[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.82,0:00:02.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We see with the eyes,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.81,0:00:05.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we see with the brain as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.00,0:00:09.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And seeing with the brain\Nis often called imagination.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.98,0:00:15.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we are familiar with\Nthe landscapes of our own imagination,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.19,0:00:16.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our inscapes.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.58,0:00:18.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've lived with them all our lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.31,0:00:22.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there are also hallucinations as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.33,0:00:25.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And hallucinations\Nare completely different.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.00,0:00:28.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They don't seem to be of our creation.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.13,0:00:30.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They don't seem to be under our control.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.20,0:00:34.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They seem to come from the outside\Nand to mimic perception.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.96,0:00:39.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I am going to be talking\Nabout hallucinations
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.06,0:00:42.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a particular sort\Nof visual hallucination,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.66,0:00:46.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which I see among my patients.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.59,0:00:54.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A few months ago, I got a phone call\Nfrom a nursing home where I work.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.50,0:00:59.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They told me that one of their residents,\Nan old lady in her 90s,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.25,0:01:00.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was seeing things,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.60,0:01:04.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they wondered if she'd gone bonkers
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.31,0:01:05.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or, because she was an old lady,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.88,0:01:09.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether she'd had a stroke,\Nor whether she had Alzheimer's.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.19,0:01:13.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so they asked me\Nif I would come and see Rosalie,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.48,0:01:15.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the old lady.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.33,0:01:17.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I went in to see her.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.36,0:01:22.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was evident straightaway\Nthat she was perfectly sane
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.97,0:01:26.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and lucid and of good intelligence,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.79,0:01:30.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but she'd been very startled\Nand very bewildered,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.18,0:01:32.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because she'd been seeing things.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.67,0:01:37.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And she told me --\Nthe nurses hadn't mentioned this --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.00,0:01:40.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that she was blind,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.30,0:01:45.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that she had been completely blind\Nfrom macular degeneration for five years.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.14,0:01:48.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But now, for the last few days,\Nshe'd been seeing things.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.72,0:01:50.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I said, "What sort of things?"
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.74,0:01:54.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And she said, "People in Eastern dress,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.48,0:01:57.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in drapes, walking up and down stairs.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.29,0:02:01.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A man who turns towards me and smiles,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.47,0:02:04.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but he has huge teeth\Non the one side of his mouth.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.51,0:02:06.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Animals, too.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.60,0:02:10.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I see a white building.\NIt's snowing, a soft snow.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.63,0:02:14.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I see this horse with a harness,\Ndragging the snow away.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.53,0:02:18.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then, one night, the scene changes.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.83,0:02:21.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I see cats and dogs walking towards me.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.40,0:02:24.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They come to a certain point\Nand then stop.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.57,0:02:26.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then it changes again.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.16,0:02:29.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I see a lot of children.\NThey're walking up and down stairs.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.30,0:02:32.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They wear bright colors, rose and blue,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.26,0:02:33.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like Eastern dress."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.86,0:02:38.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sometimes, she said,\Nbefore the people come on,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.46,0:02:41.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she may hallucinate\Npink and blue squares on the floor,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.00,0:02:43.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which seem to go up to the ceiling.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.86,0:02:49.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I said, "Is this like a dream?"
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.48,0:02:52.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And she said, "No, it's not\Nlike a dream. It's like a movie."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.86,0:02:55.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She said, "It's got color.\NIt's got motion.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.52,0:02:58.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's completely silent,\Nlike a silent movie."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.00,0:03:01.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And she said that\Nit's a rather boring movie.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.18,0:03:03.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She said, "All these people\Nwith Eastern dress,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.88,0:03:08.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,walking up and down,\Nvery repetitive, very limited."
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.55,0:03:09.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.98,0:03:12.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And she has a sense of humor.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.77,0:03:16.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She knew it was a hallucination,\Nbut she was frightened.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.10,0:03:17.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She had lived 95 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.48,0:03:19.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she'd never had\Na hallucination before.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.25,0:03:25.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She said that the hallucinations were\Nunrelated to anything she was thinking
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.33,0:03:27.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or feeling or doing,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.37,0:03:30.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they seemed to come on\Nby themselves, or disappear.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.44,0:03:33.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She had no control over them.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.96,0:03:37.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She said she didn't recognize\Nany of the people or places
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.50,0:03:39.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the hallucinations,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.27,0:03:41.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and none of the people or the animals --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.54,0:03:44.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well, they all seemed oblivious of her.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.22,0:03:47.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And she didn't know what was going on.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.26,0:03:51.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She wondered if she was going mad\Nor losing her mind.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.22,0:03:53.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, I examined her carefully.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.75,0:03:55.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She was a bright old lady,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.70,0:03:57.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,perfectly sane.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.53,0:03:59.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She had no medical problems.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.46,0:04:03.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She wasn't on any medications\Nwhich could produce hallucinations.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.08,0:04:04.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But she was blind.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.66,0:04:09.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I then said to her,\N"I think I know what you have."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.48,0:04:12.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I said, "There is a special form\Nof visual hallucination
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.00,0:04:17.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which may go with deteriorating\Nvision or blindness.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.64,0:04:19.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was originally described," I said,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.88,0:04:22.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"right back in the 18th century,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.13,0:04:25.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by a man called Charles Bonnet.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.11,0:04:27.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you have Charles Bonnet syndrome.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.82,0:04:31.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's nothing wrong with your brain.\NThere's nothing wrong with your mind.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.46,0:04:33.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have Charles Bonnet syndrome."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.52,0:04:36.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And she was very relieved at this,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.37,0:04:39.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that there was nothing\Nseriously the matter,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.14,0:04:42.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and also rather curious.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.63,0:04:45.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She said, "Who is this Charles Bonnet?"
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.63,0:04:47.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She said, "Did he have them himself?"
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.11,0:04:51.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And she said, "Tell all the nurses
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.61,0:04:53.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I have Charles Bonnet syndrome."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.60,0:04:55.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.13,0:04:59.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I'm not crazy. I'm not demented.\NI have Charles Bonnet syndrome."
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.00,0:05:02.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, so, I did tell the nurses.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.12,0:05:04.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now this, for me, is a common situation.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.00,0:05:07.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I work in old-age homes, largely.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.77,0:05:09.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I see a lot of elderly people
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.96,0:05:12.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who are hearing impaired\Nor visually impaired.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.94,0:05:15.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,About 10 percent\Nof the hearing-impaired people
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.62,0:05:18.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,get musical hallucinations.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.21,0:05:21.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And about 10 percent\Nof the visually impaired people
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.22,0:05:23.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,get visual hallucinations.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.14,0:05:25.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You don't have to be completely blind,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.42,0:05:27.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,only sufficiently impaired.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.72,0:05:31.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, with the original description\Nin the 18th century,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.63,0:05:33.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Charles Bonnet did not have them.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.47,0:05:36.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His grandfather had these hallucinations.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.23,0:05:39.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His grandfather was\Na magistrate, an elderly man.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.60,0:05:41.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He'd had cataract surgery.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.85,0:05:44.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His vision was pretty poor.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.13,0:05:49.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in 1759, he described to his grandson
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.32,0:05:51.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,various things he was seeing.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.66,0:05:55.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first thing he said was\Nhe saw a handkerchief in midair.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.13,0:05:58.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was a large blue handkerchief\Nwith four orange circles.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.46,0:06:01.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he knew it was a hallucination.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.85,0:06:04.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You don't have handkerchiefs in midair.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.24,0:06:07.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then he saw a big wheel in midair.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.33,0:06:13.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But sometimes he wasn't sure\Nwhether he was hallucinating or not,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.30,0:06:16.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the hallucinations would fit\Nin the context of the visions.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.00,0:06:20.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So on one occasion, when\Nhis granddaughters were visiting them,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.84,0:06:23.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he said, "And who are these\Nhandsome young men with you?"
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.88,0:06:29.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they said, "Alas, Grandpapa,\Nthere are no handsome young men."
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.71,0:06:32.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then the handsome\Nyoung men disappeared.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.46,0:06:35.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's typical of these hallucinations
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.00,0:06:38.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they may come in a flash\Nand disappear in a flash.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.00,0:06:41.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They don't usually fade in and out.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.59,0:06:44.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are rather sudden,\Nand they change suddenly.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.96,0:06:46.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Charles Lullin, the grandfather,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.00,0:06:49.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,saw hundreds of different figures,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.00,0:06:52.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,different landscapes of all sorts.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.64,0:06:56.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On one occasion, he saw a man\Nin a bathrobe smoking a pipe
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.47,0:06:58.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and realized it was himself.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.31,0:07:01.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That was the only figure he recognized.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.69,0:07:05.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On one occasion, when he was walking\Nin the streets of Paris,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.00,0:07:09.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he saw -- this was real -- a scaffolding.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.06,0:07:12.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But when he got back home,\Nhe saw a miniature of the scaffolding,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.60,0:07:14.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,six inches high,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.35,0:07:16.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on his study table.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.14,0:07:20.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This repetition of perception\Nis sometimes called "palinopsia."
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.44,0:07:26.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With him and with Rosalie,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.40,0:07:27.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what seems to be going on --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.00,0:07:30.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Rosalie said, "What's going on?" --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.17,0:07:32.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I said that as you lose vision,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.00,0:07:36.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the visual parts of the brain\Nare no longer getting any input,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.07,0:07:39.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they become hyperactive and excitable,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.18,0:07:41.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they start to fire spontaneously.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.90,0:07:44.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you start to see things.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.08,0:07:48.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The things you see\Ncan be very complicated indeed.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.03,0:07:53.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With another patient of mine\Nwho also had some vision,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.83,0:07:57.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the visions she had could be disturbing.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.39,0:08:02.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On one occasion, she said she saw\Na man in a striped shirt in a restaurant.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.00,0:08:04.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he turned round,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.32,0:08:08.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then he divided into\Nsix figures in striped shirts,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.45,0:08:10.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who started walking towards her.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.88,0:08:14.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then the six figures came\Ntogether, like a concertina.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.31,0:08:16.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once, when she was driving,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.06,0:08:17.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or rather, her husband was driving,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.00,0:08:20.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the road divided into four
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.32,0:08:24.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she felt herself going\Nsimultaneously up four roads.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.86,0:08:29.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She had very mobile\Nhallucinations as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.67,0:08:31.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A lot of them had to do with a car.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.87,0:08:36.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sometimes she would see a teenage boy\Nsitting on the hood of the car.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.72,0:08:38.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was very tenacious,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.24,0:08:41.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he moved rather gracefully\Nwhen the car turned.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.57,0:08:43.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then when they came to a stop,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.00,0:08:47.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the boy would do a sudden vertical\Ntakeoff, 100 foot in the air,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.56,0:08:48.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then disappear.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.38,0:08:54.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another patient of mine\Nhad a different sort of hallucination.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.00,0:08:57.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was a woman who didn't have\Ntrouble with her eyes
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.91,0:08:59.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the visual parts of her brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.00,0:09:03.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a little tumor in the occipital cortex.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.68,0:09:07.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, above all, she would see cartoons.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.29,0:09:12.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These cartoons would be transparent
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.82,0:09:16.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and would cover\Nhalf the visual field, like a screen.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.81,0:09:21.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And especially, she saw\Ncartoons of Kermit the Frog.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.61,0:09:23.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.08,0:09:27.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I don't watch Sesame Street,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.13,0:09:29.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but she made a point of saying,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.61,0:09:32.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Why Kermit?" she said,\N"Kermit the Frog means nothing to me."
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.00,0:09:38.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, I was wondering about\NFreudian determinants: Why Kermit?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.14,0:09:40.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Kermit the Frog means nothing to me."
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.52,0:09:42.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She didn't mind the cartoons too much.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.73,0:09:44.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what did disturb her was,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.49,0:09:48.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she got very persistent images\Nor hallucinations of faces,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.94,0:09:52.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as with Rosalie,\Nthe faces were often deformed,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.45,0:09:55.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with very large teeth or very large eyes.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.00,0:09:58.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And these frightened her.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.26,0:10:03.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, what is going on with these people?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.06,0:10:06.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As a physician, I have to try\Nand define what's going on
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.70,0:10:08.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to reassure people,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.43,0:10:11.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially to reassure them\Nthat they're not going insane.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.40,0:10:15.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Something like 10 percent, as I said,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.27,0:10:18.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of visually impaired people get these.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.24,0:10:21.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But no more than one percent\Nof the people acknowledge them,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.00,0:10:25.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they are afraid\Nthey will be seen as insane or something.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.38,0:10:27.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if they do mention them\Nto their own doctors,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.85,0:10:29.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they may be misdiagnosed.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.08,0:10:33.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In particular, the notion is that if you\Nsee things or hear things,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.62,0:10:34.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're going mad.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.87,0:10:37.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the psychotic hallucinations\Nare quite different.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.92,0:10:41.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Psychotic hallucinations,\Nwhether they are visual or vocal,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.14,0:10:42.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they address you.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.34,0:10:47.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They accuse you, they seduce you,\Nthey humiliate you, they jeer at you.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.96,0:10:49.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You interact with them.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.09,0:10:53.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is none of this quality\Nof being addressed
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.64,0:10:56.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with these Charles Bonnet hallucinations.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.12,0:11:00.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is a film. You're seeing a film\Nwhich has nothing to do with you,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.75,0:11:03.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or that's how people think about it.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.73,0:11:07.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is also a rare thing\Ncalled temporal lobe epilepsy,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.56,0:11:09.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and sometimes, if one has this,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.00,0:11:12.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one may feel oneself transported back
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.62,0:11:15.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a time and place in the past.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.05,0:11:17.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're at a particular road junction.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.54,0:11:19.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You smell chestnuts roasting.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.59,0:11:22.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You hear the traffic.\NAll the senses are involved.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.86,0:11:24.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you're waiting for your girl.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.60,0:11:28.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's that Tuesday\Nevening back in 1982.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.81,0:11:32.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The temporal lobe hallucinations\Nare all sense hallucinations,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.73,0:11:35.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,full of feeling, full of familiarity,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.29,0:11:37.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,located in space and time,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.38,0:11:39.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,coherent, dramatic.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.61,0:11:41.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Charles Bonnet\Nones are quite different.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.40,0:11:47.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the Charles Bonnet hallucinations,\Nyou have all sorts of level,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.87,0:11:49.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the geometrical hallucinations --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.00,0:11:53.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the pink and blue squares the woman had --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.29,0:11:57.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,up to quite elaborate hallucinations
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.76,0:12:00.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with figures and especially faces.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.46,0:12:03.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Faces, and sometimes deformed faces,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.60,0:12:06.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are the single commonest thing
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.32,0:12:08.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in these hallucinations.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.06,0:12:10.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And one of the second\Ncommonest is cartoons.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.40,0:12:14.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, what is going on?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.26,0:12:16.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fascinatingly, in the last few years,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.28,0:12:20.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's been possible to do\Nfunctional brain imagery,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.22,0:12:24.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to do fMRI on people\Nas they are hallucinating,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.100,0:12:31.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, in fact, to find that different parts\Nof the visual brain are activated
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.19,0:12:33.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as they are hallucinating.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.05,0:12:36.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When people have these\Nsimple geometrical hallucinations,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.42,0:12:39.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the primary visual cortex is activated.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.00,0:12:43.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the part of the brain\Nwhich perceives edges and patterns.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.76,0:12:47.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You don't form images\Nwith your primary visual cortex.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.79,0:12:49.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When images are formed,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.14,0:12:54.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a higher part of the visual cortex\Nis involved in the temporal lobe.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.84,0:12:58.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in particular,\None area of the temporal lobe
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.84,0:13:01.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is called the fusiform gyrus.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:01.72,0:13:05.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's known that if people\Nhave damage in the fusiform gyrus,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.39,0:13:08.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they may lose the ability\Nto recognize faces.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.53,0:13:13.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if there's an abnormal activity\Nin the fusiform gyrus,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.13,0:13:15.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they may hallucinate faces,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.31,0:13:18.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is exactly what you find\Nin some of these people.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.54,0:13:22.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is an area\Nin the anterior part of this gyrus
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.74,0:13:26.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where teeth and eyes are represented,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:27.00,0:13:30.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that part of the gyrus is activated
Dialogue: 0,0:13:30.12,0:13:34.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when people get\Nthe deformed hallucinations.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:34.43,0:13:38.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is another part of the brain\Nwhich is especially activated
Dialogue: 0,0:13:38.25,0:13:40.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when one sees cartoons.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.71,0:13:43.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's activated when\None recognizes cartoons,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.62,0:13:46.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when one draws cartoons\Nand when one hallucinates them.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:46.88,0:13:50.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's very interesting\Nthat that should be specific.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:50.16,0:13:53.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are other parts of the brain\Nwhich are specifically involved
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.31,0:13:57.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the recognition and hallucination\Nof buildings and landscapes.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:57.82,0:14:01.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Around 1970, it was found that there were\Nnot only parts of the brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:01.78,0:14:03.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but particular cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:03.68,0:14:07.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Face cells" were discovered around 1970.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:07.89,0:14:11.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now we know that there are\Nhundreds of other sorts of cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:12.00,0:14:14.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which can be very, very specific.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:14.28,0:14:21.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you may not only have "car" cells,\Nyou may have "Aston Martin" cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:21.28,0:14:23.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:23.58,0:14:26.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I saw an Aston Martin this morning.\NI had to bring it in.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:26.82,0:14:27.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:27.87,0:14:30.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now it's in there somewhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:30.71,0:14:31.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So --
Dialogue: 0,0:14:31.89,0:14:33.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:33.38,0:14:37.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now, at this level, in what's called\Nthe inferotemporal cortex,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:37.91,0:14:40.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are only visual images,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:40.44,0:14:43.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or figments or fragments.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:43.04,0:14:48.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's only at higher levels\Nthat the other senses join in
Dialogue: 0,0:14:48.25,0:14:51.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there are connections\Nwith memory and emotion.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:51.05,0:14:52.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in the Charles Bonnet syndrome,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:52.77,0:14:55.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you don't go to those higher levels.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:55.17,0:14:58.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're in these levels\Nof inferior visual cortex,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:58.05,0:15:00.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where you have thousands\Nand tens of thousands
Dialogue: 0,0:15:00.75,0:15:03.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and millions of images,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:03.09,0:15:05.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or figments or fragmentary figments,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:05.52,0:15:11.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all neurally encoded in particular cells\Nor small clusters of cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:11.69,0:15:17.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Normally, these are all part\Nof the integrated stream of perception,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:17.10,0:15:18.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or imagination,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:18.80,0:15:20.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and one is not conscious of them.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:20.86,0:15:24.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is only if one is\Nvisually impaired or blind
Dialogue: 0,0:15:24.96,0:15:27.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the process is interrupted.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:27.55,0:15:30.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And instead of getting normal perception,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:30.05,0:15:32.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're getting an anarchic,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:32.61,0:15:35.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,convulsive stimulation, or release,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:35.62,0:15:39.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of all of these visual cells\Nin the inferotemporal cortex.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:39.52,0:15:42.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, suddenly you see a face.\NSuddenly you see a car.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:42.33,0:15:45.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Suddenly this and suddenly that.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:45.07,0:15:47.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The mind does its best to organize
Dialogue: 0,0:15:47.46,0:15:50.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to give some sort\Nof coherence to this,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:50.17,0:15:52.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but not terribly successfully.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:52.73,0:15:54.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When these were first described,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:54.40,0:15:57.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was thought that they could be\Ninterpreted like dreams.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:57.99,0:15:59.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, in fact, people say,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:59.84,0:16:04.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I don't recognize the people.\NI can't form any associations."
Dialogue: 0,0:16:04.28,0:16:06.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Kermit means nothing to me."
Dialogue: 0,0:16:06.25,0:16:11.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You don't get anywhere\Nthinking of them as dreams.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:11.92,0:16:16.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, I've more or less\Nsaid what I wanted.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:16.25,0:16:21.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think I just want to recapitulate\Nand say this is common.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:21.19,0:16:22.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think of the number of blind people.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:22.99,0:16:25.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There must be hundreds\Nof thousands of blind people
Dialogue: 0,0:16:25.61,0:16:27.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who have these hallucinations
Dialogue: 0,0:16:27.34,0:16:29.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but are too scared to mention them.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:29.49,0:16:34.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this sort of thing needs\Nto be brought into notice,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:35.00,0:16:37.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for patients, for doctors, for the public.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:37.81,0:16:42.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Finally, I think they are\Ninfinitely interesting and valuable,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:42.86,0:16:47.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for giving one some insight\Nas to how the brain works.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:47.16,0:16:50.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Charles Bonnet said, 250 years ago --
Dialogue: 0,0:16:50.78,0:16:54.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he wondered how,\Nthinking of these hallucinations,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:54.25,0:16:56.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how, as he put it, the theater of the mind
Dialogue: 0,0:16:56.95,0:17:00.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could be generated\Nby the machinery of the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:00.80,0:17:03.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, 250 years later,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:03.25,0:17:06.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think we're beginning\Nto glimpse how this is done.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:06.56,0:17:07.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thanks very much.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:07.78,0:17:10.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:17:10.78,0:17:13.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Chris Anderson: That was superb.\NThank you so much.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:13.79,0:17:16.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You speak about these things\Nwith so much insight
Dialogue: 0,0:17:16.86,0:17:19.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and empathy for your patients.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:19.62,0:17:23.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Have you yourself experienced\Nany of the syndromes you write about?
Dialogue: 0,0:17:23.47,0:17:25.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oliver Sacks: I was afraid you'd ask that.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:25.71,0:17:27.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:17:27.56,0:17:29.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, yeah, a lot of them.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:29.95,0:17:33.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, actually, I'm a little\Nvisually impaired myself.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:33.04,0:17:36.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm blind in one eye\Nand not terribly good in the other.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:36.25,0:17:40.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I see the geometrical hallucinations.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:40.32,0:17:41.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But they stop there.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:41.82,0:17:43.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: And they don't disturb you?
Dialogue: 0,0:17:43.74,0:17:46.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because you understand what's doing it,\Nit doesn't make you worried?
Dialogue: 0,0:17:47.00,0:17:50.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OS: Well, they don't disturb me\Nany more than my tinnitus,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:50.25,0:17:53.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which I ignore.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:53.38,0:17:55.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They occasionally interest me,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:55.09,0:17:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I have many pictures\Nof them in my notebooks.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:58.02,0:18:00.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've gone and had an fMRI myself,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:00.90,0:18:03.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to see how my visual cortex\Nis taking over.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:03.98,0:18:08.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when I see all these hexagons
Dialogue: 0,0:18:08.16,0:18:10.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and complex things, which I also have,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:10.25,0:18:12.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in visual migraine,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:12.04,0:18:14.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I wonder whether everyone\Nsees things like this
Dialogue: 0,0:18:14.51,0:18:17.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and whether things\Nlike cave art or ornamental art
Dialogue: 0,0:18:17.49,0:18:19.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,may have been derived from them a bit.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:20.06,0:18:22.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: That was an utterly,\Nutterly fascinating talk.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:22.50,0:18:24.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you so much for sharing.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:24.34,0:18:25.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OS: Thank you. Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:25.94,0:18:27.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)