[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.00,0:00:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.00,0:00:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, in many ways a broken car is not so different from a disease,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.00,0:00:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when the engine is smoking and the lights don't come up.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.00,0:00:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a fundamental difference, however, between humans and cars.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.00,0:00:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If I can get my car to a mechanic, I can be pretty certain that they can fix it,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.00,0:00:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is much more than we can say about many of our diseases today.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.00,0:00:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So why can a mechanic, with much less education and much less bucks than a doctor,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.00,0:01:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fix our car, while our doctors often let us go with diseases persisting in our body?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.00,0:01:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, there are a number of things that actually a mechanic has that our doctor doesn't have right now.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.00,0:01:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First of all, it's got a parts list.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.00,0:01:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It has a blueprint telling us how the pieces connect together.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.00,0:01:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It has diagnostics tools to figure out where the components, which is broken and what is healthy.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.00,0:01:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It has the means, essentially, to replace the parts.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.00,0:01:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now let's think about it. Which of these components are available to our doctor today?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.00,0:01:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, the good news is that they've finally got the parts list.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.00,0:01:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That was the outcome of the Human Genome Project.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.00,0:01:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when the human genome was actually mapped about ten years ago, we thought
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.00,0:01:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's going to be easy from now. From the parts, we will have essentially the world bonanza that we need to fix us, humans.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.00,0:01:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But of course reality sinks in. We also thought that these many pieces will eventually give us lots of drugs.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.00,0:02:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 2001, or 2000, the year before the genome project was unveiled, the FDA approved about a hundred drugs per year.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.00,0:02:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We thought this number could only go up.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.00,0:02:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It could only just increase.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.00,0:02:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yet the reality sinks in.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.00,0:02:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The number of new drugs in just the last ten years, went from a hundred before the genome, to about twenty per year.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.00,0:02:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In hindsight, the reason is pretty clear.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.00,0:02:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not enough to have the parts list.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.00,0:02:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We also need to actually figure out how the pieces fit together.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.00,0:02:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is, we should not look at this picture, but rather we should be looking at how the wiring diagram of the car looks like.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.00,0:02:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How the wiring of ourselves actually look like.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.00,0:02:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How the genes and the proteins and the metabolites link to each other, forming a conistent network.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.00,0:02:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because this network, which I am going to try to tell you today, is really the key to understanding human diseases.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.00,0:03:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the problem is that if you look at this map, you soon realize that it looks completely random.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.00,0:03:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Randomness certainly has the upper hand.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.00,0:03:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But down the line, it is not. I believe there is a deep order behind this wiring diagram.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.00,0:03:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And understanding that order is the key to understand human diseases.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.00,0:03:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I am a physicist, and the conventional wisdom is that as a physicist, I should be studying very big objects:
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.00,0:03:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stars, quasars, or very tiny ones like the Higgs boson and quarks.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.00,0:03:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yet about a decade ago, my interest has turned to a completely different subject: Complex systems and networks.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.00,0:03:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's because our very existence depends on the successful functioning of systems and networks behind us.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.00,0:03:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I also believe the scientific challenges behind complex systems and networks are just as deep as behind quarks or quasars.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.00,0:03:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I started looking at the structure of the Internet.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.00,0:04:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Telling us how many, many computers are linked together by various cables.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.00,0:04:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I looked at the structure of the social network, telling us how do societies wire together through many friendship and other linkages.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.00,0:04:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And eventually I started looking at the structure of the cell.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.00,0:04:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Telling us you our genes and proteins link to each other into a coherent network.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.00,0:04:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And through that path, I arrived at human diseases.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.00,0:04:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A path that is rarely taken by physicists.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.00,0:04:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the fundamental question that really comes up from that is:
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.00,0:04:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do we think about diseases in the context of these of these very very complicated networks?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.00,0:04:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And from that, let me turn to a map that we all understand, probably the most famous map out there, which is the map of Manhattan.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.00,0:04:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, in many ways, Manhattan is structured different from a cell.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.00,0:05:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But let's for a moment carry with me and let's believe together that this is really not a map of Manhattan but a map of a cell.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.00,0:05:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Where the intersections showing us nodes are the genes and the proteins.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.00,0:05:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the street segments that connect them corresponds to the interactions between them.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.00,0:05:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, down the line, this is not so different from what happens in our cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.00,0:05:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The busy life of Manhattan very easily maps into the crowded life of the cell where molecules interact with each other,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.00,0:05:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and recombine and transport and so on.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.00,0:05:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there's lots of similarities on the surface between them.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.00,0:05:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if we look at Manhattan, we also realize that action is not uniformly spread within the city.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.00,0:05:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you want to go, for example, to the theater, you don't go to ANY parts of Manhattan, you would go to the theater district.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.00,0:05:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because that's where most of the theaters are, that's where the shows are.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.00,0:05:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you want to buy an artwork. You will not actually be going ANYwhere in the city, but you would be going to the gallery district.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.00,0:06:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because there is one small region in the town that has most of the high-end galleries, and that's where most of the artwork is for sale.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.00,0:06:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The same is true in the cell.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.00,0:06:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Its functions are not spread uniformly within the network.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.00,0:06:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there are other pockets within the network that are responsible for particular functions,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.00,0:06:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and their breakdown potentially leads to disease.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.00,0:06:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the way to think about disease in the context of the network is to think that
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.00,0:06:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are different regions that correspond to different diseases on this map.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.00,0:06:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, for example, you could say that cancer stays somewhere around Wall Street
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.00,0:06:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[AUDIENCE LAUGHTER]
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.00,0:06:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And bipolar disease would be somewhere around Times Square.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.00,0:06:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[AUDIENCE LAUGHTER]
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.00,0:06:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you know asthma, a respiratory disease, it would be somewhere up next to the Washington Bridge.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.00,0:06:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Where Manhattan breathes its people and cars into New Jersey and The Bronx.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.00,0:06:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[AUDIENCE LAUGHTER]
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.00,0:06:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, under normal conditions
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.00,0:06:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Manhattan is full of traffic.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.00,0:07:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's how the cell looks like normally.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.00,0:07:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if we had defects, some genes breaking down, that corresponds to some of the intersections not working, and
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.00,0:07:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,soon enough we would get a very typical Manhattan disease: A traffic jam.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.00,0:07:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is not so different from what happens in our cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.00,0:07:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because there are many different ways you can get the same phenotype.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.00,0:07:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the same way, there are many different ways you can get a disease.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.00,0:07:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, there was a famous study by Burt [???]'s group which sequenced about 300 individuals who all had colo-rectal cancer.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.00,0:07:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They had the same phenotype.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.00,0:07:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Therefore the expectation was that all of them would have probably the same mutations in the same genes.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.00,0:07:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yet, the study showed that not only did they not have the same set of mutations, but the mutations were all in different groups of genes.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.00,0:07:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There were no two individuals who would actually have the same genes exactly the same group of genes' defect.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.00,0:08:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The only way to understand how it's possible that many different genes broken down in different combinations linked to the same disease,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.00,0:08:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to think in terms of Manhattan.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.00,0:08:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you think in terms of disease module and to really have the wiring diagram of the disease module,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.00,0:08:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to understand the breakdown modes of the particular system.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.00,0:08:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, if we really believe that particular picture, the next step for us is to say, how do we proceed from here?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.00,0:08:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's very easy. Get the map, find the disease module, and drug it.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.00,0:08:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now of course, you do realize there's a catch here.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.00,0:08:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the catch of course is, unlike for Manhattan, we don't have yet a map for the cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.00,0:08:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, we do, but some of the maps we have are very incomplete.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.00,0:08:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, the best protein interaction that we have right now,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.00,0:08:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we believe it has only five percent of the links that are supposed to be in our cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.00,0:09:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, having five percent of the links means that we are missing 95% of the links.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.00,0:09:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that has dramatic consequences on the system.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.00,0:09:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me illustrate that on Manhattan.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.00,0:09:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's go ahead and take 95% of street segments and remove it from the map, and let's see what does it do to Manhattan.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.00,0:09:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the consequence is obvious. The network is broken into tiny pieces.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.00,0:09:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as a result, the modules, the Wall Street neighborhood and the Times Square neighborhood
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.00,0:09:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that were clearly distinguishable before would be all over the map.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.00,0:09:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You don't know any more where your disease module is.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.00,0:09:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what can we do then?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.00,0:09:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, first and foremost, we must improve on our maps.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.00,0:09:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's what my colleague Marc Vidal does at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.00,0:09:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who in the last twenty years has developed a whole series of automatic tools to systematically map
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.00,0:09:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the protein interactions within the cell, one of the very important components of the cellular network.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.00,0:10:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As a result of his work, a few years ago, we got what we call the 5% map, the one I referred to earlier.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.00,0:10:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This year, he's about to unveil another landmark: the 20% map of the human cell.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.00,0:10:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if we left him on the same track, actually he would do the full network.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.00,0:10:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It may take a decade or two to get to it, but eventually [???] and many others, we will get a map.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.00,0:10:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what until then?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.00,0:10:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Shall we just wait for him to finish the work?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.00,0:10:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the answer is, well, not really.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.00,0:10:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's lots of things we can actually do using the existing maps.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.00,0:10:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is how the map looks like right now.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.00,0:10:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is all the interactions we believe should be in the cell.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.00,0:10:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in order to understand where diseases lie in that, what I'm going to do next is
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.00,0:10:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I will go ahead and place on this map a particular disease, in this case asthma.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.00,0:10:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Asthma is a respiratory disease that leads to coughing, shortness of breath, and many other symptoms, and
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.00,0:10:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there has been tremendous amount of research on the [???] genetic origins of asthma.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.00,0:11:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Therefore, we about a hundred genes that are known to be associated with asthma.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.00,0:11:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if we put them on the map, and I'm showing them now here as purple nodes,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.00,0:11:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then we would expect them to be all together.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.00,0:11:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because they really should correspond to our disease model.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.00,0:11:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But they're not. They're all over the map.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.00,0:11:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the reason they're all over the map is because we're missing 95% of the interactions.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.00,0:11:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the critical links that would really hold them together in one module are all gone, they are not there yet.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.00,0:11:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what is it we can do next?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.00,0:11:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can use the power of the network.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.00,0:11:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are really built into the network and try to figure out other genes that may also be involved in asthma, about whom we don't know yet.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.00,0:11:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's exactly what we did next.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.00,0:11:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We took this map and we run algorithm through that, that really extract the information from this map,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.00,0:11:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and identify what you see in front of your eyes.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.00,0:11:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The asthma module within the cell.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.00,0:12:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now if we know the asthma module, from there we can understand the disease's mechanism, the disease's pathways,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.00,0:12:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and one day can actually help us understand the drugs.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.00,0:12:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this is not only true for asthma.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.00,0:12:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not only asthma is located well in the network.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.00,0:12:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can take some other diseases, for example COPD, and try to do the same thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.00,0:12:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,COPD is often called the smokers' disease,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.00,0:12:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because smokers are at a very high chance of getting it,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.00,0:12:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and has somewhat similar symptoms to asthma.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.00,0:12:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not surprisingly, it seems to be that the two modules are significantly overlapping,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.00,0:12:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and are certainly in the same region of the network.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.00,0:12:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We do expect, however, to have other diseases that would be in a completely different part of the network.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.00,0:12:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what is crucial here is to understand that the relationship between these diseases,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.00,0:12:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to what degree they overlap, and how they relate to each other is really crucial to understand
Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.00,0:12:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how they relate to each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.00,0:12:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and whether they are similar or very different from each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.00,0:13:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So one way to look at it is to let's look at the relationship of all diseases.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:01.00,0:13:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's what I'm showing you here.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.00,0:13:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here in the next slide, every node corresponds to a particular disease,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.00,0:13:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and two diseases are connected to each other if they share a gene.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.00,0:13:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why would you do that? Because if they share a gene, then very likely their disease module overlaps,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.00,0:13:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and therefore they must be in the same region of the network.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.00,0:13:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what is amazing about this map is that there are links between apparently unrelated diseases,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:28.00,0:13:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is telling us that if you really want to treat--if you have two diseases and want to treat them, today you may go to different doctors,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.00,0:13:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,different hospitals, different floors.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:37.00,0:13:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But down at the level of the cell, they are not independent of each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:41.00,0:13:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're connected because they're rooted in somewhat the same neighborhood.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.00,0:13:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what this is telling us, this "diseasedom" as I will call it, is that if we want to understand disease,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.00,0:14:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we should not be looking really at what we normally look at, but we should be looking at the network within our cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:01.00,0:14:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the one that really matters. This is the one that really should tell us how to classify diseases.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:09.00,0:14:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, we probably got it fundamentally wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:10.00,0:14:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not heart, it's not brains, it's not kidneys.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:13.00,0:14:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sooner or later we must abandon this organ-based description of disease and turn to what really matter.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:20.00,0:14:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We should stop training cardiologists and neurologists, and rather the doctor of the future needs to become a bit of networkologist,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:31.00,0:14:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to understand where diseases are lying within that network and how they relate to each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:36.00,0:14:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I personally believe we need a new medicine, to truly execute the paradigm change that genomics allowed us to achieve.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:45.00,0:14:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I would call it network medicine, and I think it's really within our footstep to do and achieve that.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:52.00,0:14:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I also think that network medicine will not only help us understand the mechanism of disease,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:59.00,0:15:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it will affect all aspects of healthcare, from the role of the environment all the way to how we actually deliver care to a particular patient.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:10.00,0:15:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, coming back to our original question, the good news is that doctors are increasing many of the tools that the car mechanic has today.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:23.00,0:15:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you think about it, the genomics provides the parts list,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:27.00,0:15:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,metabiomics and proteomics provide the diagnostic tools,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:30.00,0:15:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and gene therapy is really giving us the way one day to replace the components, with the pieces that are not broken.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:38.00,0:15:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But a car mechanic would be useless without a blueprint.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:42.00,0:15:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in the same way I believe that to truly understand diseases, we need to give into the hands of our doctors the map.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:49.00,0:15:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now I'm a physicist, and a network scientist. I am not a medical doctor.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:56.00,0:16:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hence, I will never cure any of your diseases.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:00.00,0:16:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can help, however, decipher the map:
Dialogue: 0,0:16:04.00,0:16:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The real book of life, the book that is currently missing most of its pages.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:09.00,0:16:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But once we learn to read it, we'll get much closer to the secret of life and curing disease.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:16.00,0:16:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you very much.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:18.00,0:16:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[APPLAUSE]