[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.00,0:00:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We see with the eyes,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.00,0:00:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we see with the brain as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.00,0:00:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And seeing with the brain\Nis often called imagination.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.00,0:00:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we are familiar with\Nthe landscapes of our own imagination,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.00,0:00:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our inscapes. \NWe've lived with them all our lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.00,0:00:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there are also hallucinations as well,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.00,0:00:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and hallucinations \Nare completely different.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.00,0:00:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They don't seem to be of our creation.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.00,0:00:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They don't seem to be under our control.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.00,0:00:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They seem to come from the outside,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.00,0:00:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to mimic perception.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.00,0:00:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I am going to be talking\Nabout hallucinations,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.00,0:00:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a particular sort\Nof visual hallucination
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.00,0:00:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which I see among my patients.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.00,0:00:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A few months ago, I got a phone call
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.00,0:00:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from a nursing home where I work.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.00,0:00:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They told me that one of their residents,\Nan old lady in her 90s,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.00,0:01:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was seeing things,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.00,0:01:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they wondered if she'd gone bonkers
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.00,0:01:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or, because she was an old lady,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.00,0:01:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether she'd had a stroke,\Nor whether she had Alzheimer's.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.00,0:01:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so they asked me if\NI would come and see Rosalie,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.00,0:01:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the old lady.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.00,0:01:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I went in to see her.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.00,0:01:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was evident straight away
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.00,0:01:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that she was perfectly sane
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.00,0:01:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and lucid and \Nof good intelligence,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.00,0:01:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but she'd been very startled\Nand very bewildered,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.00,0:01:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because she'd been seeing things.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.00,0:01:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And she told me --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.00,0:01:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the nurses hadn't mentioned this --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.00,0:01:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that she was blind,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.00,0:01:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that she had been completely blind\Nfrom macular degeneration for five years.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.00,0:01:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But now, for the last few days,\Nshe'd been seeing things.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.00,0:01:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I said, "What sort of things?"
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.00,0:01:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And she said, "People in Eastern dress,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.00,0:01:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in drapes, walking up and down stairs.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.00,0:02:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A man who turns towards me and smiles.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.00,0:02:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But he has huge teeth\Non one side of his mouth.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.00,0:02:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Animals too.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.00,0:02:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I see a white building.\NIt's snowing, a soft snow.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.00,0:02:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I see this horse with a harness,\Ndragging the snow away.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.00,0:02:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then, one night, the scene changes.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.00,0:02:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I see cats and dogs walking towards me.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.00,0:02:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They come to a certain point\Nand then stop.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.00,0:02:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then it changes again.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.00,0:02:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I see a lot of children.\NThey are walking up and down stairs.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.00,0:02:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They wear bright colors, rose and blue,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.00,0:02:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like Eastern dress."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.00,0:02:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sometimes, she said,\Nbefore the people come on,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.00,0:02:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she may hallucinate\Npink and blue squares on the floor,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.00,0:02:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which seem to go up to the ceiling.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.00,0:02:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I said, "Is this like a dream?"
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.00,0:02:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And she said, "No, it's not\Nlike a dream. It's like a movie."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.00,0:02:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She said, "It's got color.\NIt's got motion.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.00,0:02:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's completely silent,\Nlike a silent movie."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.00,0:03:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And she said that\Nit's a rather boring movie.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.00,0:03:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She said, "All these people\Nwith Eastern dress,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.00,0:03:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,walking up and down,\Nvery repetitive, very limited."
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.00,0:03:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.00,0:03:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And she has a sense of humor.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.00,0:03:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She knew it was a hallucination.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.00,0:03:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But she was frightened.\NShe'd lived 95 years
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.00,0:03:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she'd never had\Na hallucination before.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.00,0:03:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She said that the hallucinations\Nwere unrelated
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.00,0:03:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to anything she was thinking\Nor feeling or doing,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.00,0:03:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they seemed to come on\Nby themselves, or disappear.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.00,0:03:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She had no control over them.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.00,0:03:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She said she didn't recognize
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.00,0:03:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,any of the people or places
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.00,0:03:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the hallucinations.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.00,0:03:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And none of the people\Nor the animals,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.00,0:03:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well, they all seemed oblivious of her.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.00,0:03:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And she didn't know what was going on.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.00,0:03:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She wondered if she was going mad
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.00,0:03:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or losing her mind.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.00,0:03:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, I examined her carefully.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.00,0:03:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She was a bright old lady,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.00,0:03:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,perfectly sane. She had\Nno medical problems.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.00,0:04:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She wasn't on any medications\Nwhich could produce hallucinations.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.00,0:04:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But she was blind.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.00,0:04:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I then said to her,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.00,0:04:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I think I know what you have."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.00,0:04:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I said, "There is a special form\Nof visual hallucination
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.00,0:04:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which may go with deteriorating\Nvision or blindness.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.00,0:04:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was originally described," I said,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.00,0:04:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"right back in the 18th century,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.00,0:04:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by a man called Charles Bonnet.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.00,0:04:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you have Charles Bonnet syndrome.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.00,0:04:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is nothing wrong with your brain.\NThere is nothing wrong with your mind.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.00,0:04:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have Charles Bonnet syndrome."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.00,0:04:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And she was very relieved at this,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.00,0:04:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that there was nothing\Nseriously the matter,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.00,0:04:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and also rather curious.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.00,0:04:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She said, "Who is this Charles Bonnet?"
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.00,0:04:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She said, "Did he have them himself?"
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.00,0:04:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And she said, "Tell all the nurses
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.00,0:04:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I have Charles Bonnet syndrome."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.00,0:04:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.00,0:05:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I'm not crazy. I'm not demented.\NI have Charles Bonnet syndrome."
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.00,0:05:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, so I did tell the nurses.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.00,0:05:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now this, for me, is a common situation.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.00,0:05:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I work in old-age homes, largely.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.00,0:05:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I see a lot of elderly people
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.00,0:05:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who are hearing impaired\Nor visually impaired.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.00,0:05:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,About 10 percent\Nof the hearing impaired people
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.00,0:05:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,get musical hallucinations.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.00,0:05:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And about 10 percent\Nof the visually impaired people
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.00,0:05:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,get visual hallucinations.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.00,0:05:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You don't have to be completely blind,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.00,0:05:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,only sufficiently impaired.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.00,0:05:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now with the original description\Nin the 18th century,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.00,0:05:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Charles Bonnet did not have them.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.00,0:05:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His grandfather had these hallucinations.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.00,0:05:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His grandfather was a magistrate,\Nan elderly man.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.00,0:05:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He'd had cataract surgery.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.00,0:05:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His vision was pretty poor.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.00,0:05:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in 1759, he described to his grandson
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.00,0:05:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,various things he was seeing.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.00,0:05:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first thing he said was he saw
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.00,0:05:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a handkerchief in midair.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.00,0:05:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was a large blue handkerchief
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.00,0:05:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with four orange circles.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.00,0:06:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he knew it was a hallucination.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.00,0:06:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You don't have handkerchiefs in midair.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.00,0:06:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then he saw a big wheel in midair.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.00,0:06:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But sometimes he wasn't sure\Nwhether he was hallucinating or not,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.00,0:06:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the hallucinations would fit
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.00,0:06:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the context of the visions.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.00,0:06:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So on one occasion,\Nwhen his granddaughters were visiting them,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.00,0:06:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he said, "And who are these\Nhandsome young men with you?"
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.00,0:06:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they said, "Alas, Grandpapa,\Nthere are no handsome young men."
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.00,0:06:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then the handsome\Nyoung men disappeared.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.00,0:06:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's typical of these hallucinations
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.00,0:06:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they may come in a flash\Nand disappear in a flash.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.00,0:06:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They don't usually fade in and out.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.00,0:06:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are rather sudden,\Nand they change suddenly.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.00,0:06:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Charles Lullin, the grandfather,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.00,0:06:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,saw hundreds of different figures,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.00,0:06:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,different landscapes of all sorts.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.00,0:06:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On one occasion, he saw a man\Nin a bathrobe smoking a pipe,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.00,0:06:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and realized it was himself.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.00,0:07:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That was the only figure he recognized.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.00,0:07:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On one occasion when he was walking\Nin the streets of Paris,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.00,0:07:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he saw -- this was real -- a scaffolding.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.00,0:07:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But when he got back home,\Nhe saw a miniature of the scaffolding
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.00,0:07:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,six inches high, on his study table.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.00,0:07:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This repetition of perception
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.00,0:07:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is sometimes called palinopsia.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.00,0:07:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With him and with Rosalie,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.00,0:07:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what seems to be going on --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.00,0:07:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Rosalie said, "What's going on?" --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.00,0:07:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I said that as you lose vision,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.00,0:07:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the visual parts of the brain\Nare no longer getting any input,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.00,0:07:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they become hyperactive and excitable,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.00,0:07:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they start to fire spontaneously.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.00,0:07:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you start to see things.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.00,0:07:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The things you see\Ncan be very complicated indeed.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.00,0:07:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With another patient of mine,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.00,0:07:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who, also had some vision,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.00,0:07:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the vision she had could be disturbing.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.00,0:08:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On one occasion, she said she saw
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.00,0:08:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a man in a striped shirt in a restaurant.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.00,0:08:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he turned around. And then
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.00,0:08:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he divided into six figures\Nin striped shirts,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.00,0:08:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who started walking towards her.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.00,0:08:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then the six figures came together again,\Nlike a concertina.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.00,0:08:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once, when she was driving,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.00,0:08:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or rather, her husband was driving,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.00,0:08:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the road divided into four
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.00,0:08:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she felt herself going\Nsimultaneously up four roads.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.00,0:08:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She had very mobile\Nhallucinations as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.00,0:08:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A lot of them had to do with a car.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.00,0:08:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sometimes she would see a teenage boy
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.00,0:08:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sitting on the hood of the car.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.00,0:08:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was very tenacious\Nand he moved rather gracefully
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.00,0:08:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when the car turned.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.00,0:08:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then when they came to a stop,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.00,0:08:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the boy would do a sudden vertical takeoff,\N100 foot in the air,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.00,0:08:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then disappear.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.00,0:08:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another patient of mine\Nhad a different sort of hallucination.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.00,0:08:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was a woman who\Ndidn't have trouble with her eyes,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.00,0:09:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the visual parts of her brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.00,0:09:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a little tumor in the occipital cortex.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.00,0:09:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, above all, she would see cartoons.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.00,0:09:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These cartoons would be transparent
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.00,0:09:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and would cover\Nhalf the visual field, like a screen.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.00,0:09:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And especially she saw\Ncartoons of Kermit the Frog.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.00,0:09:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.00,0:09:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I don't watch Sesame Street,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.00,0:09:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but she made a point of saying,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.00,0:09:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Why Kermit?" she said,\N"Kermit the Frog means nothing to me.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.00,0:09:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, I was wondering\Nabout Freudian determinants.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.00,0:09:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why Kermit?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.00,0:09:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Kermit the Frog means nothing to me."
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.00,0:09:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She didn't mind the cartoons too much.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.00,0:09:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what did disturb her\Nwas she got very persistent
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.00,0:09:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,images or hallucinations of faces
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.00,0:09:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as with Rosalie,\Nthe faces were often deformed,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.00,0:09:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with very large teeth or very large eyes.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.00,0:09:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And these frightened her.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.00,0:10:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, what is going on with these people?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.00,0:10:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As a physician, I have to try\Nand define what's going on,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.00,0:10:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to reassure people,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.00,0:10:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially to reassure them\Nthat they're not going insane.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.00,0:10:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Something like 10 percent, as I said,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.00,0:10:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of visually impaired people get these.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.00,0:10:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But no more than one percent\Nof the people acknowledge them,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.00,0:10:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they are afraid\Nthey will be seen as insane or something.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.00,0:10:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if they do mention them\Nto their own doctors
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.00,0:10:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they may be misdiagnosed.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.00,0:10:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In particular,\Nthe notion is that if you see
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.00,0:10:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,things or hear things, you're going mad,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.00,0:10:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the psychotic hallucinations \Nare quite different.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.00,0:10:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Psychotic hallucinations,\Nwhether they are visual or vocal,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.00,0:10:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they address you. They accuse you.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.00,0:10:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They seduce you. They humiliate you.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.00,0:10:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They jeer at you.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.00,0:10:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You interact with them.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.00,0:10:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is none of this quality\Nof being addressed
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.00,0:10:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with these Charles Bonnet hallucinations.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.00,0:11:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is a film. You're seeing a film\Nwhich has nothing to do with you,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.00,0:11:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or that's how people think about it.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.00,0:11:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is also a rare thing\Ncalled temporal lobe epilepsy,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.00,0:11:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and sometimes, if one has this,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.00,0:11:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one may feel oneself transported back
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.00,0:11:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a time and place in the past.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.00,0:11:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're at a particular road junction.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.00,0:11:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You smell chestnuts roasting.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.00,0:11:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You hear the traffic.\NAll the senses are involved.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.00,0:11:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you're waiting for your girl.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.00,0:11:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's that Tuesday\Nevening back in 1982.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.00,0:11:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the temporal lobe hallucinations
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.00,0:11:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are all-sense hallucinations,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.00,0:11:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,full of feeling, full of familiarity,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.00,0:11:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,located in space and time,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.00,0:11:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,coherent, dramatic.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.00,0:11:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Charles Bonnet\Nones are quite different.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.00,0:11:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in the Charles Bonnet hallucinations,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.00,0:11:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have all sorts of levels,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.00,0:11:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the geometrical hallucinations --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.00,0:11:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the pink and blue squares the woman had --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.00,0:11:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,up to quite elaborate hallucinations
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.00,0:12:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with figures and especially faces.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.00,0:12:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Faces, and sometimes deformed faces,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.00,0:12:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are the single commonest thing
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.00,0:12:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in these hallucinations.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.00,0:12:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And one of the second\Ncommonest is cartoons.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.00,0:12:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, what is going on?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.00,0:12:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fascinatingly, in the last few years,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.00,0:12:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's been possible to do\Nfunctional brain imagery,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.00,0:12:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to do fMRI on people\Nas they are hallucinating.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.00,0:12:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in fact, to find that different parts
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.00,0:12:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the visual brain are activated
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.00,0:12:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as they are hallucinating.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.00,0:12:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When people have these\Nsimple geometrical hallucinations,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.00,0:12:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the primary visual cortex is activated.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.00,0:12:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the part of the brain\Nwhich perceives edges and patterns.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.00,0:12:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You don't form images\Nwith your primary visual cortex.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.00,0:12:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When images are formed,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.00,0:12:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a higher part of the visual cortex
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.00,0:12:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is involved in the temporal lobe.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.00,0:12:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in particular,\None area of the temporal lobe
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.00,0:13:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is called the fusiform gyrus.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:01.00,0:13:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's known that if people\Nhave damage in the fusiform gyrus,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.00,0:13:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they maybe lose\Nthe ability to recognize faces.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.00,0:13:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if there is an abnormal activity\Nin the fusiform gyrus,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.00,0:13:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they may hallucinate faces,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.00,0:13:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is exactly what you find\Nin some of these people.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.00,0:13:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is an area\Nin the anterior part of this gyrus
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.00,0:13:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where teeth and eyes are represented,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:27.00,0:13:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that part of the gyrus is activated
Dialogue: 0,0:13:30.00,0:13:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when people get\Nthe deformed hallucinations.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:34.00,0:13:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is another part of the brain
Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.00,0:13:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is especially activated
Dialogue: 0,0:13:38.00,0:13:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when one sees cartoons.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.00,0:13:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's activated when\None recognizes cartoons,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.00,0:13:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when one draws cartoons,\Nand when one hallucinates them.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.00,0:13:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's very interesting\Nthat that should be specific.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:50.00,0:13:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are other parts of the brain\Nwhich are specifically involved
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.00,0:13:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the recognition and hallucination
Dialogue: 0,0:13:55.00,0:13:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of buildings and landscapes.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.00,0:14:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Around 1970, it was found\Nthat there were not only parts of the brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:01.00,0:14:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but particular cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:03.00,0:14:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Face cells" were discovered around 1970.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.00,0:14:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now we know\Nthat there are hundreds of other
Dialogue: 0,0:14:10.00,0:14:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sorts of cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:12.00,0:14:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which can be very, very specific.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:14.00,0:14:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you may not only have
Dialogue: 0,0:14:16.00,0:14:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"car" cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:18.00,0:14:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you may have "Aston Martin" cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:21.00,0:14:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:23.00,0:14:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I saw an Aston Martin this morning.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.00,0:14:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I had to bring it in.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:27.00,0:14:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now it's in there somewhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:30.00,0:14:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:33.00,0:14:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, at this level, in what's called\Nthe inferotemporal cortex,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:37.00,0:14:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are only visual images,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:40.00,0:14:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or figments or fragments.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:43.00,0:14:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's only at higher levels
Dialogue: 0,0:14:46.00,0:14:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the other senses join in
Dialogue: 0,0:14:48.00,0:14:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there are connections\Nwith memory and emotion.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:50.00,0:14:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in the Charles Bonnet syndrome,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:53.00,0:14:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you don't go to those higher levels.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:55.00,0:14:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're in these levels\Nof inferior visual cortex
Dialogue: 0,0:14:58.00,0:15:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where you have thousands\Nand tens of thousands
Dialogue: 0,0:15:00.00,0:15:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and millions of images,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:03.00,0:15:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or figments,\Nor fragmentary figments,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:05.00,0:15:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all neurally encoded
Dialogue: 0,0:15:07.00,0:15:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in particular cells\Nor small clusters of cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:11.00,0:15:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Normally these are all part of
Dialogue: 0,0:15:14.00,0:15:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the integrated stream\Nof perception, or imagination,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:18.00,0:15:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and one is not conscious of them.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:21.00,0:15:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is only if one\Nis visually impaired or blind
Dialogue: 0,0:15:25.00,0:15:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the process is interrupted.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:27.00,0:15:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And instead of getting normal perception,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:30.00,0:15:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're getting an anarchic,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:32.00,0:15:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,convulsive stimulation, or release,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:35.00,0:15:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of all of these visual cells
Dialogue: 0,0:15:37.00,0:15:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the inferotemporal cortex.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:39.00,0:15:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, suddenly you see a face.\NSuddenly you see a car.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:42.00,0:15:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Suddenly this, and suddenly that.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:45.00,0:15:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The mind does its best to organize
Dialogue: 0,0:15:47.00,0:15:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to give some sort\Nof coherence to this,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:50.00,0:15:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but not terribly successfully.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:52.00,0:15:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When these were first described,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:54.00,0:15:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was thought that\Nthey could be interpreted like dreams.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:58.00,0:16:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in fact people say,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:00.00,0:16:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I don't recognize the people.\NI can't form any associations."
Dialogue: 0,0:16:03.00,0:16:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Kermit means nothing to me."
Dialogue: 0,0:16:06.00,0:16:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You don't get anywhere\Nthinking of them as dreams.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:11.00,0:16:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, I've more\Nor less said what I wanted.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:16.00,0:16:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think I just want to recapitulate
Dialogue: 0,0:16:19.00,0:16:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and say this is common.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:21.00,0:16:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think of the number of blind people.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:23.00,0:16:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There must be hundreds\Nof thousands of blind people
Dialogue: 0,0:16:25.00,0:16:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who have these hallucinations,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:27.00,0:16:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but are too scared to mention them.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:29.00,0:16:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this sort of thing\Nneeds to be brought into
Dialogue: 0,0:16:32.00,0:16:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,notice, for patients,\Nfor doctors, for the public.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:38.00,0:16:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Finally, I think they are
Dialogue: 0,0:16:40.00,0:16:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,infinitely interesting and valuable,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:43.00,0:16:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for giving one some insight\Nas to how the brain works.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:47.00,0:16:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Charles Bonnet said, 250 years ago --
Dialogue: 0,0:16:50.00,0:16:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he wondered how,\Nthinking these hallucinations,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:54.00,0:16:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how, as he put it,\Nthe theater of the mind
Dialogue: 0,0:16:57.00,0:17:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could be generated\Nby the machinery of the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:00.00,0:17:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, 250 years later,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:03.00,0:17:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think we're beginning\Nto glimpse how this is done.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:06.00,0:17:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thanks very much.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:08.00,0:17:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:17:11.00,0:17:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Chris Anderson: That was superb.\NThank you so much.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:14.00,0:17:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You speak about these things\Nwith so much insight
Dialogue: 0,0:17:16.00,0:17:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and empathy for your patients.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:19.00,0:17:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Have you yourself experienced\Nany of the syndromes you write about?
Dialogue: 0,0:17:24.00,0:17:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oliver Sacks: I was afraid you'd ask that.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:26.00,0:17:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:17:27.00,0:17:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, yeah, a lot of them.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:30.00,0:17:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And actually I'm a little\Nvisually impaired myself.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:33.00,0:17:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm blind in one eye,\Nand not terribly good in the other.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:36.00,0:17:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I see the geometrical hallucinations.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:40.00,0:17:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But they stop there.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:42.00,0:17:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: And they don't disturb you?
Dialogue: 0,0:17:44.00,0:17:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because you understand what's doing it,\Nit doesn't make you worried?
Dialogue: 0,0:17:46.00,0:17:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OS: Well they don't disturb me\Nany more than my tinnitus,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:50.00,0:17:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which I ignore.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:53.00,0:17:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They occasionally interest me,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:55.00,0:17:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I have many pictures\Nof them in my notebooks.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:58.00,0:18:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've gone and had an fMRI myself,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:01.00,0:18:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to see how my visual cortex\Nis taking over.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:04.00,0:18:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when I see all these hexagons
Dialogue: 0,0:18:08.00,0:18:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and complex things,\Nwhich I also have,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:10.00,0:18:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in visual migraine,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:12.00,0:18:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I wonder whether everyone\Nsees things like this,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:14.00,0:18:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and whether things\Nlike cave art or ornamental art
Dialogue: 0,0:18:17.00,0:18:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,may have been derived from them a bit.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:20.00,0:18:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: That was an utterly,\Nutterly fascinating talk.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:22.00,0:18:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you so much for sharing.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:24.00,0:18:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OS: Thank you. Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:26.00,0:18:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)