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♪[Jazz music]♪

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So yeah, being one of the first

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net culture or computers in society writers

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was, strategically, a poor move for me.

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And I'm living proof, though, 
you can still survive it,

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if you can get through it somehow, 
by answering e-mail more slowly

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It's funny,

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I wrote some notes because I thought 
I should be responsible,

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because you guys are real computer studies,

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computer science people,
as opposed to just,

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you know,

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your average,
digitally illiterate audience.

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So I don't really need to make the case
- I probably don't -

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on why learning something about 
digital technology is a smart thing,

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because you guys have already
made that choice.

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But something that occurred to me 
on the way here, actually,

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that you might not realize as young people

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if you don't mind being called that

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...is that it's very hard to get

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an accurate sense of the biases 
of the digital media environment...

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...when you've been raised inside it.

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In other words, what I want 
to suggest to you is that

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those of us who are old enough to have 
experienced and consciously experienced

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the shift from a pre-digital media 
environment to a digital media environment

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actually

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understand something or sense something
or experience something

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about the biases of digital technology

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that is relatively difficult for those 
of you who have been raised

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with digital technology to get.

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Right now this is the opposite argument 
I made through most of my career.

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In 1995, I wrote a book called 
Playing the Future, where I argued that,

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"Don't worry, you grown ups!


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Digital technology is coming 
and you feel overwhelmed.

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But you guys are digital immigrants 
whereas kids are digital natives.

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So you're gonna speak the language like 
an immigrant, they're gonna speak the language like a native.

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You're always going to feel 
slightly out of place and unsure,

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and every time you have a hypertext link,

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you're gonna be disoriented 
because we're not used to that,

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where kids are going to experience 
that very naturally.

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That what looks disjointed to us, 
will be a natural terrain for them.

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And they will have command, 
don't worry, the kids are alright."

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But as I've grown older and 
as I've watched where cyberspace has gone,

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and where our culture has gone, or hasn't,

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I realize that some of my elders were 
actually more right about this than I was.

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And in reading all the -

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finally catching up 
with who I was supposed to read,

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when I was younger, McCluen and Ong, 
and all the great media theorists.

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I would read about the digital or
the media environments

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and this notion that McCluen had that

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if you ask a fish about water he wouldn't 
be able to tell you what it is, right?

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Because the fish is swimming in the water.
The fish not aware of the water.

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If you ask someone who is raised 
in a television environment,

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"Oh, what about the impact of television 
on you?"

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You can't say it because you're living 
in it.

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You're living in that media environment.

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Likewise, those of us who are living in 
a digital media environment,

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it's very difficult for us 
to parse its effect,

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for us to feel what it is

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for us to understand the difference 
between

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what it is to be a human being

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and what it is to be a digital being.

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And

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being able to parse it, though, 
being able to begin to look at that

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What Norbert Weinert used to call,

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"the human use of human beings."

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He was one of the first people to talk 
about cybernetics

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I think he invented the word, actually, 
back when, cybernetics -

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Even though it got stolen.

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He was really looking at as we develop 
a computer environment,

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how will we recognize, what is the difference

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between humans and the machines 
that we're in?

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How will we understand how to create 
a human,

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or a humanity-encouraging, 
digital media environment?

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Now the reason why I think this 
is important is because most of my peers

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strongly disagree with this sentiment

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Most of my peers, and call them 
the sort of,

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the Negroponte, Kevin Kelley,

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Wired Magazine, Chris Anderson,

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all the way to Ray Kurzwhile 
on that spectrum, Clay Shirkey.

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There's this sense, and I used to have 
some of it,

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that's uncomfortably consonant with 
corporate capitalism.

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But that's another story.

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this sort of letter ripped sense 
about technology

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That

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human beings are merely one stage

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in information's inevitable evolution 
towards greater states of complexity.

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Right, and they tell this very compelling story

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about the beginning of time all the way 
through now.

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That matter has been groping 
towards greater states of complexity.

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That we had - atoms became molecules
and molecules became

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sort of these weird pre-proto-life things
which became cells

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and now we have this whole life thing 
that happened.

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And life got very complex
through evolution

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and we had people

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And people built machines,

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and machines are just sort of in that big
blue, overtake humanity moment.

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And when they do,

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then machines, our computers, our networks
will be the real host

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for the evolution of information

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and we human beings can tend 
to those machines

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or, at best, upload our consciousness

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and then they will continue that journey 
for us.

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You know, and each one has 
a different metaphor for explaining it

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You know, whether it's Kevin talking about

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what technology wants, right? 
What technology wants,

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like it really wants.

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It's not bias towards something, but 
it wants something,

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we've made this thing.

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Just as God made people, 
people made technology,

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and this child will go on 
wanting something.

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Or Ray Kurzwhile who will talk 
about the singularity,

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which I'm sure you've all read 
or heard about, even on,

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if you find out about it in Vice Magazine
or anything, at this point

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The idea that technology reaches 
this point of,

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not self-consciousness or self-awareness 
necessarily, but it just surpasses us

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It becomes this thing and can keep going.

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It's a...I don't know, it's a...

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for me it's a discomforting view
of humanity

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but it's also, I would argue, 
an incorrect one, you know?

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It's one that is...

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it's one that is the result of living 
unconsciously in a digital media environment

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It's one where you let the digital media 
environment dictate

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what you are and how you think 
about the world

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rather than maintaining some 
sense of humanity in that.

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So, what's interesting to me

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as I look at the history of computing, 
which now we have

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and as we look at computers in society, 
which is a real thing.

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I mean, 20 years ago, 10 years ago,
when we taught courses like this,

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it was futurism.

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Computers in Society was a course in,

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"What's it gonna be like someday 
when people have e-mail?"

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I mean, there were times, and I'm sure 
you were in those conversations

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when people like me used to go 
to a cocktail party

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or go to a publisher, 
or explain to a magazine editor:

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someday people are going to have 
their own computers

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They are gonna send messages to each other 
using little text editors

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using, you know, word processors,

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and they would literally laugh us 
out of the room.

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They did not - it seemed so outrageous, 
that - or they'd walk around

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No, you're not gonna have 
to implant chips in people,

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they're gonna walk around with phones that
are gonna track them everywhere they go

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they're gonna do this voluntarily

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They're gonna give all their information .
No one believed us.

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But, of course that happened.

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But, the thing to me that's interesting 
about computer history,

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if we're gonna follow it from 
the history of humanity

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rather than the history of 
technology, right?

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Let's not worry about paper tape 
to punch cards to tape to discs

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to hard drives to RAM.

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Let's not worry about machine evolution.

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But you look at the difference 
in people, right?

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If we look at history as the human story 
rather than the story of stuff

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then the interesting thing becomes

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the big switch, I think, is the shift from
a pre-literate to a literate society.

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When we look at the impact of 
the printing press.

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Do we talk about it in terms of

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"Oh, look! 
These rooms filled up with books!"

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No, that's not the part 
that's interesting.

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The part that is interesting is 
people learned to read

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and then when they learned to read,

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they had personal interpretations 
of the Bible, right?

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So we had a Protestant Reformation
with people rebelling against the Church

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So we had the idea of "one man, one vote"

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because everyone has 
their own perspective.

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It coincided with prospective painting.

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It coincided with central banking.

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And all of these other, very...

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analogous

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human inventions that were all about 
people having individual perspectives,

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"one man, one vote" -
it led to the Enlightenment

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and all this other stuff, consumerism,

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Industrial Era and everything else.

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When we look at digital technology 
I think we have to look at it that way.

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In other words, what is
the difference between

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a pre-literate digital society and 
a post-literate digital society?

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You know, I'm over arguing for 
digital literacy.

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I think digital literacy is inevitable, 
you know?

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I feel like I'm making that - when I...
it's my main talk that I do.

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It's like "Program or be programmed!"

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And I wrote this book,
Program or Be Programmed.

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and we have to learn to program.
If you don't learn how to program,

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you're just swimming blindly 
in a sea of information.

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Kids don't understand the biases 
of the technologies they use.

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If you ask a kid 
what Facebook's for,

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he'll say Facebook's here
to help him make friends.

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But we all know Facebook is 
really not here -

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it's really here to monetize 
the social graft and all that.

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And then arguing, you know, that
the Chinese are gonna come to take our military

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and the Iranians are gonna take 
our banking and we gotta take - something

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any argument I can to try to have schools
teach basic digital literacy in elementary school,

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in junior high school, 
so that we're not stupid. Which we are

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And it's like arguing, can you imagine when
they invented text, people saying,

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Oh we're gonna have to learn 22 letters
which is 22 letter alphabet at the time

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we're gonna have to learn these letters
in order to read

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Well, let the rabbis read, 
let the kings read, but the people don't

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have to read, do we, we regular people. yes.

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it's like people are so confused 
on this angle

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but we will win this part war.
just as people learned how to use e-mail

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and people decided to use phones
people will eventually, we will teach kids

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how to use digital technology
they won't be completely blind

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the misperception now is that 
learning how to program is kind of like

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becoming an auto mechanic
it's like "well I can drive a car"

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"why do I need to know how 
it actually works"

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We're not talking about the difference
between an allround mechanic and a driver

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we're talking about the difference between
a driver and a passenger

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a programmer is the user of the machine

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If you don't understand the code
you're not using the machine

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You are the used You are maybe the customer
but you're not the producer

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And that's where you get to the real biases
of the digital age

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which are easy for those of us who are
around before that to get

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The bias of the digital age, 
of the digital era is toward production

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That's why it's digital
where do we even get the word digits from

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Digits are the fingers. 
They were ten fingers. Digital

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This is digital media. 
This is media that is constructivist

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It's media that you make stuff with

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The media before digital 
was all receive only

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It was all... they were no
Do you still read write-only

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read only files. Is that still existing?
Oh good

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For me, when I understood what digital was
was the first time

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when I was asked to save a file 
on the Princeton mainframe computer

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And you had to save a file

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this is before we used papertape to save 
your program

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when you actually could save to a disc

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And it asked me "is this gonna be a 
read-only file?"

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Is this gonna be a restricted file or 
read-only file or a read/write file?

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And all of a sudden I went
"Oh my god"

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You mean all of this time they could have
been saving this stuff as read/write

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And I looked back at the media 
that I had been exposed to

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I mean, I was a Brady bunch kid
and television was a read-only medium

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television and radio, all the broadcast 
medium, all the book, everything I got

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these were read-only media

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and now I was stepping into a world where 
we had read/write media

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Where everything that was put out there
if it wasn't being made changeable by me

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Then it was a conscious choice of 
the author to restrict that changeability

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but the bias was towards me being able
to copy that file and change it

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Or not even copy it, just change the file
that was already there

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And that kind of flipped it around
that's when I realized


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"Oh my gosh. if this really works
If digital technology really happens

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Then it will be as big a change on human
society as text itself

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It's gonna be that big a flip
And text was a big flip

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When we got text
when we got the 22 letter alphabet

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We got contracts, we got accountability
We got the judeo-christian religion

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We got linear time

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We got cause and effect ultimately

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Text allowed us to put something down
and leave and someone else could read it

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it changed...

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if you think about the difference between
an oral civilization

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where other people have to be in the room
with you to get something

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00:14:28,616 --> 00:14:32,616
and a text civilization where you can
leave it, go and then someone else finds it

250
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all of a sudden everything is different

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This shift that we are undergoing now is
as big as that

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and what happens is a -
certainly the last 600 years

253
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but probably the last 2000 years of 
emphasis towards

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sort of a top-down control of 
not just civilizations

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but organizations, families and 
pretty much every thing

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and religion's changes to
a bottom-up, peer-to-peer conncected

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not just sensibility but organizational
structure

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And it doesn't seem like a big deal
if you are in it


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It seems like a very if you lived
in a world that couldn't imagine it

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The only way people were able to imagine

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Something like the digital reality before
we had digital reality

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were psychedelics people.
those were the people

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It was Ken Kesey and the merry pranksters
and Timothy Leary and those guys

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getting people to drop acid 
so they could see

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"Oh I get it, it's all connected"

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People would go off to Tibet and hang out
with a Lama and learn Buddhism

267
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And go "Oh it's all one, every thing is
one"

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But it didn't seem real. It was like
that was some weird spiritual other thing

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It is if you to look at your computer
history

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00:15:52,334 --> 00:15:55,824
It's why psychedelics people were hired by


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Sun, Northrop and Intel

272
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In the early mid eighties

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Because they were the only people who were
capable of programming

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They were the only people who were really

275
00:16:07,089 --> 00:16:09,759
them and children were the only one
who could grasp

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00:16:09,759 --> 00:16:11,759
this kind of bizarre hallucinatory reality

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but it was that different

278
00:16:14,796 --> 00:16:18,796
And it is why so much of the psychedelic
bandwagon, including Stewart Brand

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00:16:18,796 --> 00:16:22,796
who was kind of the publicist for 
the Merry Pranksters, Ken Keseys

280
00:16:22,796 --> 00:16:26,796
it was a big 1960s thing called
the Merry Pranksters

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00:16:26,796 --> 00:16:30,796
Which was a kind of...
It was propaganda for

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00:16:30,796 --> 00:16:34,796
the acid enlightenment of that period

283
00:16:34,796 --> 00:16:37,386
He became Stewart Brand of 
the Global Business Network

284
00:16:37,386 --> 00:16:41,386
It's Stewart Brand who started 
or co-started the well for

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00:16:41,386 --> 00:16:44,036
The first online bulletin board
and really told the counter culture

286
00:16:44,036 --> 00:16:48,036
It is okay, what led to the homebrew
computer club and apple computers

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00:16:48,107 --> 00:16:51,867
which was, again, a psychedelic invention

288
00:16:51,963 --> 00:16:55,963
These were two Reed College acidheads [who]
came up with it on a bong stained carpet

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00:16:56,051 --> 00:16:57,891
of their dorm room