[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.00,0:00:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The oceans cover some 70 percent of our planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.00,0:00:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think Arthur C. Clarke probably had it right
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.00,0:00:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when he said that perhaps we ought to call our planet
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.00,0:00:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Planet Ocean.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.00,0:00:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the oceans are hugely productive,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.00,0:00:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as you can see by the satellite image
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.00,0:00:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of photosynthesis, the production of new life.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.00,0:00:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, the oceans produce half of the new life every day on Earth
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.00,0:00:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as well as about half the oxygen that we breathe.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.00,0:00:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In addition to that, it harbors a lot of the biodiversity on Earth,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.00,0:00:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and much of it we don't know about.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.00,0:00:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I'll tell you some of that today.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.00,0:00:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That also doesn't even get into the whole protein extraction
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.00,0:00:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we do from the ocean.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.00,0:00:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's about 10 percent of our global needs
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.00,0:00:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and 100 percent of some island nations.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.00,0:00:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you were to descend
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.00,0:00:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into the 95 percent of the biosphere that's livable,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.00,0:00:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it would quickly become pitch black,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.00,0:00:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,interrupted only by pinpoints of light
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.00,0:00:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from bioluminescent organisms.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.00,0:00:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you turn the lights on,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.00,0:00:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you might periodically see spectacular organisms swim by,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.00,0:00:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because those are the denizens of the deep,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.00,0:00:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the things that live in the deep ocean.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.00,0:00:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And eventually, the deep sea floor would come into view.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.00,0:01:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This type of habitat covers more of the Earth's surface
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.00,0:01:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than all other habitats combined.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.00,0:01:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And yet, we know more about the surface of the Moon and about Mars
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.00,0:01:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than we do about this habitat,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.00,0:01:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,despite the fact that we have yet to extract
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.00,0:01:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a gram of food, a breath of oxygen or a drop of water
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.00,0:01:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from those bodies.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.00,0:01:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so 10 years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.00,0:01:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an international program began called the Census of Marine Life,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.00,0:01:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which set out to try and improve our understanding
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.00,0:01:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of life in the global oceans.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.00,0:01:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It involved 17 different projects around the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.00,0:01:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As you can see, these are the footprints of the different projects.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.00,0:01:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I hope you'll appreciate the level of global coverage
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.00,0:01:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it managed to achieve.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.00,0:01:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It all began when two scientists, Fred Grassle and Jesse Ausubel,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.00,0:01:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,met in Woods Hole, Massachusetts
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.00,0:01:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where both were guests at the famed oceanographic institute.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.00,0:01:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Fred was lamenting the state of marine biodiversity
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.00,0:01:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the fact that it was in trouble and nothing was being done about it.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.00,0:01:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, from that discussion grew this program
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.00,0:01:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that involved 2,700 scientists
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.00,0:01:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from more than 80 countries around the world
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.00,0:01:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who engaged in 540 ocean expeditions
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.00,0:01:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at a combined cost of 650 million dollars
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.00,0:02:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to study the distribution, diversity and abundance
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.00,0:02:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of life in the global ocean.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.00,0:02:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so what did we find?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.00,0:02:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We found spectacular new species,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.00,0:02:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the most beautiful and visually stunning things everywhere we looked --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.00,0:02:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the shoreline to the abyss,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.00,0:02:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,form microbes all the way up to fish and everything in between.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.00,0:02:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the limiting step here wasn't the unknown diversity of life,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.00,0:02:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but rather the taxonomic specialists
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.00,0:02:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who can identify and catalog these species
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.00,0:02:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that became the limiting step.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.00,0:02:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They, in fact, are an endangered species themselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.00,0:02:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are actually four to five new species
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.00,0:02:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,described everyday for the oceans.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.00,0:02:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as I say, it could be a much larger number.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.00,0:02:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I come from Newfoundland in Canada --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.00,0:02:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's an island off the east coast of that continent --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.00,0:02:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we experienced one of the worst fishing disasters
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.00,0:02:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in human history.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.00,0:02:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so this photograph shows a small boy next to a codfish.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.00,0:02:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's around 1900.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.00,0:02:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, when I was a boy of about his age,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.00,0:02:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I would go out fishing with my grandfather
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.00,0:02:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we would catch fish about half that size.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.00,0:02:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I thought that was the norm,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.00,0:02:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because I had never seen fish like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.00,0:03:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you were to go out there today, 20 years after this fishery collapsed,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.00,0:03:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you could catch a fish, which would be a bit of a challenge,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.00,0:03:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it would be half that size still.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.00,0:03:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what we're experiencing is something called shifting baselines.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.00,0:03:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our expectations of what the oceans can produce
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.00,0:03:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is something that we don't really appreciate
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.00,0:03:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we haven't seen it in our lifetimes.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.00,0:03:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now most of us, and I would say me included,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.00,0:03:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,think that human exploitation of the oceans
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.00,0:03:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,really only became very serious
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.00,0:03:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the last 50 to, perhaps, 100 years or so.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.00,0:03:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The census actually tried to look back in time,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.00,0:03:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using every source of information they could get their hands on.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.00,0:03:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so anything from restaurant menus
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.00,0:03:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to monastery records to ships' logs
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.00,0:03:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to see what the oceans looked like.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.00,0:03:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because science data really goes back
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.00,0:03:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to, at best, World War II, for the most part.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.00,0:03:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so what they found, in fact,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.00,0:03:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that exploitation really began heavily with the Romans.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.00,0:03:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so at that time, of course, there was no refrigeration.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.00,0:03:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So fishermen could only catch
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.00,0:03:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what they could either eat or sell that day.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.00,0:03:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the Romans developed salting.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.00,0:03:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And with salting,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.00,0:03:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it became possible to store fish and to transport it long distances.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.00,0:04:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so began industrial fishing.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.00,0:04:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so these are the sorts of extrapolations that we have
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.00,0:04:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of what sort of loss we've had
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.00,0:04:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,relative to pre-human impacts on the ocean.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.00,0:04:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They range from 65 to 98 percent
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.00,0:04:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for these major groups of organisms,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.00,0:04:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as shown in the dark blue bars.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.00,0:04:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now for those species the we managed to leave alone, that we protect --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.00,0:04:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for example, marine mammals in recent years and sea birds --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.00,0:04:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there is some recovery.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.00,0:04:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's not all hopeless.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.00,0:04:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But for the most part, we've gone from salting to exhausting.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.00,0:04:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now this other line of evidence is a really interesting one.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.00,0:04:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's from trophy fish caught off the coast of Florida.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.00,0:04:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so this is a photograph from the 1950s.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.00,0:04:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want you to notice the scale on the slide,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.00,0:04:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because when you see the same picture from the 1980s,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.00,0:04:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we see the fish are much smaller
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.00,0:04:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we're also seeing a change
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.00,0:04:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in terms of the composition of those fish.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.00,0:04:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By 2007, the catch was actually laughable
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.00,0:04:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in terms of the size for a trophy fish.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.00,0:04:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this is no laughing matter.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.00,0:04:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The oceans have lost a lot of their productivity
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.00,0:04:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we're responsible for it.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.00,0:04:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what's left? Actually quite a lot.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.00,0:05:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a lot of exciting things, and I'm going to tell you a little bit about them.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.00,0:05:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I want to start with a bit on technology,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.00,0:05:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because, of course, this is a TED Conference
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.00,0:05:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you want to hear something on technology.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.00,0:05:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So one of the tools that we use to sample the deep ocean
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.00,0:05:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are remotely operated vehicles.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.00,0:05:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So these are tethered vehicles we lower down to the sea floor
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.00,0:05:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where they're our eyes and our hands for working on the sea bottom.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.00,0:05:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So a couple of years ago, I was supposed to go on an oceanographic cruise
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.00,0:05:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I couldn't go because of a scheduling conflict.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.00,0:05:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But through a satellite link I was able to sit at my study at home
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.00,0:05:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with my dog curled up at my feet, a cup of tea in my hand,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.00,0:05:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I could tell the pilot, "I want a sample right there."
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.00,0:05:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's exactly what the pilot did for me.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.00,0:05:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the sort of technology that's available today
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.00,0:05:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that really wasn't available even a decade ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.00,0:05:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it allows us to sample these amazing habitats
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.00,0:05:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are very far from the surface
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.00,0:05:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and very far from light.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.00,0:05:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so one of the tools that we can use to sample the oceans
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.00,0:05:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is acoustics, or sound waves.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.00,0:05:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the advantage of sound waves
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.00,0:05:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that they actually pass well through water, unlike light.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.00,0:05:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so we can send out sound waves,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.00,0:05:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they bounce off objects like fish and are reflected back.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.00,0:06:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so in this example, a census scientist took out two ships.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.00,0:06:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One would send out sound waves that would bounce back.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.00,0:06:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They would be received by a second ship,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.00,0:06:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that would give us very precise estimates, in this case,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.00,0:06:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of 250 billion herring
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.00,0:06:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a period of about a minute.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.00,0:06:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's an area about the size of Manhattan Island.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.00,0:06:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And to be able to do that is a tremendous fisheries tool,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.00,0:06:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because knowing how many fish are there is really critical.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.00,0:06:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can also use satellite tags
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.00,0:06:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to track animals as they move through the oceans.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.00,0:06:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so for animals that come to the surface to breathe,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.00,0:06:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as this elephant seal,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.00,0:06:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's an opportunity to send data back to shore
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.00,0:06:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and tell us where exactly it is in the ocean.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.00,0:06:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so from that we can produce these tracks.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.00,0:06:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, the dark blue
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.00,0:06:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,shows you where the elephant seal moved in the north Pacific.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.00,0:06:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now I realize for those of you who are colorblind, this slide is not very helpful,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.00,0:06:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but stick with me nonetheless.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.00,0:06:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For animals that don't surface,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.00,0:06:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have something called pop-up tags,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.00,0:06:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which collect data about light and what time the sun rises and sets.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.00,0:06:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then at some period of time
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.00,0:06:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it pops up to the surface and, again, relays that data back to shore.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.00,0:07:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because GPS doesn't work under water. That's why we need these tools.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.00,0:07:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so from this we're able to identify these blue highways,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.00,0:07:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these hot spots in the ocean,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.00,0:07:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that should be real priority areas
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.00,0:07:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for ocean conservation.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.00,0:07:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now one of the other things that you may think about
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.00,0:07:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that, when you go to the supermarket and you buy things, they're scanned.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.00,0:07:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so there's a barcode on that product
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.00,0:07:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that tells the computer exactly what the product is.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.00,0:07:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Geneticists have developed a similar tool called genetic barcoding.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.00,0:07:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what barcoding does
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.00,0:07:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is use a specific gene called CO1
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.00,0:07:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's consistent within a species, but varies among species.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.00,0:07:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so what that means is we can unambiguously identify
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.00,0:07:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which species are which
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.00,0:07:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even if they look similar to each other,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.00,0:07:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but may be biologically quite different.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.00,0:07:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now one of the nicest examples I like to cite on this
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.00,0:07:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the story of two young women, high school students in New York City,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.00,0:07:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who worked with the census.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.00,0:07:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They went out and collected fish from markets and from restaurants in New York City
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.00,0:07:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they barcoded it.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.00,0:07:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well what they found was mislabeled fish.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.00,0:07:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So for example,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.00,0:07:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they found something which was sold as tuna, which is very valuable,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.00,0:07:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was in fact tilapia, which is a much less valuable fish.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.00,0:08:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They also found an endangered species
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.00,0:08:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sold as a common one.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.00,0:08:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So barcoding allows us to know what we're working with
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.00,0:08:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and also what we're eating.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.00,0:08:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Ocean Biogeographic Information System
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.00,0:08:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the database for all the census data.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.00,0:08:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's open access; you can all go in and download data as you wish.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.00,0:08:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it contains all the data from the census
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.00,0:08:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,plus other data sets that people were willing to contribute.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.00,0:08:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so what you can do with that
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.00,0:08:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to plot the distribution of species and where they occur in the oceans.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.00,0:08:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What I've plotted up here is the data that we have on hand.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.00,0:08:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is where our sampling effort has concentrated.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.00,0:08:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now what you can see
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.00,0:08:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is we've sampled the area in the North Atlantic,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.00,0:08:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the North Sea in particular,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.00,0:08:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and also the east coast of North America fairly well.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.00,0:08:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the warm colors which show a well-sampled region.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.00,0:08:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The cold colors, the blue and the black,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.00,0:08:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,show areas where we have almost no data.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.00,0:08:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So even after a 10-year census,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.00,0:08:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are large areas that still remain unexplored.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.00,0:08:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now there are a group of scientists living in Texas, working in the Gulf of Mexico
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.00,0:08:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who decided really as a labor of love
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.00,0:08:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to pull together all the knowledge they could
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.00,0:08:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about biodiversity in the Gulf of Mexico.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.00,0:09:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so they put this together, a list of all the species,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.00,0:09:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where they're known to occur,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.00,0:09:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it really seemed like a very esoteric, scientific type of exercise.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.00,0:09:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But then, of course, there was the Deep Horizon oil spill.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.00,0:09:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So all of a sudden, this labor of love
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.00,0:09:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for no obvious economic reason
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.00,0:09:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has become a critical piece of information
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.00,0:09:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in terms of how that system is going to recover, how long it will take
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.00,0:09:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how the lawsuits
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.00,0:09:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the multi-billion-dollar discussions that are going to happen in the coming years
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.00,0:09:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are likely to be resolved.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.00,0:09:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what did we find?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.00,0:09:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, I could stand here for hours, but, of course, I'm not allowed to do that.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.00,0:09:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I will tell you some of my favorite discoveries
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.00,0:09:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the census.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.00,0:09:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So one of the things we discovered is where are the hot spots of diversity?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.00,0:09:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Where do we find the most species of ocean life?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.00,0:09:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what we find if we plot up the well-known species
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.00,0:09:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is this sort of a distribution.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.00,0:09:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what we see is that for coastal tags,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.00,0:09:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for those organisms that live near the shoreline,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.00,0:09:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're most diverse in the tropics.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.00,0:09:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is something we've actually known for a while,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.00,0:09:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so it's not a real breakthrough.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.00,0:09:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is really exciting though
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.00,0:09:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that the oceanic tags, or the ones that live far from the coast,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.00,0:10:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are actually more diverse at intermediate latitudes.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.00,0:10:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the sort of data, again, that managers could use
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.00,0:10:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if they want to prioritize areas of the ocean that we need to conserve.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.00,0:10:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can do this on a global scale, but you can also do it on a regional scale.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.00,0:10:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's why biodiversity data can be so valuable.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.00,0:10:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now while a lot of the species we discovered in the census
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.00,0:10:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are things that are small and hard to see,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.00,0:10:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that certainly wasn't always the case.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.00,0:10:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, while it's hard to believe
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.00,0:10:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that a three kilogram lobster could elude scientists,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.00,0:10:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it did until a few years ago
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.00,0:10:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when South African fishermen requested an export permit
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.00,0:10:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and scientists realized that this was something new to science.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.00,0:10:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Similarly this Golden V kelp
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.00,0:10:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,collected in Alaska just below the low water mark
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.00,0:10:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is probably a new species.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.00,0:10:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even though it's three meters long,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.00,0:10:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it actually, again, eluded science.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.00,0:10:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now this guy, this bigfin squid, is seven meters in length.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.00,0:10:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But to be fair, it lives in the deep waters of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.00,0:10:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so it was a lot harder to find.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.00,0:10:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there's still potential for discovery of big and exciting things.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.00,0:10:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This particular shrimp, we've dubbed it the Jurassic shrimp,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.00,0:10:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's thought to have gone extinct 50 years ago --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.00,0:11:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at least it was, until the census discovered
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.00,0:11:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was living and doing just fine off the coast of Australia.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.00,0:11:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it shows that the ocean, because of its vastness,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.00,0:11:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can hide secrets for a very long time.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.00,0:11:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, Steven Spielberg, eat your heart out.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.00,0:11:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we look at distributions, in fact distributions change dramatically.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.00,0:11:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so one of the records that we had
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.00,0:11:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was this sooty shearwater, which undergoes these spectacular migrations
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.00,0:11:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all the way from New Zealand
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.00,0:11:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all the way up to Alaska and back again
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.00,0:11:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in search of endless summer
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.00,0:11:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as they complete their life cycles.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.00,0:11:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We also talked about the White Shark Cafe.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.00,0:11:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a location in the Pacific where white shark converge.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.00,0:11:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We don't know why they converge there, we simply don't know.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.00,0:11:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a question for the future.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.00,0:11:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the things that we're taught in high school
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.00,0:11:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that all animals require oxygen in order to survive.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.00,0:11:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now this little critter, it's only about half a millimeter in size,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.00,0:11:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not terribly charismatic.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.00,0:11:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it was only discovered in the early 1980s.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.00,0:11:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the really interesting thing about it
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.00,0:11:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that, a few years ago, census scientists discovered
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.00,0:11:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that this guy can thrive in oxygen-poor sediments
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.00,0:11:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the deep Mediterranean Sea.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.00,0:12:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now they know that, in fact,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.00,0:12:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,animals can live without oxygen, at least some of them,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.00,0:12:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that they can adapt to even the harshest of conditions.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.00,0:12:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you were to suck all the water out of the ocean,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.00,0:12:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is what you'd be left behind with,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.00,0:12:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's the biomass of life on the sea floor.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.00,0:12:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now what we see is huge biomass towards the poles
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.00,0:12:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and not much biomass in between.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.00,0:12:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We found life in the extremes.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.00,0:12:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so there were new species that were found
Dialogue: 0,0:12:22.00,0:12:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that live inside ice
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.00,0:12:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and help to support an ice-based food web.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.00,0:12:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we also found this spectacular yeti crab
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.00,0:12:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that lives near boiling hot hydrothermal vents at Easter Island.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.00,0:12:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this particular species
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.00,0:12:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,really captured the public's attention.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.00,0:12:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We also found the deepest vents known yet -- 5,000 meters --
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.00,0:12:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the hottest vents at 407 degrees Celsius --
Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.00,0:12:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,vents in the South Pacific and also in the Arctic
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.00,0:12:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where none had been found before.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.00,0:12:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So even new environments are still within the domain of the discoverable.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:49.00,0:12:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now in terms of the unknowns, there are many.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.00,0:12:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'm just going to summarize just a few of them
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.00,0:12:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very quickly for you.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.00,0:12:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First of all, we might ask, how many fishes in the sea?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.00,0:13:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We actually know the fishes better than we do any other group in the ocean
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.00,0:13:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,other than marine mammals.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.00,0:13:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so we can actually extrapolate based on rates of discovery
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.00,0:13:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how many more species we're likely to discover.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:08.00,0:13:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And from that, we actually calculate
Dialogue: 0,0:13:10.00,0:13:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we know about 16,500 marine species
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.00,0:13:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there are probably another 1,000 to 4,000 left to go.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.00,0:13:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we've done pretty well.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:17.00,0:13:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've got about 75 percent of the fish,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.00,0:13:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe as much as 90 percent.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.00,0:13:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the fishes, as I say, are the best known.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.00,0:13:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So our level of knowledge is much less for other groups of organisms.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:27.00,0:13:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now this figure is actually based on a brand new paper
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.00,0:13:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's going to come out in the journal PLoS Biology.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.00,0:13:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what is does is predict how many more species there are
Dialogue: 0,0:13:34.00,0:13:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on land and in the ocean.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.00,0:13:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what they found
Dialogue: 0,0:13:38.00,0:13:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that they think that we know of about nine percent of the species in the ocean.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:41.00,0:13:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That means 91 percent, even after the census,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.00,0:13:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,still remain to be discovered.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.00,0:13:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so that turns out to be about two million species
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.00,0:13:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,once all is said and done.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:49.00,0:13:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we still have quite a lot of work to do
Dialogue: 0,0:13:51.00,0:13:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in terms of unknowns.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.00,0:13:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now this bacterium
Dialogue: 0,0:13:55.00,0:13:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is part of mats that are found off the coast of Chile.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.00,0:14:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And these mats actually cover an area the size of Greece.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.00,0:14:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so this particular bacterium is actually visible to the naked eye.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:03.00,0:14:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But you can imagine the biomass that represents.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:06.00,0:14:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the really intriguing thing about the microbes
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.00,0:14:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is just how diverse they are.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:10.00,0:14:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A single drop of seawater
Dialogue: 0,0:14:12.00,0:14:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could contain 160 different types of microbes.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:14.00,0:14:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the oceans themselves
Dialogue: 0,0:14:16.00,0:14:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are thought potentially to contain as many as a billion different types.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:19.00,0:14:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's really exciting. What are they all doing out there?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:22.00,0:14:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We actually don't know.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:24.00,0:14:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The most exciting thing, I would say, about this census
Dialogue: 0,0:14:26.00,0:14:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the role of global science.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:28.00,0:14:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so as we see in this image of light during the night,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:30.00,0:14:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are lots of areas of the Earth
Dialogue: 0,0:14:32.00,0:14:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where human development is much greater
Dialogue: 0,0:14:35.00,0:14:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and other areas where it's much less,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:37.00,0:14:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but between them we see large dark areas
Dialogue: 0,0:14:39.00,0:14:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of relatively unexplored ocean.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:41.00,0:14:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The other point I'd like to make about this
Dialogue: 0,0:14:43.00,0:14:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that this ocean's interconnected.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:45.00,0:14:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Marine organisms do not care about international boundaries;
Dialogue: 0,0:14:47.00,0:14:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they move where they will.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:49.00,0:14:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so the importance then of global collaboration
Dialogue: 0,0:14:52.00,0:14:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,becomes all the more important.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:54.00,0:14:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've lost a lot of paradise.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:56.00,0:14:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, these tuna that were once so abundant in the North Sea
Dialogue: 0,0:14:59.00,0:15:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are now effectively gone.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:01.00,0:15:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There were trawls taken in the deep sea in the Mediterranean,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:04.00,0:15:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which collected more garbage than they did animals.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:06.00,0:15:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's the deep sea, that's the environment that we consider to be
Dialogue: 0,0:15:09.00,0:15:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,among the most pristine left on Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:11.00,0:15:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there are a lot of other pressures.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:13.00,0:15:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ocean acidification is a really big issue that people are concerned with,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:16.00,0:15:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as well as ocean warming, and the effects they're going to have on coral reefs.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:19.00,0:15:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the scale of decades, in our lifetimes,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:22.00,0:15:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're going to see a lot of damage to coral reefs.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:24.00,0:15:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I could spend the rest of my time, which is getting very limited,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:27.00,0:15:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,going through this litany of concerns about the ocean,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:29.00,0:15:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I want to end on a more positive note.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:31.00,0:15:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so the grand challenge then
Dialogue: 0,0:15:33.00,0:15:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to try and make sure that we preserve what's left,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:35.00,0:15:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because there is still spectacular beauty.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:37.00,0:15:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the oceans are so productive,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:39.00,0:15:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's so much going on in there that's of relevance to humans
Dialogue: 0,0:15:42.00,0:15:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we really need to, even from a selfish perspective,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:45.00,0:15:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,try to do better than we have in the past.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:47.00,0:15:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we need to recognize those hot spots
Dialogue: 0,0:15:49.00,0:15:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and do our best to protect them.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:51.00,0:15:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When we look at pictures like this, they take our breath away,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:53.00,0:15:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in addition to helping to give us breath
Dialogue: 0,0:15:55.00,0:15:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the oxygen that the oceans provide.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:57.00,0:16:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Census scientists worked in the rain, they worked in the cold,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:00.00,0:16:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they worked under water and they worked above water
Dialogue: 0,0:16:02.00,0:16:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trying to illuminate the wondrous discovery,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:04.00,0:16:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the still vast unknown,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:06.00,0:16:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the spectacular adaptations that we see in ocean life.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:09.00,0:16:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So whether you're a yak herder living in the mountains of Chile,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:12.00,0:16:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether you're a stockbroker in New York City
Dialogue: 0,0:16:15.00,0:16:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or whether you're a TEDster living in Edinburgh,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:17.00,0:16:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the oceans matter.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:19.00,0:16:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as the oceans go so shall we.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:21.00,0:16:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thanks for listening.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:23.00,0:16:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)