[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first time I stood\Nin the operating room
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and watched a real surgery
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I had no idea what to expect.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was a college student in engineering.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I thought it was going to be like on TV.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ominous music playing in the background,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,beads of sweat \Npouring down a surgeon's face.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it wasn't like that at all.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was music playing on this day,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think it was Madonna's Greatest Hits.\N(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there was plenty of conversation.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not just about the patient's heart rate,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but about sports and weekend plans.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And since then \Nthe more surgeries I watched,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the more I realized this is how it is.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In some weird way, \Nit's just another day at the office.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But every so often
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the music gets turned down,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,everyone stops talking,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and stares at exactly the same thing.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's when you know\Nthat something absolutely critical
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and dangerous is happening.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first time I saw that
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was watching a type of surgery
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called "laparoscopic surgery"
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And for those of you who are unfamiliar
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,laparoscopic surgery instead of the large
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,open incision you might be used to \Nwith surgery,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a laparoscopic surgery\Nis where the surgeon creates
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these three or more \Nsmall incisions in the patient.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then inserts these long, \Nthin instruments
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a camera,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and actually does the procedure\Ninside the patient.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is great because \Nthere's much less risk of infection,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,much less pain, shorter recovery time.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there is a trade off.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because these incisions are created
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a long pointed device
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called a "trocar".
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the way the surgeon uses this device
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that he takes it \Nand he presses it into the abdomen
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until it punctures through.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now the reason why \Neveryone in the operating room
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was staring at that device on that day
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was because he had to be \Nabsolutely careful
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not to plunge it through
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and puncture it into the organs \Nand blood vessels below.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this problem should seem \Npretty familiar to all of you
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because I'm pretty sure \Nyou've seen it somewhere else.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Remember this?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You knew that at any second
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that straw was going to plunge through,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you didn't know \Nif it was going to go out the other side
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and straight into your hand,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or if you were going to get \Njuice everywhere,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but you were terrified. Right?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every single time you did this,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you experienced \Nthe same fundamental physics
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I was watching\Nin the operating room that day.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it turns out it really is a problem.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 2003, the FDA actually came out \Nand said
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that trocar incisions \Nmight be the most dangerous step
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in minimally invasive surgery.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again in 2009, we see a paper that says
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that trocars account for \Nover half of all major complications
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in laproscopic surgery.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, by the way, \Nthis hasn't changed for 25 years.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when I got to graduate school
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is what I wanted to work on.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was trying to explain to a friend of mine
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what exactly I was spending my time doing\Nand I said,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"It's like when you're drilling through a wall
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to hang something in your apartment.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's that moment when the drill\Nfirst punctures through the wall
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there's this plunge. Right?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he looked at me and he said,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"You mean like when they drill \Ninto people's brains?"
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I said, "Excuse me?"
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then I looked it up \Nand they do drill into people's brains.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A lot of neurosurgical procedures
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually start with a drill incision\Nthrough the skull.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if the surgeon isn't careful,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he can plunge directly into the brain.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the moment when I started thinking,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK, cranial drilling, laproscopic surgery,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why not other areas of medicine?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because think about it, when was\Nthe last time you went to the doctor
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you didn't get stuck with something?\N(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the truth is
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in medicine puncture is everywhere.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here are just a couple\Nof the procedures that I've found
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that involve some tissue puncture step.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if we take just three of them
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Laparoscopic Surgery, \NEpidurals and Cranial Drilling,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these procedures account \Nfor over 30,000 complications
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,every year in this country alone.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I call that a problem worth solving.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's take a look at some of the devices
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are used in these types of procedures.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mentioned Epidurals, \Nthis is an epidural needle.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's used to puncture through \Nthe ligaments in the spine
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and deliver anesthesia during childbirth.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's a set of bone marrow biopsy tools.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are actually used\Nto burrow into the bone,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and collect bone marrow, \Nor sample boney lesions.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I already showed you \Na laproscopic surgery trocar,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but here it is again.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's a bayonette from the Civil War.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If I had told you\Nit was a medical puncture device
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you probably would have believed me.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because what's the difference?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, the more I did this research
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the more I thought \Nthere has to be a better way to do this.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And for me the key to this problem
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that \Nall these different puncture devices
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,share a common set of fundamental physics.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what are those physics?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's go back to drilling through a wall.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you're applying a force \Non a drill towards the wall. Right?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Newton says,\Nthe wall is going to apply force back,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,equal and opposite.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, as you drill through the wall,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those forces balance.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But then there's that moment
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when the drill first punctures\Nthrough the other side of the wall,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and right at that moment \Nthe wall can't push back anymore.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But your brain hasn't reacted \Nto that change in force.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So for that millisecond,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or however long it takes you \Nto react, you're still pushing,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that unbalanced force \Ncauses an acceleration,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that is the plunge.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what if, what if \Nright at the moment of puncture
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you could pull that tip back?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Actually oppose the forward acceleration.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's what I set out to do.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So imagine that you have a device
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's got some kind of sharp tip \Nto cut through tissue.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's the simplest way \Nyou could pull that tip back?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I chose a spring.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when you extend that spring, \Nyou extend that tip out
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so it's ready to puncture tissue,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the spring wants to pull the tip back.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do you keep the tip in place
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until the moment of puncture?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I use this mechanism.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When the tip of the device\Nis pressed against tissue,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the mechanism expands outwards \Nand wedges in place against the wall.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the friction that's generated
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,locks it in place and prevents the spring \Nfrom retracting the tip.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But right at the moment of puncture,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the tissue can't push back\Non the tip anymore.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the mechanism unlocks \Nand the spring retracts the tip.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me show you that \Nhappening in slow motion.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is about 2,000 frames a second,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'd like you to notice the tip
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right there on the bottom, \Nabout to puncture through tissue.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you'll see that \Nright at the moment of puncture,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right there, the mechanism unlocks \Nand retracts that tip back.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want to show it to you again, \Na little closer up.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're going to see the sharp bladed tip,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and right when it punctures \Nthat rubber membrane
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's going to disappear\Ninto this white blunt sheath.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right there.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That happens within 4 100ths \Nof a second after puncture.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And because this device is designed\Nto address the physics of puncture
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and not the specifics of cranial drilling,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or laproscopic surgery, \Nor another procedure,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's applicable across\Nthese different medical disciplines,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and across different length scales.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it didn't always look like this.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was my first prototype.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes, those are popsicle sticks \N(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there's a rubber band at the top.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It took about 30 minutes to do this,\Nbut it worked.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it proved to me that my idea worked
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and justified the next couple years \Nof work on this project.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I worked on this because
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this problem really fascinated me.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean it kept me up at night.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I think it should fascinate you too.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because I said puncture is everywhere.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That means at some point \Nit's going to be your problem too.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That first day in the operating room
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I never expected to find myself \Non the other end of a trocar.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But last year, I got appendicitis \Nwhen I was visiting Greece.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I was in the hospital in Athens,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the surgeon was telling me
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he was going to perform \Na laproscopic surgery.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was going to remove my appendix \Nthrough these tiny incisions.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was talking about \Nwhat I could expect for the recovery,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what was going to happen.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He said "Do you have any questions?"
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Just one, doc. \NWhat kind of trocar do you use?"
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So my favorite quote \Nabout laproscopic surgery
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,comes from a doctor H. C. Jacobaeus.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he said,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"It is puncture itself that causes risk."
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's my favorite quote \Nbecause H.C. Jacobaeus
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was the first person to ever perform \Nlaproscopic surgery on humans,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he wrote that in 1912.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a problem that's been injuring,\Neven killing people for over 100 years.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's easy to think \Nthat for every problem out there
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's some team of experts \Nworking around the clock to solve it.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The truth is that's not always the case.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have to be better at finding \Nthose problems
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and finding ways to solve them.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if you come across a problem\Nthat grabs you,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let it keep you up at night.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Allow yourself to be fascinated,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because there are so many lives to save.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)