[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.15,0:00:04.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, I love making tools\Nand sharing them with people.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.12,0:00:06.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I remember as a child,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.53,0:00:09.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my first tool I built\Nwas actually a microscope
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.85,0:00:13.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I built by stealing lenses\Nfrom my brother's eyeglasses.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.29,0:00:16.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He wasn't that thrilled.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.10,0:00:18.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, you know, maybe\Nbecause of that moment,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.29,0:00:19.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,30 years later,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.47,0:00:21.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm still making microscopes.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.36,0:00:25.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the reason I built these tools\Nis for moments like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.56,0:00:29.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Video) Girl: I have\Nblack things in my hair --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.00,0:00:32.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Manu Prakash: This is a school\Nin the Bay Area.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.84,0:00:37.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Video) MP: The living world\Nfar supersedes our imagination
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.33,0:00:39.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of how things actually work.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.32,0:00:41.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Video) Boy: Oh my God!
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.77,0:00:46.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MP: Right -- oh my God!
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.62,0:00:49.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I hadn't realized this would be\Nsuch a universal phrase.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.12,0:00:52.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Over the last two years,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.95,0:00:54.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in my lab,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.14,0:00:56.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we built 50,000 Foldscopes,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.24,0:00:59.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and shipped them\Nto 130 countries in the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.17,0:01:01.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at no cost to the kids we sent them to.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.24,0:01:03.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This year alone,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.50,0:01:05.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the support of our community,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.66,0:01:08.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we are planning to ship\Na million microscopes
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.16,0:01:09.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to kids around the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.03,0:01:11.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What does that do?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.63,0:01:15.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It creates an inspiring community\Nof people around the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.41,0:01:17.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,learning and teaching each other,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.10,0:01:21.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from Kenya to Kampala\Nto Kathmandu to Kansas.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.22,0:01:23.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And one of the phenomenal things\Nthat I love about this
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.89,0:01:25.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the sense of community.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.87,0:01:27.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a kid in Nicaragua
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.29,0:01:31.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,teaching others how to identify\Nmosquito species that carry dengue
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.50,0:01:33.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by looking at the larvae\Nunder a microscope.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.95,0:01:36.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a pharmacologist\Nwho came up with a new way
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.52,0:01:38.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to detect fake drugs anywhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.40,0:01:41.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is a girl who wondered:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.48,0:01:43.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"How does glitter actually work?"
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.21,0:01:46.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and discovered the physics\Nof crystalline formation in glitter.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.71,0:01:49.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is an Argentinian doctor
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.34,0:01:53.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who's trying to do field cervical cancer\Nscreening with this tool.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.63,0:01:57.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And yours very truly found\Na species of flea
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.39,0:02:02.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was dug inside my heel in my foot\None centimeter deep.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.32,0:02:07.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, you might think\Nof these as anomalies.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.98,0:02:09.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there is a method to this madness.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.62,0:02:12.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I call this "frugal science" --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.87,0:02:16.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the idea of sharing\Nthe experience of science,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.75,0:02:18.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and not just the information.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.01,0:02:20.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To remind you:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.25,0:02:22.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are a billion people on this planet
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.36,0:02:24.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who live with absolutely\Nno infrastructure:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.90,0:02:26.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no roads,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.54,0:02:27.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no electricity
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.94,0:02:29.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and thus, no health care.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.97,0:02:35.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Also, there a billion kids\Non this planet that live in poverty.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.70,0:02:37.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How are we supposed to inspire them
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.39,0:02:39.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the next generation\Nof solution makers?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.26,0:02:43.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are health care workers\Nthat we put on the line
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.04,0:02:44.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to fight infectious diseases,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.98,0:02:49.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to protect us with absolutely\Nbare-minimum tools and resources.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.58,0:02:52.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So as a lab at Stanford,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.20,0:02:56.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think of this from a context\Nof frugal science
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.16,0:02:58.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and building solutions\Nfor these communities.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.77,0:03:03.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Often we think about being able to do\Ndiagnosis under a tree, off-grid.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.82,0:03:06.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll tell you two examples\Ntoday of new tools.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.57,0:03:08.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of them starts in Uganda.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.75,0:03:10.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 2013,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.30,0:03:14.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on a field trip to detect\Nschistosomiasis with Foldscopes,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.37,0:03:16.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I made a minor observation.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.96,0:03:18.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In a clinic,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.56,0:03:19.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a far, remote area,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.92,0:03:23.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I saw a centrifuge\Nbeing used as a doorstop.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.19,0:03:26.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean -- quite literally, the doorstop.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.61,0:03:28.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I asked them and they said,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.36,0:03:30.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Oh, we don't actually have electricity,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.41,0:03:33.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so this piece of junk\Nis good as a doorstop."
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.62,0:03:37.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Centrifuges, for some of you\Nwho don't know,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.35,0:03:40.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are the pinnacle tool to be able\Nto do sample processing.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.60,0:03:43.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You separate components\Nof blood or body fluids
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.36,0:03:45.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be able to detect\Nand identify pathogens.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.42,0:03:49.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But centrifuges are bulky, expensive --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.28,0:03:51.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cost around 1,000 dollars --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.50,0:03:53.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and really hard to carry out in the field.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.52,0:03:54.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And of course,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.71,0:03:56.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they don't work without power.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.16,0:03:57.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sound familiar?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.58,0:04:00.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we started thinking\Nabout solving this problem,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.15,0:04:01.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I came back --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.73,0:04:03.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kept thinking about toys.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.82,0:04:04.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now ...
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.03,0:04:07.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have a few with me here.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.81,0:04:09.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I first started with yo-yos ...
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.94,0:04:12.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'm a terrible yo-yo thrower.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.92,0:04:14.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because these objects spin,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.63,0:04:15.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we wondered,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.81,0:04:18.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could we actually use\Nthe physics of these objects
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.20,0:04:19.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be able to build centrifuges?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.26,0:04:23.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was possibly the worst\Nthrow I could make.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.44,0:04:25.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But you might start realizing,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.95,0:04:28.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you start exploring\Nthe [safe space] of toys --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.82,0:04:31.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we tried these spinning tops,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.44,0:04:33.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then in the lab,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.35,0:04:35.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we stumbled upon this wonder.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.77,0:04:39.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the whirligig,\Nor a buzzer, or a rundle.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.28,0:04:41.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A couple of strings and a little disk,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.72,0:04:43.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if I push, it spins.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.35,0:04:46.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How many of you have played\Nwith this as a kid?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.72,0:04:48.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is called a button-on-a-string.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.59,0:04:50.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK, maybe 50 percent of you.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.25,0:04:51.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What you didn't realize --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.83,0:04:54.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that this little object
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.17,0:04:58.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the oldest toy\Nin the history of mankind ...
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.01,0:05:00.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,5,000 years ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.68,0:05:04.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have found relics of this object\Nhidden around on our planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.10,0:05:07.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now the irony is,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.07,0:05:10.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we actually don't understand\Nhow this little thing works.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.83,0:05:12.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's when I get excited.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.80,0:05:14.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we got back to work,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.90,0:05:16.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wrote down a couple of equations.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.06,0:05:20.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you take the input torque\Nthat you put in,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.39,0:05:22.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you take the drag on this disc,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.52,0:05:24.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the twist drag on these strings,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.45,0:05:26.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you should be able\Nto mathematically solve this.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.96,0:05:29.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is not the only equation in my talk.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.80,0:05:31.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ten pages of math later,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.65,0:05:34.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we could actually write down\Nthe complete analytical solution
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.53,0:05:35.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for this dynamic system.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.39,0:05:39.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And out comes what we call "Paperfuge."
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.02,0:05:42.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's my postdoc Saad Bhamla,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.59,0:05:44.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who's the co-inventor of Paperfuge.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.28,0:05:46.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And to the left, you see\Nall the centrifuges
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.55,0:05:47.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we're trying to replace.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.00,0:05:51.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This little object that you see right here
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.94,0:05:56.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a disc, a couple\Nof strings and a handle.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.21,0:05:57.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when I spin
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.94,0:05:59.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I push,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.12,0:06:00.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it starts to spin.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.29,0:06:02.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, when you realize,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.95,0:06:04.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you do the math,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.58,0:06:08.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we calculate the rpm for this object,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.09,0:06:12.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mathematically, we should be able\Nto go all the way to a million rpm.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.85,0:06:15.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, there is a little twist\Nin human anatomy,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.07,0:06:18.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the resident frequency\Nof this object is about 10 hertz,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.16,0:06:19.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if you've ever played the piano,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.99,0:06:22.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can't go higher\Nthan two or three hertz.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.11,0:06:25.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The maximum speed we've been able\Nto achieve with this object
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.40,0:06:27.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is not 10,000 rpm,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.35,0:06:28.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not 50,000 rpm --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.98,0:06:30.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,120,000 rpm.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.93,0:06:33.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's equal to 30,000 g-forces.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.76,0:06:36.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If I was to stick you right here\Nand have it spin,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.99,0:06:40.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you would think about the types\Nof forces you would experience.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.44,0:06:42.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the factors of a tool like this
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.70,0:06:45.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to be able to do diagnosis with this.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.72,0:06:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, I'm going to do\Na quick demo here, where --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.44,0:06:54.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is a moment where I'm going\Nto make a little finger prick,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.06,0:06:56.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a tiny drop of blood\Nis going to come out.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.36,0:06:58.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you don't like blood,\Nyou don't have to look at it.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.00,0:07:00.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here is a little lancet.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.37,0:07:02.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These lancets are available everywhere,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.26,0:07:03.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,completely passive.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.81,0:07:07.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if I've had breakfast today ...
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.05,0:07:11.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That didn't hurt at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.56,0:07:15.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK, I take a little capillary\Nwith a drop of blood --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.57,0:07:17.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now this drop of blood has answers,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.85,0:07:19.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's why I'm interested in it.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.91,0:07:23.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It might actually tell me whether\NI have malaria right now or not.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.40,0:07:25.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I take a little capillary,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.26,0:07:27.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you see it starts wicking in.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.89,0:07:30.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to draw a little more blood.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.78,0:07:35.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's good enough for right now.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.52,0:07:39.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I just seal this capillary\Nby putting it in clay.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.49,0:07:45.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now that's sealed the sample.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.80,0:07:47.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're going to take the sample,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.95,0:07:49.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mount it on Paperfuge.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.09,0:08:00.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A little piece of tape\Nto make a sealed cavity.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.98,0:08:03.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now the sample is completely enclosed.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.11,0:08:09.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we are ready for a spin.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.02,0:08:13.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm pushing and pulling with this object.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.08,0:08:14.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to load this up ...
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.28,0:08:18.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you see the object starts spinning.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.58,0:08:20.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unlike a regular centrifuge,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.62,0:08:24.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is a counter-rotating centrifuge.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.42,0:08:26.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It goes back and forth, back and forth ...
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.22,0:08:29.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now I'm charging it up,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.37,0:08:31.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you see it builds momentum.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.18,0:08:34.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now -- I don't know\Nif you can hear this --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.82,0:08:36.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,30 seconds of this,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.99,0:08:41.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I should be able to separate\Nall the blood cells with the plasma.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.94,0:08:44.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the ratio of those blood \Ncells to plasma --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.78,0:08:46.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.44,0:08:50.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Already, if you see right here,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.21,0:08:53.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you focus on this,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.85,0:08:56.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you should be able to see\Na separated volume
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.27,0:08:59.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of blood and plasma.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.15,0:09:03.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the ratio of that actually tells me\Nwhether I might be anemic.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.10,0:09:07.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One the of aspects of this is,\Nwe build many types of Paperfuges.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.16,0:09:11.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This one allows us to identify\Nmalaria parasites
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.65,0:09:13.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by running them for a little longer,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.49,0:09:17.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we can identify malaria parasites\Nthat are in the blood
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.08,0:09:20.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we can separate out and detect\Nwith something like a centrifuge.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.68,0:09:25.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another version of this allows me\Nto separate nucleic acids
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.18,0:09:28.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be able to do nucleic acid tests\Nout in the field itself.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.57,0:09:33.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here is another version that allows me\Nto separate bulk samples,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.94,0:09:35.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then, finally,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.54,0:09:37.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something new that we've been working on
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.56,0:09:42.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be able to implement the entire\Nmultiplex test on an object like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.38,0:09:46.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So where you do the sample preparation\Nand the chemistry in the same object.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.54,0:09:48.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now ...
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.85,0:09:50.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is all good,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.14,0:09:52.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but when you start thinking about this,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.08,0:09:54.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have to share these tools with people.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.19,0:09:57.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And one of the things we did is --\Nwe just got back from Madagascar;
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.59,0:10:00.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is what clinical trials\Nfor malaria look like --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.20,0:10:01.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.22,0:10:03.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can do this while having coffee.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.60,0:10:05.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But most importantly,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.50,0:10:09.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is a village six hours from any road.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.04,0:10:14.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are in a room with one of the senior\Nmembers of the community
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.62,0:10:16.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a health care worker.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.16,0:10:19.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It really is this portion of the work\Nthat excites me the most --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.68,0:10:20.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that smile,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.86,0:10:24.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be able to share simple but powerful\Ntools with people around the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.48,0:10:27.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I forgot to tell you this,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.80,0:10:30.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that all of that cost me 20 cents to make.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.51,0:10:34.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK, in the negative time I have left,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.42,0:10:36.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll tell you about the most recent --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.51,0:10:37.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.65,0:10:39.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,invention from our lab.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.54,0:10:40.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's called Abuzz --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.62,0:10:45.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the idea that all of you\Ncould help us fight mosquitoes;
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.78,0:10:48.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you could all help us track our enemies.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.07,0:10:52.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are enemies because they cause\Nmalaria, Zika, chikagunya, dengue.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.08,0:10:56.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the challenge is that we actually\Ndon't know where our enemies are.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.89,0:10:59.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The world map for where\Nmosquitoes are, is missing.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.30,0:11:02.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we started thinking about this.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.07,0:11:04.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are 3,500 species of mosquitoes,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.13,0:11:05.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they're all very similar.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.56,0:11:06.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some of them are so identical
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.02,0:11:10.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that even an entomologist cannot\Nidentify them under a microscope.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.10,0:11:12.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But they have an Achilles' heel.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.90,0:11:16.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is what mosquitoes flirting\Nwith each other looks like.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.13,0:11:18.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a male chasing a female.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.38,0:11:22.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're actually talking to each other\Nwith their wingbeat frequencies.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.23,0:11:23.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Buzzing sound)
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.29,0:11:25.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And thus, they have a signature.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.65,0:11:30.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We realized that using a regular phone,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.04,0:11:32.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a $5-10 flip phone --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.60,0:11:34.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how many remember what this object is?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.73,0:11:35.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.82,0:11:39.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can record these acoustic\Nsignatures from mosquitoes.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.00,0:11:41.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll tell you exactly how to do this.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.96,0:11:43.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I caught some mosquitoes outside.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.68,0:11:46.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unlike Bill, I'm not\Ngoing to release them.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.09,0:11:47.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.15,0:11:49.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I will tell you how\Nto record from this.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.75,0:11:52.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All you do is tap them and they fly.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.22,0:11:53.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can first test --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.58,0:11:55.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can actually hear that.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.36,0:11:57.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you bring your phone,\Nwhich has microphones --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.84,0:12:00.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it turns out the mics\Nare so damn good already,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.22,0:12:01.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even on regular phones,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.49,0:12:03.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you can pick up\Nthis near-field signature.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.95,0:12:06.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And since I'm out of time,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.11,0:12:09.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let me just play the recording\Nthat I made a day ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.82,0:12:12.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Mosquitoes buzz)
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.39,0:12:15.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is all the charming sound\Nthat you heard before
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.34,0:12:16.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you all love.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.79,0:12:20.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the contexts of this
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.23,0:12:23.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that being able to do this\Nwith a regular cell phone
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.47,0:12:26.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,allows us to map mosquito species.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.66,0:12:29.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Using a flip phone,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.37,0:12:32.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we mapped one of the largest\Nacoustic databases
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.38,0:12:37.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with 25 to 20 species of mosquitoes\Nthat carry human pathogens.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.63,0:12:39.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And from this and machine learning,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.33,0:12:41.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,anybody who uploads this data,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.14,0:12:43.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can identify and tell the probability
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.15,0:12:45.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of what species of mosquitoes\Nyou're actually working with.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.01,0:12:48.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We call this Abuzz,\Nand if any of you want to sign up,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.85,0:12:50.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just go to the website.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.52,0:12:52.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me close with something
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.19,0:12:54.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's very important\Nand dear to my heart.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.50,0:12:59.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the challenges of today\Nis we have terrible problems.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.48,0:13:02.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have a billion people\Nwith absolutely no health care,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.40,0:13:04.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,climate change, biodiversity loss,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.55,0:13:05.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on and on and on.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.23,0:13:09.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we hope that science\Nis going to provide the answer.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.59,0:13:11.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But before you leave this theatre today,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:11.76,0:13:13.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want you to promise one thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.92,0:13:16.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're going to make science accessible --
Dialogue: 0,0:13:17.07,0:13:19.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not just to the people who can afford it,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.23,0:13:21.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but a billion others who can't.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.76,0:13:25.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's make science and scientific\Nliteracy a human right.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:27.56,0:13:32.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The moment that you pass the tingling\Nfeeling of making a discovery
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.26,0:13:33.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to another child,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:34.44,0:13:38.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're enabling them to be\Nthe next group of people
Dialogue: 0,0:13:38.26,0:13:40.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who will actually solve these problems.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.39,0:13:41.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:41.59,0:13:44.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)