[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.22,0:00:02.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, I love making tools,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.14,0:00:05.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and sharing them with people.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.50,0:00:06.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I remember as a child,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.92,0:00:09.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my first tool I built\Nwas actually a microscope
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.18,0:00:13.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I built by stealing lenses\Nfrom my brother's eyeglasses.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.46,0:00:16.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He wasn't that thrilled.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.30,0:00:18.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But maybe because of that momement,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.63,0:00:19.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,30 years later,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.78,0:00:21.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm still making microscopes.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.50,0:00:25.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the reason I built these tools\Nis for moments like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.49,0:00:30.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Video) I have black things in my hair --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.30,0:00:32.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MP: This is a school in the Bay Area.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.00,0:00:39.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The living world far supersedes our\Nimagination of how things actually work.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.50,0:00:41.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Video) Oh my God!
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.86,0:00:45.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MP: Right --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.26,0:00:46.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Oh my God!"
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.91,0:00:49.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I hadn't realized this would be\Nsuch a universal phrase.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.28,0:00:53.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Over the last two years,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.29,0:00:54.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in my lab,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.36,0:00:56.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we built 50,000 Foldscopes
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.53,0:00:59.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and shipped them to 130\Ncountries in the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.57,0:01:02.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at no cost to the kids we sent them to.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.46,0:01:03.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This year alone,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.88,0:01:05.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the support of our community,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.84,0:01:09.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we are planning to ship one million\Nmicroscopes to kids around the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.17,0:01:11.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What does that do?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.92,0:01:15.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It creates an inspiring community\Nof people around the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.63,0:01:17.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,learning and teaching each other,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.33,0:01:21.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from Kenya to Kampala\Nto Kathmandu to Kansas.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.44,0:01:23.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And one of the phenomenal things\Nthat I love about this
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.00,0:01:25.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the sense of community.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.30,0:01:27.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is a kid in Nicaragua\Nteaching others
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.14,0:01:31.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how to identify mosquito species\Nthat carry Dengue
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.54,0:01:34.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by looking at the larvae\Nunder a microscope.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.27,0:01:36.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is a pharmacologist who\Ncame up with a new way
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.78,0:01:39.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to detect fake drugs anywhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.55,0:01:41.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is a girl who wondered,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.74,0:01:43.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how does glitter actually work?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.54,0:01:47.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And discovered the physics of crystal\Ninformation in glitter.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.94,0:01:49.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is an Argentinian doctor
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.42,0:01:53.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who's trying to do field cervical cancer\Nscreening with this tool.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.81,0:01:57.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And yours very truly found\Na species of flea
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.59,0:02:02.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was dug inside my heel in my foot\None-centimenter deep.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.45,0:02:08.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, you might this of these as anomalies,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.39,0:02:10.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but there is a method to this madness.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.78,0:02:12.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I call this frugal science.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.14,0:02:18.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The idea of sharing experience of science\Nand not just the information.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.16,0:02:20.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Remind you,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.59,0:02:22.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are one billion people\Non this planet
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.86,0:02:24.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who live with absolutely\Nno infrastructure:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.10,0:02:26.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no roads,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.85,0:02:28.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no electricity,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.25,0:02:31.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and thus, no health care.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.56,0:02:35.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Also there one billion kids\Non this planet that live in poverty.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.90,0:02:37.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How are we supposed to inspire them
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.60,0:02:40.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the next generation\Nof solution-makers?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.40,0:02:42.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are health care workers\Nthat we put on the line
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.14,0:02:44.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to fight for infectious diseases
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.07,0:02:49.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to protect us with absolutely\Nbare-minimum tools and resources.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.69,0:02:52.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So as a [lab] at Standford,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.66,0:02:56.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think of this from a context\Nof frugal sciecnce
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.47,0:02:58.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and building solutions\Nfor these communities.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.04,0:03:03.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Often we think about being able to do\Ndiagnosis under a tree, off-grid.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.94,0:03:06.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll tell you two examples\Ntoday of new tools,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.69,0:03:08.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of them starts in Uganda.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.12,0:03:10.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 2013,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.53,0:03:14.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on a fieldtrip to detect\NSchistosomiasis with Foldscopes,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.64,0:03:16.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I made a minor observation.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.27,0:03:18.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In a clinic,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.89,0:03:20.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a far, remote area,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.37,0:03:24.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I saw a centrifuge\Nbeing used as door stop.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.38,0:03:26.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean quite litlerally the doorstop.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.91,0:03:28.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I asked them and they said,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.69,0:03:30.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Oh, we don't actually have electricity,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.61,0:03:34.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so this piece of junk\Nis good as a doorstop."
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.50,0:03:35.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Centrifuges,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.91,0:03:37.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for some of you who don't know,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.72,0:03:40.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are the pinnacle tool to be able\Nto do sample processing.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.87,0:03:43.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You separate components\Nof blood or body fluids
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.56,0:03:46.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be able to detect\Nand identify pathogens.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.64,0:03:49.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But centrifuges are bulky,\Nexpensive --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.51,0:03:51.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,costs around 1,000 dollars --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.92,0:03:53.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and really hard to carry out in the field,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.96,0:03:56.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and of course, they don't\Nwork without power.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.28,0:03:57.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sound familiar?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.86,0:04:00.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we started thinking\Nabout solving this problem,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.41,0:04:01.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I came back --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.94,0:04:03.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kept thinking about toys.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.97,0:04:06.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now ...
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.46,0:04:08.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have a few with me here.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.32,0:04:10.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I first started with yo-yos ...
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.44,0:04:12.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'm a terrible yo-yo thrower.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.17,0:04:14.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because these objects spin,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.100,0:04:15.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we wondered,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.79,0:04:17.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could we actually use\Nthe physics of these objects
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.83,0:04:19.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be able to build centrifuges?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.43,0:04:23.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was possibly the worst\Nthrow I could make ...
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.59,0:04:26.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but you might start realizing,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.30,0:04:29.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you start exploring\Nthe safe space of toys --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.26,0:04:31.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we tried these spinning tops,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.79,0:04:33.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then in the lab,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.79,0:04:35.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we stumbled upon this wonder.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.16,0:04:37.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the Whirligig,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.55,0:04:38.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a Buzzer,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.43,0:04:39.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a [Roudrun.]
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.74,0:04:41.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A couple of strings and a little disk,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.09,0:04:44.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if I push, it spins.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.75,0:04:46.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How many of you have played\Nwith this as a kid?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.32,0:04:48.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is called a button-on-a-string.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.89,0:04:50.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK, maybe 50 percent of you.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.61,0:04:51.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What you didn't realize --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.06,0:04:54.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that this little object
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.32,0:04:59.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the oldest toy\Nin the history of mankind.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,5,000 years ago ---
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have found relics of this object\Nhidden around on our planet.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now the irony is,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we actually don't understand\Nhow this little thing works.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's when I get excited.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we got back to work,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wrote down a couple of equations.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you take the input torque\Nthat you put in,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you take the drag on this disc,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the twist drag on these strings,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you should be able\Nto mathematically solve this.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is not the only equation in my talk.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,10 pages of math later,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we could actually write down\Nthe complete analytical solution
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for this dynamic system.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And out comes what we called, Paperfuge.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's my post-doc,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Saad Bhamla,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who's the co-inventor of Paperfuge,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to the left,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you see all the centrifuges\Nthat we are trying to replace.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This little object that you see right here
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a disc, a couple\Nof strings and a handle.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when I spin --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I push,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it starts to spin.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, when you realize,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you do the math,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we calculate the rpm for this object,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mathematically we should be able to go\Nall the way to one million rpm.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now there is a little twist\Nin human anatomy,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the resident frequency\Nof this object is about 10 hz,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if you ever played piano,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can't go higher\Nthan two or three hertz.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The maximum speed we've been\Nable to achieve with this object
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is not 10,000 rpm,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not 50,000 rpm --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,120,000 rpm.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's equal to 30,000 g forces.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If I was to stick you right here\Nand have it spin,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you would think about the types\Nof forces you would experience.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the factors of a tool like this\Nis to be able to do diagnosis with this.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I'm going to do a quick demo here.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is a moment where I'm going\Nto make a little fingerprint.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A tiny drop of blood is going to come out,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you don't like blood,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you don't have to look at it.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here is a little lancet.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These lancets are available everywhere,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,completely passive.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if I've had breakfast today ...
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that didn't hurt at all.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK, I take a little capillary\Nwith a drop of blood --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now this drop of blood has answers,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's why I'm interested in it.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It might actually tell me whether\NI have malaria right now or not.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I take a little capillary,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you see it starts leaking in.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to draw a little more blood.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's good enough for right now.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I just seal this capillary\Nby putting it in clay.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now that's sealed the sample.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're going to take the sample,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mount it on Paperfuge.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A little piece of tape\Nto make a sealed cavity.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now the sample is completely enclosed.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we are ready for a spin.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm pushing and pulling with this object.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to load this up ...
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you see the object starts spinning.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unlike a regular centrifuge,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is a counter-rotating centrifuge.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It goes back and forth, back and forth,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'm charing it up --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you see it builds momentum.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't know if you can hear this,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,30 seconds of this
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I should be able to separate\Nall the blood cells with the plasma.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the ratio of those\Nblood cells to plasma --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Already, if you see right here,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you focus on this,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you should be able to see\Na separated volume
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of blood and plasma.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the ratio of that actually tells me\Nwhether I might be anemic.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One the of aspects of this is we build\Nmany types of Paperfuges.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This one allows us to identify\Nmalaria parasites
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by running them for a little longer,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we can identify malaria parasites\Nthat are in the blood
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we can separate out and detect\Nwith something like a centrifuge.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another version of this allows me\Nto separate nucleic acids
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be able to do nucleic acid tests\Nout in the field itself.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here is another version that allows me\Nto separate bulk samples,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then finally,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something new that we've been working on,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be able to implement the entire\Nmultiplex test on an object like this.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So where you do the sample preparation\Nand the chemistry in the same object.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now ...
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is all good,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but when you start thinking about this,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have to share these tools with people,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and one of the things that we did\Nis we just got back from Madagascar --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is what clinical trials\Nfor malaria look like --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can do this while having coffee.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But most importantly,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is a village six hours from any road.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are in a room with one of the senior\Nmembers of the community
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a health care worker.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it really is this portion of the work\Nthat really excites me the most --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that smile.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To be able to share simple but powerful\Ntools with people around the world.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I forgot to tell you this --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that all of that cost me 20 cents to make.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK, in the negative time I have left,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll tell you about the most recent --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,invention from our lab.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's called a Buzz.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The idea that all of you could help\Nus fight mosquitoes.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You could all help us\Ntrack our enemies.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are enemies because they cause\Nmalaria, Zika, Chikagunya, Dengue,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the challenge is that we actually\Ndon't know where our enemies are.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The world map for where\Nmosquitoes are is misssing.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we started thinking about this.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are 3500 species of mosquitoes,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they're all very similar.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some of them are so identical
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that even an entomologist cannot\Nidentify them under a microscope.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But they have an Achille's heel.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is what a mosquito flirting\Nwith each other looks like.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a male chasing a female.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're actually talking to each other\Nwith their wing-beat frequencies,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and thus, they have a signature.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We realized that using a regular phone,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a five to 10 dollar flip phone --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how many remember what this object is?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can record these acoustic\Nsignatures from mosquitoes --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'll tell you exactly\Nhow to do this --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I caught some mosquitoes outside.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unlike Bill, I'm not goin to release them.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I will tell you how\Nto record from this.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All you do is you tap them and they fly.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can first test --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can actually hear that.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you bring you phone\Nwhich has microphones --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it turns out the microphones are so\Ndamn good already,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even on regular phones,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you can pick up\Nthis [near-field] signature.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And since I'm out of time,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let me just play the recording\Nthat I made a day ago.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Mosquitoes buzz)
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is all the charming sound\Nthat you heard before
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you all love.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the contexts of this
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is being able to do this\Nwith the regular cell phone,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,allows us to map mosquito species.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Using a flip phone,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we mapped one of the largest\Nacoustic databases
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with 25 to 20 species of mosquitoes\Nthat carry human pathogens.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And form this and machine learning,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,anybody who uploads this data,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can identify and tell the probability
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of what species of mosquitoes\Nyou're actually working with.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We call this abuzz,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if any of you want to sign up,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just go to the website.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me close with something that's very\Nimportant and dear to my heart.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the challenges of today\Nis we have terrible problems.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have a billion people\Nwith absolutely no health care,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,climate change,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,biodiversity loss,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on and on and on.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we hope that science\Nis going to provide the answer.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But before you leave this theatre today,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want you to promise one thing.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're going to make science accessible.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not just to the people who can afford it,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but one billion others who can't.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's make science and scientific\Nliteracy a human right.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The moment that you pass the tingling\Nfeeling of making a discovery
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to another child,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're enabling them to be\Nthe next group of people
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who will actually solve these problems.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)