[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.17,0:00:03.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, I love making tools
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.03,0:00:05.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and sharing them with people.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.36,0:00:06.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I remember as a child,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.75,0:00:10.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my first tool I built\Nwas actually a microscope
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.04,0:00:14.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I built by stealing lenses\Nfrom my brother's eyeglasses.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.38,0:00:15.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He wasn't that thrilled.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.20,0:00:18.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But maybe because of that momement,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.55,0:00:19.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,30 years later,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.69,0:00:21.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm still making microscopes.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.42,0:00:25.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the reason I built these tools\Nis for moments like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.56,0:00:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Video) I have black things in my hair --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.00,0:00:32.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MP: This is a school in [the Bay Area.]
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.86,0:00:37.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The living world far supersedes\Nour imagination
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.54,0:00:39.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of how things actually work.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.53,0:00:41.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Video) Oh my God!
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.77,0:00:44.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MP: Right ...
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.99,0:00:46.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Oh my God!"
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.79,0:00:50.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I hadn't realized this would be\Nsuch a universal phrase.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.20,0:00:53.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Over the last two years,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.15,0:00:54.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in my lab,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.23,0:00:56.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we built 50,000 Foldscopes,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.51,0:00:59.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and shipped them to 130\Ncountries in the world
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.24,0:01:02.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at no cost to the kids we sent them to.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.40,0:01:03.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This year alone,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.76,0:01:05.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the support of our community,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.75,0:01:09.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we are planning to ship one million\Nmicroscopes to kids around the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.11,0:01:11.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What does that do?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.71,0:01:15.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It creates an inspiring community\Nof people around the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.60,0:01:17.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,learning and teaching each other,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.30,0:01:20.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from Kenya to Kampala\Nto Kathmandu to Kansas.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.33,0:01:23.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And one of the phenomenal things\Nthat I love about this
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.91,0:01:25.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the sense of community.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.05,0:01:27.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is a kid in Nicaragua
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.38,0:01:31.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,teaching others how to identify\Nmosquito species that carry dengue
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.72,0:01:34.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by looking at the larvae\Nunder a microscope.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.17,0:01:36.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is a pharmacologist\Nwho came up with a new way
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.74,0:01:38.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to detect fake drugs anywhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.45,0:01:41.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is a girl who wondered,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.64,0:01:43.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how does glitter actually work?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.50,0:01:47.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And discovered the physics\Nof crystal information in glitter.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.82,0:01:49.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is an Argentinian doctor
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.34,0:01:53.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who's trying to do field cervical cancer\Nscreening with this tool.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.79,0:01:57.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And yours very truly found\Na species of flea
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.55,0:02:02.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was dug inside my heel in my foot\None-centimenter deep.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.45,0:02:08.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, you might think\Nof these as anomalies,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.32,0:02:10.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but there is a method to this madness.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.70,0:02:12.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I call this frugal science.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.01,0:02:18.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The idea of sharing experience of science\Nand not just the information.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.12,0:02:20.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Remind you,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.47,0:02:22.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are a billion people on this planet
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.58,0:02:25.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who live with absolutely\Nno infrastructure:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.12,0:02:26.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no roads,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.75,0:02:28.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no electricity,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.16,0:02:30.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and thus, no health care.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.26,0:02:35.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Also there a billion kids\Non this planet that live in poverty.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.82,0:02:37.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How are we supposed to inspire them
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.49,0:02:39.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the next generation\Nof solution makers?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.30,0:02:43.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are health care workers\Nthat we put on the line
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.08,0:02:45.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to fight for infectious diseases,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.02,0:02:49.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to protect us with absolutely\Nbare-minimum tools and resources.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.66,0:02:52.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So as a lab at Stanford,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.40,0:02:56.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think of this from a context\Nof frugal sciecnce
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.36,0:02:58.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and building solutions\Nfor these communities.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.96,0:03:03.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Often we think about being able to do\Ndiagnosis under a tree, off-grid.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.88,0:03:06.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll tell you two examples\Ntoday of new tools.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.75,0:03:08.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of them starts in Uganda.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.99,0:03:10.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 2013,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.42,0:03:14.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on a fieldtrip to detect\Nschistosomiasis with Foldscopes,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.49,0:03:16.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I made a minor observation.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.15,0:03:18.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In a clinic,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.75,0:03:20.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a far, remote area,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.20,0:03:24.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I saw a centrifuge\Nbeing used as a doorstop.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.26,0:03:26.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean quite literally the doorstop.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.76,0:03:28.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I asked them and they said,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.44,0:03:30.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Oh, we don't actually have electricity,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.50,0:03:34.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so this piece of junk\Nis good as a doorstop."
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.91,0:03:35.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Centrifuges,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.91,0:03:37.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for some of you who don't know,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.46,0:03:40.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are the pinnacle tool to be able\Nto do sample processing.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.71,0:03:43.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You separate components\Nof blood or body fluids
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.48,0:03:46.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be able to detect\Nand identify pathogens.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.56,0:03:49.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But centrifuges are bulky, expensive --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.42,0:03:51.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,costs around 1,000 dollars --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.75,0:03:53.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and really hard to carry out in the field,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.76,0:03:56.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and of course, they don't\Nwork without power.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.07,0:03:57.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sound familiar?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.69,0:04:00.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we started thinking\Nabout solving this problem,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.35,0:04:01.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I came back --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.93,0:04:03.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kept thinking about toys.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.91,0:04:06.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now ...
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.26,0:04:08.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have a few with me here.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.26,0:04:10.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I first started with yo-yos ...
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.32,0:04:12.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'm a terrible yo-yo thrower.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.98,0:04:14.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because these objects spin,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.75,0:04:15.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we wondered,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.75,0:04:18.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could we actually use\Nthe physics of these objects
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.09,0:04:20.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be able to build centrifuges?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.33,0:04:23.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was possibly the worst\Nthrow I could make.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.59,0:04:26.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But you might start realizing,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.10,0:04:29.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you start exploring\Nthe [safe space] of toys --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.02,0:04:31.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we tried these spinning tops,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.65,0:04:33.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then in the lab,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.66,0:04:35.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we stumbled upon this wonder.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.97,0:04:37.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the Whirligig,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.33,0:04:38.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a Buzzer,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.39,0:04:39.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a [Roudrun.]
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.47,0:04:42.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A couple of strings and a little disk,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.02,0:04:44.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if I push, it spins.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.56,0:04:46.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How many of you have played\Nwith this as a kid?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.85,0:04:48.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is called a button-on-a-string.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.72,0:04:50.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK, maybe 50 percent of you.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.46,0:04:52.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What you didn't realize --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.04,0:04:54.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that this little object
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.24,0:04:58.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the oldest toy\Nin the history of mankind.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.01,0:05:00.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,5,000 years ago ---
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.68,0:05:04.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have found relics of this object\Nhidden around on our planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.22,0:05:08.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now the irony is we actually\Ndon't understand
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.98,0:05:10.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how this little thing works.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.94,0:05:12.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's when I get excited.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.96,0:05:15.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we got back to work,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.12,0:05:16.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wrote down a couple of equations.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.22,0:05:20.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you take the input torque\Nthat you put in,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.56,0:05:22.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you take the drag on this disc,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.81,0:05:24.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the twist drag on these strings,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.74,0:05:27.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you should be able\Nto mathematically solve this.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.15,0:05:29.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is not the only equation in my talk.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.97,0:05:31.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,10 pages of math later,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.83,0:05:34.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we could actually write down\Nthe complete analytical solution
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.70,0:05:36.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for this dynamic system.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.56,0:05:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And out comes what we call Paperfuge.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.20,0:05:41.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's my postdoc,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.50,0:05:42.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Saad Bhamla,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.59,0:05:44.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who's the co-inventor of Paperfuge.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.26,0:05:45.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And to the left,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.26,0:05:48.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you see all the centrifuges\Nthat we are trying to replace.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.11,0:05:53.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This little object that you see right here
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.04,0:05:56.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a disc, a couple\Nof strings and a handle.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.47,0:05:58.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then I spin.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.10,0:05:59.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I push,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.10,0:06:00.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it starts to spin.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.20,0:06:03.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, when you realize,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.29,0:06:05.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you do the math,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.72,0:06:08.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we calculate the rpm for this object,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.23,0:06:12.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mathematically we should be able\Nto go all the way to a million rpm.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.01,0:06:15.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now there is a little twist\Nin human anatomy,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.11,0:06:18.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the resident frequency\Nof this object is about 10 hertz,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.11,0:06:19.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if you ever played piano,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.49,0:06:21.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can't go higher\Nthan two or three hertz.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.11,0:06:25.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The maximum speed we've been\Nable to achieve with this object
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.61,0:06:27.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is not 10,000 rpm,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.56,0:06:29.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not 50,000 rpm --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.27,0:06:30.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,120,000 rpm.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.11,0:06:33.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's equal to 30,000 g-forces.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.93,0:06:37.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If I was to stick you right here\Nand have it spin,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.16,0:06:40.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you would think about the types\Nof forces you would experience.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.44,0:06:45.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the factors of a tool like this\Nis to be able to do diagnosis with this.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.78,0:06:49.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I'm going to do a quick demo here.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.51,0:06:54.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is a moment where I'm going\Nto make a little fingerprint.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.06,0:06:56.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A tiny drop of blood is going to come out,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.12,0:06:57.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you don't like blood,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.30,0:06:58.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you don't have to look at it.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.09,0:07:00.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here is a little lancet.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.54,0:07:02.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These lancets are available everywhere,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.43,0:07:03.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,completely passive.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.82,0:07:09.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if I've had breakfast today ...
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.19,0:07:11.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That didn't hurt at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.15,0:07:15.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK, I take a little capillary\Nwith a drop of blood --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.84,0:07:18.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now this drop of blood has answers,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.06,0:07:19.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's why I'm interested in it.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.91,0:07:23.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It might actually tell me whether\NI have malaria right now or not.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.49,0:07:25.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I take a little capillary,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.55,0:07:27.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you see it starts leaking in.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.07,0:07:30.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to draw a little more blood.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.78,0:07:35.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's good enough for right now.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.52,0:07:39.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I just seal this capillary\Nby putting it in clay.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.59,0:07:45.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now that's sealed the sample.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.99,0:07:48.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're going to take the sample,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.14,0:07:50.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mount it on Paperfuge.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.28,0:08:00.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A little piece of tape\Nto make a sealed cavity.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.07,0:08:04.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now the sample is completely enclosed.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.16,0:08:10.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we are ready for a spin.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.26,0:08:13.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm pushing and pulling with this object.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.32,0:08:16.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to load this up ...
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.48,0:08:18.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you see the object starts spinning.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.79,0:08:20.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unlike a regular centrifuge,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.83,0:08:24.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is a counter-rotating centrifuge.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.63,0:08:27.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It goes back and forth, back and forth,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.71,0:08:29.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'm charging it up --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.66,0:08:31.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you see it builds momentum.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.31,0:08:33.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.36,0:08:35.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't know if you can hear this --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.13,0:08:37.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,30 seconds of this
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.05,0:08:41.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I should be able to separate\Nall the blood cells with the plasma.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.10,0:08:45.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the ratio of those\Nblood cells to plasma --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.02,0:08:47.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.68,0:08:52.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Already, if you see right here,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.44,0:08:54.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you focus on this,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.22,0:08:57.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you should be able to see\Na separated volume
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.50,0:08:59.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of blood and plasma.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.38,0:09:02.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the ratio of that actually tells me\Nwhether I might be anemic.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.16,0:09:07.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One the of aspects of this is we build\Nmany types of Paperfuges.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.35,0:09:11.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This one allows us to identify\Nmalaria parasites
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.84,0:09:13.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by running them for a little longer,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.68,0:09:17.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we can identify malaria parasites\Nthat are in the blood
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.27,0:09:20.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we can separate out and detect\Nwith something like a centrifuge.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.96,0:09:25.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another version of this allows me\Nto separate nucleic acids
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.46,0:09:28.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be able to do nucleic acid tests\Nout in the field itself.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.60,0:09:34.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here is another version that allows me\Nto separate bulk samples,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.09,0:09:35.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then finally,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.68,0:09:37.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something new that we've been working on
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.70,0:09:42.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be able to implement the entire\Nmultiplex test on an object like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.52,0:09:46.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So where you do the sample preparation\Nand the chemistry in the same object.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.64,0:09:49.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now ...
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.04,0:09:50.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is all good,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.19,0:09:52.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but when you start thinking about this,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.07,0:09:54.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have to share these tools with people,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.34,0:09:57.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and one of the things that we did\Nis we just got back from Madagascar --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.72,0:10:00.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is what clinical trials\Nfor malaria look like --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.22,0:10:01.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.22,0:10:03.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can do this while having coffee.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.70,0:10:05.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But most importantly,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.72,0:10:09.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is a village six hours from any road.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.35,0:10:14.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are in a room with one of the senior\Nmembers of the community
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.93,0:10:16.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a health care worker.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.47,0:10:20.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it really is this portion of the work\Nthat really excites me the most --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.04,0:10:21.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that smile.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.04,0:10:24.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To be able to share simple but powerful\Ntools with people around the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.60,0:10:28.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I forgot to tell you this --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.10,0:10:30.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that all of that cost me 20 cents to make.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.51,0:10:34.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK, in the negative time I have left,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.42,0:10:36.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll tell you about the most recent --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.65,0:10:37.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.65,0:10:39.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,invention from our lab.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.67,0:10:41.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's called Abuzz.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.73,0:10:45.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The idea that all of you\Ncould help us fight mosquitoes.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.78,0:10:48.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You could all help us track our enemies.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.26,0:10:52.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are enemies because they cause\Nmalaria, Zika, chikagunya, dengue,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.18,0:10:56.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the challenge is that we actually\Ndon't know where our enemies are.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.99,0:11:00.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The world map for where\Nmosquitoes are is misssing.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.39,0:11:02.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we started thinking about this.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.07,0:11:04.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are 3500 species of mosquitoes,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.24,0:11:05.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they're all very similar.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.67,0:11:07.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some of them are so identical
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.11,0:11:10.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that even an entomologist cannot\Nidentify them under a microscope.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.24,0:11:13.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But they have an Achilles' heel.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.05,0:11:15.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is what a mosquito flirting\Nwith each other looks like.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.30,0:11:18.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a male chasing a female.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.55,0:11:23.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're actually talking to each other\Nwith their wingbeat frequencies ...
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.38,0:11:25.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and thus, they have a signature.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.73,0:11:30.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We realized that using a regular phone,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.35,0:11:32.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a five to 10 dollar flip phone --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.91,0:11:35.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how many remember what this object is?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.04,0:11:36.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.04,0:11:40.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can record these acoustic\Nsignatures from mosquitoes.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.22,0:11:42.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll tell you exactly how to do this --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.09,0:11:43.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I caught some mosquitoes outside.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.82,0:11:46.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unlike Bill, I'm not\Ngoing to release them.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.96,0:11:49.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I will tell you how\Nto record from this.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.96,0:11:52.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All you do is you tap them and they fly.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.51,0:11:53.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can first test --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.76,0:11:55.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can actually hear that.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.53,0:11:57.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you bring your phone\Nwhich has microphones --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.90,0:12:00.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it turns out the mics\Nare so damn good already,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.37,0:12:01.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even on regular phones,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.79,0:12:04.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you can pick up\Nthis [near-field] signature.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.11,0:12:06.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And since I'm out of time,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.27,0:12:09.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let me just play the recording\Nthat I made a day ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.56,0:12:12.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Mosquitoes buzz)
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.75,0:12:15.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is all the charming sound\Nthat you heard before
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.50,0:12:16.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you all love.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.94,0:12:20.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the contexts of this
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.38,0:12:23.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is being able to do this\Nwith a regular cell phone
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.79,0:12:26.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,allows us to map mosquito species.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.66,0:12:29.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Using a flip phone,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.37,0:12:32.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we mapped one of the largest\Nacoustic databases
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.64,0:12:37.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with 25 to 20 species of mosquitoes\Nthat carry human pathogens.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.78,0:12:39.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And from this and machine learning,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.62,0:12:41.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,anybody who uploads this data,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.28,0:12:43.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can identify and tell the probability
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.33,0:12:46.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of what species of mosquitoes\Nyou're actually working with.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.13,0:12:47.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We call this Abuzz,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.20,0:12:48.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if any of you want to sign up,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.84,0:12:50.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just go to the website.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.68,0:12:54.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me close with something that's very\Nimportant and dear to my heart.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.60,0:12:59.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the challenges of today\Nis we have terrible problems.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.57,0:13:02.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have a billion people\Nwith absolutely no health care,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.55,0:13:03.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,climate change,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.55,0:13:04.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,biodiversity loss,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.76,0:13:06.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on and on and on.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.33,0:13:09.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we hope that science\Nis going to provide the answer.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.65,0:13:11.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But before you leave this theatre today,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:11.94,0:13:14.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want you to promise one thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.07,0:13:16.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're going to make science accessible.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:17.25,0:13:19.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not just to the people who can afford it,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.41,0:13:21.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but a billion others who can't.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.90,0:13:26.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's make science and scientific\Nliteracy a human right.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:27.62,0:13:32.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The moment that you pass the tingling\Nfeeling of making a discovery
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.49,0:13:34.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to another child,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:34.67,0:13:38.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're enabling them to be\Nthe next group of people
Dialogue: 0,0:13:38.36,0:13:40.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who will actually solve these problems.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.61,0:13:41.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:41.70,0:13:43.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)