[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.08,0:00:02.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.60,0:00:07.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was on an airplane with my son\Nwho was just five years old at the time.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.46,0:00:13.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My son was so excited\Nabout being on this airplane with Mommy.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.62,0:00:17.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's looking all around\Nand he's checking things out
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.49,0:00:19.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he's checking people out,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.18,0:00:21.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he sees this man, and he says, "Hey,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.39,0:00:23.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that guy looks like Daddy."
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.05,0:00:25.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I look at the man,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.99,0:00:29.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he didn't look anything\Nat all like my husband,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.88,0:00:31.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nothing at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.67,0:00:34.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so then I start\Nlooking around on the plane,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.40,0:00:36.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I notice this man
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.27,0:00:39.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was the only black guy on the plane.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.14,0:00:42.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I thought,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.53,0:00:44.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all right.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.55,0:00:47.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to have to have\Na little talk with my son
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.65,0:00:50.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about how not all black people look alike.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.29,0:00:54.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My son, he lifts his head up,\Nand he says to me,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.69,0:00:59.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I hope he doesn't rob the plane."
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.58,0:01:02.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I said, "What? What did you say?"
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.17,0:01:05.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he says, "Well, I hope that man\Ndoesn't rob the plane."
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.98,0:01:09.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I said, "Well, why would you say that?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.70,0:01:13.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know Daddy wouldn't rob a plane."
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.39,0:01:16.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he says, "Yeah, yeah,\Nyeah, well, I know."
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.45,0:01:18.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I said, "Well,\Nwhy would you say that?"
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.81,0:01:24.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he looked at me\Nwith this really sad face,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.44,0:01:26.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he says,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.74,0:01:29.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I don't know why I said that.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.60,0:01:33.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't know why I was thinking that."
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.01,0:01:37.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are living with such severe\Nracial stratification
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.55,0:01:39.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that even a five-year old
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.78,0:01:42.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can tell us what's supposed\Nto happen next,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.29,0:01:46.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even with no evildoer,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.42,0:01:50.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even with no explicit hatred.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.37,0:01:54.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This association between\Nblackness and crime
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.17,0:01:58.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,made its way into the mind\Nof my five-year old.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.05,0:02:04.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It makes its way into all of our children,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.46,0:02:07.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into all of us.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.24,0:02:10.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our minds are shaped\Nby the racial disparities
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.69,0:02:12.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we see out in the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.86,0:02:18.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the narratives that help us\Nto make sense of the disparities we see.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.90,0:02:22.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those people are criminals.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.45,0:02:24.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those people are violent.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.34,0:02:27.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those people are to be feared.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.10,0:02:31.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When my research team\Nbrought people into our lab
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.66,0:02:33.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and exposed them to faces,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.40,0:02:36.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we found that exposure to black faces
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.05,0:02:43.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,led them to see blurry images\Nof guns with greater clarity and speed.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.90,0:02:47.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bias cannot only control what we see,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.11,0:02:48.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but where we look.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.94,0:02:52.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We found that prompting people\Nto think of violent crime
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.41,0:02:56.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can lead them to direct their eyes\Nonto a black face
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.86,0:02:59.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and away from a white face.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.01,0:03:03.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Prompting police officers\Nto think of capturing and shooting
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.04,0:03:04.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and arresting
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.13,0:03:07.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,leads their eyes to settle\Non black faces too.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.94,0:03:12.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bias can infect every aspect\Nof our criminal justice system.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.38,0:03:16.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In a large dataset\Nof death-eligible defendants,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.54,0:03:18.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we found that looking more black
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.48,0:03:22.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more than doubled their chances\Nof receiving a death sentence,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.83,0:03:26.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at least when their victims were white.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.34,0:03:29.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This effect is significant\Neven though we controlled
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.23,0:03:33.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the severity of the crime
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.23,0:03:34.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the defendant's attractiveness,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.64,0:03:36.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and no matter what we controlled for,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.09,0:03:38.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we found that black people
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.65,0:03:40.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were punished in proportion
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.78,0:03:44.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the blackness\Nof their physical features:
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.04,0:03:45.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the more black,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.67,0:03:47.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the more death-worthy.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.60,0:03:52.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bias can also influence\Nhow teachers discipline students.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.11,0:03:54.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My colleagues and I
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.11,0:03:56.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have found that teachers express a desire
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.61,0:03:59.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to discipline a black\Nmiddle school student
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.12,0:04:03.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more harshly than a white student\Nfor the same repeated infractions.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.20,0:04:05.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In a recent study,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.44,0:04:09.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're finding that teachers\Ntreat black students as a group
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.45,0:04:12.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but white students as individuals.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.39,0:04:15.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If, for example,\None black student misbehaves
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.95,0:04:20.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then a different black student\Nmisbehaves a few days later,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.80,0:04:24.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the teacher responds\Nto that second black student
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.05,0:04:26.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as if he had misbehaved twice.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.21,0:04:30.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's as though the sins of one child
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.05,0:04:32.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,get piled on to the other.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.72,0:04:36.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We create categories\Nto make sense of the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.04,0:04:39.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to assert some control and coherence
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.72,0:04:44.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the stimuli that we're\Nconstantly being bombarded with.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.27,0:04:48.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Categorization and the bias that it seeds
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.36,0:04:51.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,allow our brains to make judgments
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.20,0:04:53.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more quickly and efficiently,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.37,0:04:56.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we do this by instinctively\Nrelying on patterns
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.68,0:04:58.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that seem predictable.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.38,0:05:01.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yet just as the categories we create
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.76,0:05:04.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,allow us to make quick decisions,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.46,0:05:06.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they also reinforce bias.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.88,0:05:11.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the very things that help us\Nto see the world
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.30,0:05:13.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,also can blind us to it.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.85,0:05:16.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They render our choices effortless,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.55,0:05:19.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,friction-free.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.44,0:05:22.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yet the exact a heavy toll.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.40,0:05:24.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what can we do?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.81,0:05:27.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are all vulnerable to bias,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.28,0:05:30.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we don't act on bias all the time.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.21,0:05:33.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are certain conditions\Nthat can bring bias alive
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.68,0:05:36.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and other conditions that can muffle it.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.28,0:05:38.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me give you an example.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.93,0:05:43.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many people are familiar\Nwith the tech company Nextdoor.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.46,0:05:51.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So their whole purpose is to create\Nstronger, healthier, safer neighborhoods.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.74,0:05:55.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so they offer this online space
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.39,0:05:57.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where neighbors can gather\Nand share information.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.98,0:06:02.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yet Nextdoor soon found\Nthat they had a problem
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.02,0:06:04.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with racial profiling.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.19,0:06:06.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the typical case,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.13,0:06:08.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people would look outside their window
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.71,0:06:12.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and see a black man\Nin their otherwise white neighborhood
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.78,0:06:14.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and make the snap judgment
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.98,0:06:17.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that he was up to no good,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.30,0:06:20.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even when there was no evidence\Nof criminal wrongdoing.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.13,0:06:23.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In many ways, how we behave online
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.83,0:06:26.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a reflection of how\Nwe behave in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.82,0:06:31.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what we don't want to do\Nis create an easy-to-use system
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.37,0:06:34.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can amplify bias
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.20,0:06:36.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and deepen racial disparities,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.44,0:06:39.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather than dismantling them.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.12,0:06:42.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the co-founder of Nextdoor\Nreached out to me and to others
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.49,0:06:44.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to try to figure out what to do,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.76,0:06:48.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they realized that\Nto curb racial profiling on the platform,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.71,0:06:50.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they were going to have to add friction.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.60,0:06:53.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is, they were going\Nto have to slow people down.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.24,0:06:55.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So Nextdoor had a choice to make,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.42,0:06:58.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and against every impulse
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.07,0:07:00.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they decided to add friction.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.52,0:07:03.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they did this by adding\Na simple checklist.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.95,0:07:06.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There were three items on it.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.31,0:07:08.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First, they asked users to pause
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.77,0:07:12.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and think, what was this person doing
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.61,0:07:14.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that made him suspicious?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.40,0:07:19.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The category "black man"\Nis not ground for suspicion.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.71,0:07:24.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Second, they asked users to describe\Nthe person's physical features,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.83,0:07:27.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not simply their race and gender.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.55,0:07:31.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Third, they realized that a lot of people
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.11,0:07:34.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,didn't seem to know\Nwhat racial profiling was,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.34,0:07:36.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nor that they were engaging in it.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.88,0:07:40.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So Nextdoor provided them\Nwith a definition
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.07,0:07:43.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and told them that it\Nwas strictly prohibited.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.48,0:07:47.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most of you have seen\Nthose signs in airports
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.06,0:07:50.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Metro stations,\N"If you see something, say something."
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.26,0:07:53.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nextdoor tried modifying this.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.92,0:07:59.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"If you see something suspicious,\Nsay something specific."
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.59,0:08:01.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And using this strategy
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.70,0:08:04.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by simply slowing people down,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.29,0:08:09.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nextdoor was able to curb\Nracial profiling by 75 percent.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.77,0:08:12.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, people often will say to me,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.88,0:08:17.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can't add friction\Nin every situation, in every context,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.77,0:08:21.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and especially for people who make\Nsplit second decisions all the time,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.81,0:08:25.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it turns out we can add friction
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.59,0:08:28.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to more situations than we think.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.25,0:08:30.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Working with the Oakland Police Department
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.69,0:08:31.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in California,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.92,0:08:35.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I and a number of my colleagues\Nwere able to help the Department
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.86,0:08:38.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to reduce the number of stops they made
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.36,0:08:41.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of people who were not\Ncommitting any serious crimes,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.24,0:08:44.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we did this by pushing officers
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.50,0:08:46.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to ask themselves a question
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.36,0:08:48.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before each and every stop they made:
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.45,0:08:52.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is this stop intelligence-led,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.80,0:08:54.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,yes or no?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.58,0:08:57.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In other words,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.22,0:09:02.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,do I have prior information\Nto tie this particular person
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.32,0:09:04.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a specific crime?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.88,0:09:06.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By adding that question
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.67,0:09:09.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the form officer's\Ncomplete doing the stop,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.44,0:09:11.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they slow down, they pause,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.38,0:09:15.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they think, why am I considering\Npulling this person over?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.91,0:09:22.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 2017, before we added that\Nintelligence-led question to the form,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.66,0:09:27.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,officers made about 32,000 stops\Nacross the city.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.93,0:09:29.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In that next year,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.59,0:09:31.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the addition of this question,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.89,0:09:34.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that fell to 19,000 stops.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.58,0:09:40.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,African-American stops alone\Nfell by 43 percent.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.61,0:09:44.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And stopping fewer black people\Ndid not make the city any more dangerous.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.67,0:09:47.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, the crime rate continued to fall
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.29,0:09:50.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the city became safer for everybody.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.49,0:09:56.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So one solution can come from reducing\Nthe number of unnecessary stops.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.33,0:10:00.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another can come from improving\Nthe quality of the stops
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.69,0:10:02.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,officers do make.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.74,0:10:05.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And technology can help us here.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.35,0:10:07.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We all know about George Floyd's death
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.88,0:10:11.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because those who tried to come to his aid
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.52,0:10:17.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,held cell phone cameras\Nto record that horrific, fatal encounter
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.45,0:10:18.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the police.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.92,0:10:21.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we have all sorts of technology
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.70,0:10:24.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we're not putting to good use.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.13,0:10:26.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Police departments across the country
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.40,0:10:30.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are now required to wear\Nbody-worn cameras,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.09,0:10:35.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we have recordings of not only\Nthe most extreme and horrific encounters
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.57,0:10:38.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but of everyday interactions.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.75,0:10:41.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With an interdisciplinary\Nteam at Stanford,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.80,0:10:44.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we've begun to use\Nmachine learning techniques
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.81,0:10:47.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to analyze large numbers of encounters.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.90,0:10:52.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is to better understand what happens\Nin routine traffic stops.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.53,0:10:56.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we found was that\Neven when police officers
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.09,0:10:58.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are behaving professionally,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.36,0:11:02.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they speak to black drivers\Nless respectfully than white drivers.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.53,0:11:07.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, from the words officers use alone
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.33,0:11:12.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we could predict whether they were talking\Nto a black driver or a white driver.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.66,0:11:18.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The problem is that the vast majority\Nof the footage from these cameras
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.80,0:11:21.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is not used by police departments
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.42,0:11:23.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to understand what's\Ngoing on on the street
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.86,0:11:26.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or to train officers.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.66,0:11:28.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's a shame.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.84,0:11:31.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How does a routine stop
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.53,0:11:33.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,turn into a deadly encounter?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.08,0:11:36.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How did this happen\Nin George Floyd's case?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.29,0:11:40.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How did it happen in others?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.51,0:11:43.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When my eldest son was 16 years old,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.25,0:11:46.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he discovered that\Nwhen white people look at him,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.28,0:11:47.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they feel fear.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.34,0:11:52.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Elevators are the worst, he said.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.41,0:11:54.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When those doors close,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.59,0:11:57.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people are trapped in this tiny space
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.78,0:12:00.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with someone they have been taught
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.26,0:12:02.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to associate with danger.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.05,0:12:06.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My son senses their discomfort,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.16,0:12:09.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he smiles to put them at ease,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.40,0:12:11.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to calm their fears.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.57,0:12:13.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When he speaks,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.53,0:12:15.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their bodies relax.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.72,0:12:17.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They breathe easier.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:17.70,0:12:20.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They take pleasure in his cadence,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.25,0:12:22.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,his diction, his word choice.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.24,0:12:25.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He sounds like one of them.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.16,0:12:29.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I used to think that my son\Nwas a natural extrovert like his father,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.87,0:12:34.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I realized at that moment\Nin that conversation
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.41,0:12:38.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that his smile was not a sign
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.01,0:12:41.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that he wanted to connect\Nwith would-be strangers.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.18,0:12:45.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was a talisman he'd used\Nto protect himself,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.85,0:12:49.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a survival skill he had honed\Nover thousands of elevator rides.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:49.64,0:12:53.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was learning to accommodate the tension
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.57,0:12:56.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that his skin color generated
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.16,0:13:01.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that put his own life at risk.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.62,0:13:06.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We know that the brain is wired for bias,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.19,0:13:09.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and one way to interrupt that bias
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.56,0:13:13.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to pause and to reflect\Non the evidence of our assumptions.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.44,0:13:15.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we need to ask ourselves,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.16,0:13:19.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what assumptions do we bring
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.70,0:13:21.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we step onto an elevator?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.53,0:13:23.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or an airplane?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.74,0:13:28.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do we make ourselves aware\Nof our own unconscious bias?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:28.42,0:13:32.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Who do those assumptions keep safe?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.80,0:13:35.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Who do they put at risk?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.82,0:13:38.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Until we ask these questions,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:38.83,0:13:43.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and insist that our schools\Nand our courts and our police departments
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.70,0:13:47.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and every institution do the same,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.07,0:13:51.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we will continue to allow bias
Dialogue: 0,0:13:51.88,0:13:53.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to blind us,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.58,0:13:54.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if we do,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:55.72,0:13:59.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,none of us are truly safe.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.36,0:14:02.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.