[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These dragons from deep-time\Nare incredible creatures.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're bizzarre,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're beautiful,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there's very little\Nwe know about them.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These thoughts were going\Nthrough my head
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when I looked at the pages of\Nmy first dinosaur book.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was about 5-years-old at the time,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I decided there and then\N
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I would become a paleontologist.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Paleontology allowed me \Nto combine my love for animals
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with my desire to travel to \Nfar-flung corners of the world.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now, a few years later,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've led several expeditions \Nto the ultimate far-flung\N
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,corner on this planet,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Sahara.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've worked in the Sahara because\NI've been on a quest
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to uncover new remains
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a bizarre, giant predatory dinosaur
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called Spinosaurus.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A few bones of this animal\Nhave been found
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the deserts of Egypt
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and were described about 100 years ago
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by a German paleontologist.\N
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unfortunately, all his Spinosaurus \Nbones were destroyed in WWII.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So all we're left with are just\Na few drawings and notes.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fromthese drawings,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we know that this creature,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which lived about 100 million years ago,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was very big, it had tall spines \Non its back,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,forming a magnificent sail,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it had long, slender jaws,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a bit like a crocodile,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with conical teeth,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that may have been used to catch\Nslippery prey, like fish.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that was pretty much \Nall we know
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about this animal for the next 100 years.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My fieldwork took me to the\Nborder region
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between Morocco and Algeria,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a place called the Kem Kem.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a difficult place to work in.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have to deal with sandstorms,\Nand snakes and scorpians,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's very difficult to find\Ngood fossils there.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But our handwork paid off.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We discovered many incredible specimens.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The largest dinosaur bone that had \Never been found
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in this part of the Sahara.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We found remains of giant\Npredetory dinosaurs,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,medium sized predatory dinosaurs,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and seven or eight crocodile-like hunters.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These fossils were deposited in a river system.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The river system was also home \Nto a giant, car-sized celocant.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the skies over the river-system\Nwere filled with terosaurs,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,flying reptiles.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was a pretty dangerous place,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not the kind of place you'd want \Nto travel to
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you had a time machine.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we're finding all these incredible\Nfossils of animals
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that lived alongside Spinosaurus,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but Spinosaurus itself proved\Nto be very elusive.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We were just finding bits and pieces
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I was hoping that we'd find\Na partial skelaton at some point.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Finally, very recently,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we were able to track down a dig site
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where a local fossil hunter found\Nseveral bones of Spinosaurus.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We returned to the site,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we collected more bones,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so after 100 years
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we finally had another partial skeleton
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of this bizarre creature.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we were able to reconstruct it.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We now know that Spinosaurs\Nhad a head
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a little bit like a crocodile,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very different from other \Npredatory dinosaurs,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very different from the T-Rex.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the really interesting information\Ncame from the rest of the skeleton.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We had long spines,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the spines forming the big sail.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We had leg bones, we had skull bones,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we had paddle shaped feet,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very wide feet,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,again, very unusual,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no other dinosaur has feet like this,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we think these may have been\Nused to walk on soft sediment,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or maybe for paddling in the water.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We also looked at the fine, microstructure\Nof the bone.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The inside structure of Spinosaurus bone
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-- it turns out that they're very dense\Nand compact.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And again, this is something we see
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in animals that spend a lot of time in the water,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's useful for buoyancy control in the water.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We CT scanned all of our bones\Nand built a digital Spinosaurus skeleton.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we looked at the digital skeleton,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we realized, that yes, this was a dinosaur\Nunlike any other.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's bigger than a T-rex, and yes,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the head has "fish-eating" written all over it,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but really the entire skeleton has \N"water-loving" written all over it:
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dense bone, paddle-like feet,\Nand the hind limbs are reduced in size,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and again, this is something we see\Nin animals
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that spend a substantial amount of time
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the water.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, as we fleshed out our Spinosaurus,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm looking at muscle attachments\Nand wrapping our dinosaur in skin,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we realize that we're dealing\Nwith a river monster,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a predatory dinosaur, bigger than a T-Rex,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the ruler of this ancient river of giants,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,feeding on the many aquatic animals\NI showed you early on.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is really what makes this\Nan incredible discovery.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a dinosaur like no other.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And some people told me,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Wow, this is a once in a