[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.99,0:00:05.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These dragons from deep time\Nare incredible creatures.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.70,0:00:07.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're bizzarre,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.15,0:00:08.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're beautiful,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.86,0:00:11.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there's very little\Nwe know about them.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.84,0:00:14.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These thoughts were going\Nthrough my head
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.13,0:00:18.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when I looked at the pages of\Nmy first dinosaur book.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.57,0:00:21.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was about five years old at the time,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.08,0:00:23.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I decided there and then\N
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.03,0:00:25.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I would become a paleontologist.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.88,0:00:29.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Paleontology allowed me \Nto combine my love for animals
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.21,0:00:33.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with my desire to travel to \Nfar-flung corners of the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.94,0:00:36.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now, a few years later,\NI've led several expeditions
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.96,0:00:42.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the ultimate far-flung corner \Non this planet, the Sahara.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.15,0:00:46.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've worked in the Sahara because\NI've been on a quest
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.20,0:00:51.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to uncover new remains of\Na bizarre, giant predatory dinosaur
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.30,0:00:54.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called Spinosaurus.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.45,0:00:57.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A few bones of this animal\Nhave been found
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.80,0:00:59.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the deserts of Egypt
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.18,0:01:04.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and were described about 100 years ago\Nby a German paleontologist.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.54,0:01:09.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unfortunately, all his Spinosaurus bones\Nwere destroyed in World War II.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.48,0:01:13.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So all we're left with are just\Na few drawings and notes.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.79,0:01:15.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From these drawings,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.05,0:01:18.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we know that this creature, which lived \Nabout 100 million years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.46,0:01:20.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was very big,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.01,0:01:23.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it had tall spines on its back,\Nforming a magnificent sail,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.42,0:01:28.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it had long, slender jaws, \Na bit like a crocodile,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.54,0:01:31.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with conical teeth,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.76,0:01:36.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that may have been used \Nto catch slippery prey, like fish.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.65,0:01:38.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that was pretty much \Nall we knew
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.70,0:01:42.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about this animal for the next 100 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.56,0:01:51.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My fieldwork took me to the border region\Nbetween Morocco and Algeria,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.36,0:01:53.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a place called the Kem Kem.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.94,0:01:56.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a difficult place to work in.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.25,0:01:59.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have to deal with sandstorms\Nand snakes and scorpions,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.94,0:02:03.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's very difficult to find\Ngood fossils there.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.08,0:02:05.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But our hard work paid off.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.90,0:02:08.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We discovered many incredible specimens.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.12,0:02:09.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's the largest dinosaur bone
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.87,0:02:12.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that had ever been found\Nin this part of the Sahara.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.48,0:02:16.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We found remains of giant\Npredatory dinosaurs,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.97,0:02:19.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,medium-sized predatory dinosaurs,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.63,0:02:25.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and seven or eight different kinds\Nof crocodile-like hunters.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.23,0:02:28.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These fossils were deposited\Nin a river system.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.23,0:02:32.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The river system was also home \Nto a giant, car-sized coelacanth,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.40,0:02:35.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a monster sawfish,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.86,0:02:39.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the skies over the river system\Nwere filled with pterosaurs,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.56,0:02:41.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,flying reptiles.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.59,0:02:43.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was a pretty dangerous place,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.21,0:02:46.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not the kind of place where you'd want\Nto travel to if you had a time machine.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.16,0:02:51.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we're finding all these \Nincredible fossils of animals
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.08,0:02:53.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that lived alongside Spinosaurus,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.77,0:02:56.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but Spinosaurus itself proved\Nto be very elusive.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.54,0:02:58.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We were just finding bits and pieces
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.28,0:03:02.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I was hoping that we'd find\Na partial skeleton at some point.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.64,0:03:05.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Finally, very recently,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.36,0:03:08.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we were able to track down a dig site
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.47,0:03:13.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where a local fossil hunter found\Nseveral bones of Spinosaurus.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.43,0:03:16.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We returned to the site,\Nwe collected more bones.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.29,0:03:20.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so after 100 years we finally\Nhad another partial skeleton
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.36,0:03:22.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of this bizarre creature.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.52,0:03:24.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we were able to reconstruct it.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.20,0:03:26.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We now know that \NSpinosaurus had a head
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.09,0:03:27.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a little bit like a crocodile,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.89,0:03:30.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very different from other \Npredatory dinosaurs,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.08,0:03:32.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very different from the T. rex.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.82,0:03:37.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the really interesting information\Ncame from the rest of the skeleton.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.67,0:03:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We had long spines,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.00,0:03:41.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the spines forming the big sail.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.63,0:03:43.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We had leg bones, we had skull bones,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.88,0:03:47.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we had paddle-shaped feet, wide feet --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.32,0:03:50.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,again, very unusual, no other\Ndinosaur has feet like this --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.14,0:03:53.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we think they may have been\Nused to walk on soft sediment,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.25,0:03:55.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or maybe for paddling in the water.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.94,0:03:59.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We also looked at the fine\Nmicrostructure of the bone,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.38,0:04:01.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the inside structure of Spinosaurus bones,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.38,0:04:04.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it turns out that they're\Nvery dense and compact.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.14,0:04:07.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again, this is something we see in animals\Nthat spend a lot of time in the water,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.99,0:04:11.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's useful for buoyancy \Ncontrol in the water.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.19,0:04:16.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We C.T.-scanned all of our bones\Nand built a digital Spinosaurus skeleton.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.56,0:04:18.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when we looked \Nat the digital skeleton,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.77,0:04:23.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we realized that yes, this was\Na dinosaur unlike any other.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.21,0:04:24.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's bigger than a T. rex,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.80,0:04:27.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and yes, the head has "fish-eating"\Nwritten all over it,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.53,0:04:31.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but really the entire skeleton has\N"water-loving" written all over it --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.63,0:04:36.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dense bone, paddle-like feet,\Nand the hind limbs are reduced in size,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.46,0:04:38.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and again, this is something\Nwe see in animals
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.67,0:04:41.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that spend a substantial amount \Nof time in the water.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.71,0:04:46.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, as we fleshed out our Spinosaurus --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.10,0:04:50.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm looking at muscle attachments\Nand wrapping our dinosaur in skin --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.27,0:04:54.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we realize that we're dealing\Nwith a river monster,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.15,0:04:56.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a predatory dinosaur, bigger than T. rex,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.48,0:04:59.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the ruler of this ancient river of giants,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.25,0:05:02.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,feeding on the many aquatic animals\NI showed you earlier on.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.50,0:05:05.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's really what makes this\Nan incredible discovery.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.37,0:05:06.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a dinosaur like no other.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.87,0:05:10.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And some people told me, "Wow,\Nthis is a once-in-a-lifetime discovery.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.44,0:05:13.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are not many things left\Nto discover in the world."
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.80,0:05:17.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, I think nothing could be \Nfurther from the truth.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.98,0:05:20.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think the Sahara's \Nstill full of treasures,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.25,0:05:23.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when people tell me there are\Nno places left to explore,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.43,0:05:27.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I like to quote a famous dinosaur hunter,\NRoy Chapman Andrews,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.47,0:05:33.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he said, "Always, there has been\Nan adventure just around the corner --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.08,0:05:35.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the world is still full of corners."
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.90,0:05:37.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That was true many decades ago
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.82,0:05:39.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when Roy Chapman Andrews\Nwrote these lines.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.86,0:05:41.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it is still true today.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.84,0:05:42.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.73,0:05:45.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)