.971 --> 00:07:00.262 If you take the 100 biggest brands in the world, 00:07:00.263 --> 00:07:06.443 their total worth would be 2.9 trillion dollars: 00:07:06.444 --> 00:07:08.586 an enormous bubble. 00:07:08.587 --> 00:07:11.319 An enormous bubble built on the relationship 00:07:11.320 --> 00:07:14.990 between brand equity and confidence equity. 00:07:14.991 --> 00:07:17.990 This brand equity is calculated somewhat scientifically, 00:07:17.991 --> 00:07:19.481 astonishingly enough, 00:07:19.482 --> 00:07:21.792 using the consistency 00:07:21.793 --> 00:07:26.168 between a company's practices and the value their brand. 00:07:26.878 --> 00:07:29.600 And that's what will attack the masses. 00:07:29.601 --> 00:07:32.755 And they're going to attack places we all know well: 00:07:32.756 --> 00:07:36.831 Facebook, Twitter, things like that. 00:07:36.832 --> 00:07:39.957 All of you have a Facebook account, maybe a Twitter account, too. 00:07:39.958 --> 00:07:46.041 And maybe you've come across this serendipity, two years ago, 00:07:46.042 --> 00:07:48.584 when the Rana Plaza collapsed in Bangladesh, 00:07:48.586 --> 00:07:51.381 killing hundreds of working women and children, 00:07:51.382 --> 00:07:56.150 and among the rubble and bodies were found Benetton labels, 00:07:56.151 --> 00:07:58.687 highlighting the complete inconsistency 00:07:58.688 --> 00:08:03.521 between the values of the brand, and the company's actions. 00:08:03.522 --> 00:08:06.130 The trademark disappeared. 00:08:06.131 --> 00:08:09.580 30 years of communication thrown away. 00:08:10.400 --> 00:08:14.450 You couldn't have missed this serendipity 00:08:15.310 --> 00:08:17.803 during the horse meat scandal. 00:08:18.573 --> 00:08:24.433 Again, the masses are armed by serendipity. 00:08:25.383 --> 00:08:27.441 And in the Arab world, 00:08:27.442 --> 00:08:31.870 you couldn't have missed this serendipity, 00:08:32.950 --> 00:08:35.409 lasting all summer, 00:08:35.409 --> 00:08:38.609 that provoked a collapse in Coca-Cola's market shares 00:08:38.610 --> 00:08:41.438 in the entire Arab world. 00:08:41.438 --> 00:08:46.038 Today's issue is that businesses are becoming 00:08:46.039 --> 00:08:52.104 more and more attached to their brands in a way that is inspired by Dorian Gray. 00:08:52.105 --> 00:08:56.847 On the one hand, we have a brand that is public, beautiful, young, dynamic. 00:08:56.848 --> 00:08:59.855 On the other hand, a company 00:08:59.856 --> 00:09:04.787 that's rarely public, rarely young, and rarely dynamic. 00:09:05.537 --> 00:09:10.604 On the one hand, we have values, on the other, we have habits. 00:09:10.605 --> 00:09:15.771 On the one hand, we have a brand's imagery on the other, we have reality. 00:09:15.772 --> 00:09:18.107 On the one hand, we have consumers, 00:09:18.108 --> 00:09:21.011 who are imagined abstractions of publicity agents, 00:09:21.012 --> 00:09:25.550 and on the other, we have citizens, you, me, all of us. 00:09:25.551 --> 00:09:28.784 Nobody here can be reduced to a simple consumer, 00:09:28.785 --> 00:09:31.175 at least, not without a serious lobotomy. 00:09:31.176 --> 00:09:32.506 (Laughter) 00:09:32.507 --> 00:09:33.947 The issue we find ourselves in 00:09:33.948 --> 00:09:38.705 is that little by little, this barrier between public and private, 00:09:38.706 --> 00:09:43.904 which we've all seen change with Facebook, and the adolescents who use it, 00:09:43.905 --> 00:09:46.657 this barrier also exists for businesses. 00:09:46.658 --> 00:09:48.111 And little by little, 00:09:48.112 --> 00:09:52.006 the private domain of a business is becoming more and more public. 00:09:52.007 --> 00:09:55.910 And under the impulse of the crowd, little by little, 00:09:55.911 --> 00:09:59.291 the private workings of the business will become public. 00:09:59.292 --> 00:10:02.709 Today marks the beginning of a digital revolution, 00:10:02.710 --> 00:10:09.690 which will force brands to apprehend transparency, without fighting against it, 00:10:09.691 --> 00:10:14.212 but understanding and manipulating this transparency, 00:10:14.213 --> 00:10:16.261 and taking part of it, one way or another. 00:10:16.262 --> 00:10:18.499 The digital revolution will force brands 00:10:18.500 --> 00:10:21.810 to interact with the masses, rather than put up with them. 00:10:21.811 --> 00:10:24.220 The digital revolution will force trademarks 00:10:24.221 --> 00:10:26.964 to integrate this famous serendipity. 00:10:26.965 --> 00:10:30.441 To make it theirs, not to be victimized. 00:10:30.442 --> 00:10:34.402 And finally, the digital revolution will force brands 00:10:34.403 --> 00:10:38.433 to share the imagery which was once exclusively theirs. 00:10:38.434 --> 00:10:39.924 Thank you. 00:10:39.925 --> 00:10:41.794 (Applause)