[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.94,0:00:09.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(African music: drums, marimba, vocals)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.80,0:00:26.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♪ Africa ♪
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.65,0:00:58.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(dramatic music)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.83,0:01:08.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The west coast of Africa, looking today
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.50,0:01:11.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,much as it did a hundred years ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.21,0:01:13.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At that time, the old evils\Nof the slave trade
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.60,0:01:17.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had become a distant, \Nthough disgraceful, memory.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.12,0:01:19.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there now opened a new chapter of
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.14,0:01:22.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,confrontation along these tropical shores.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.73,0:01:25.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In past years, Europeans had come here \Nfor profitable business;
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.83,0:01:29.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now they wanted more, much more.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.72,0:01:33.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Old trading posts like this one had long
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.71,0:01:36.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,been the scene of a partnership between
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.50,0:01:40.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maritime traders from Europe,\Nand local Africans.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.37,0:01:43.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the 1880s, that old partnership
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.08,0:01:46.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was being swept away in a dramatic change,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.36,0:01:51.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the outcome of a new European drive\Nfor overseas empire.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.46,0:01:54.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Industrialized countries led by\NFrance and Britain
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.94,0:01:57.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had begun to invade the black continent,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.88,0:02:02.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,each hoping for new sources\Nof raw materials for its factories,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.19,0:02:05.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,new markets for its manufacturers,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.02,0:02:08.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and new positions of advantage\Nagainst its rivals.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.26,0:02:12.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was called the Scramble for Africa.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.64,0:02:17.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By 1914, only two countries remained \Noutside European possession:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.28,0:02:21.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Liberia in the west,\Nand Ethiopia in the east.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.31,0:02:24.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Britain had seized the lion's share\Nof control:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.32,0:02:26.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Egypt and the Sudan in the north,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.43,0:02:28.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the immense wealth of South Africa,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.82,0:02:31.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,valuable colonies like Rhodesia and Kenya,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.95,0:02:39.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and richly populated territories\Nsuch as Nigeria and the Gold Coast.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.40,0:02:42.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,France had invaded Algeria in the 1830s;
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.73,0:02:45.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now, after new wars of conquest,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.10,0:02:48.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she added more colonies to her empire\Nsouth of the Sahara,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.81,0:02:52.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including the island of Madagascar.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.29,0:02:58.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Little Portugal carved out two vast\Ncolonies, Angola and Mozambique,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.66,0:03:01.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while imperial Germany took the Cameroons
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.50,0:03:06.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in southwest Africa, and, \Non the east coast, Tanganyika.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.66,0:03:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The vast Congo basin fell to King Leopold\Nof the Belgians.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.00,0:03:16.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Italy and Spain completed the enclosure.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.94,0:03:20.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The fate of the continent\Nwas utterly changed.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.53,0:03:25.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Between the colonizing powers themselves,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.03,0:03:29.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the carve-up was peaceful,\Nbut their rivalry was intense.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.44,0:03:32.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1884, a congress of\Nthe competing governments
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.93,0:03:36.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,met in Berlin to settle their disputes.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.26,0:03:39.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Germany's Iron Chancellor, Bismarck,\Nwas there,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.22,0:03:45.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and active behind the scenes was the\Nambitious Belgian king.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.65,0:03:47.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He spoke for them all when he said,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.65,0:03:53.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I am determined to get my share of \Nthis magnificent African cake."
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.26,0:03:55.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Any power that could occupy African soil
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.83,0:03:58.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could effectively claim it.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.77,0:04:06.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(music)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.92,0:04:12.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now the task was to stake out frontiers\Nin utterly uncharted land.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.64,0:04:14.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Said the French prime minister,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.48,0:04:19.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"We have embarked on a gigantic \Nsteeplechase into the unknown."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.12,0:04:21.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The British prime minister, \NLord Salisbury,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.25,0:04:22.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was to say of this period,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.98,0:04:28.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"We've been engaged in drawing lines on\Nmaps where no man's foot has ever trod.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.31,0:04:30.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've been giving away mountains and rivers
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.45,0:04:32.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and lakes to each other, only hindered by
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.75,0:04:37.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the small impediment that we never knew\Nexactly where we were."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.39,0:04:42.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(music)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.36,0:04:44.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The great game was to get hold of places
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.68,0:04:47.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and positions of advantage over rivals,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.16,0:04:51.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no matter what irrational frontiers\Nmight result.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.52,0:04:55.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the most absurd cases was the\Nmagnificent Gambia River.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.50,0:05:02.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Britain had long held Bathurst, \NBanjul today,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.45,0:05:07.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and was determined to keep this\Nriver route to the interior,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.10,0:05:09.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but France, invading from the west coast,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.46,0:05:12.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,enclosed all the territories surrounding\Nthe Gambia River
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.32,0:05:15.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in her new colony of Senegal.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.85,0:05:19.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the French were naturally eager \Nto obtain the Gambia River.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.39,0:05:24.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They offered Britain in exchange the much\Nlarger and richer Ivory Coast.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.56,0:05:28.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the British parliament insisted\Non keeping the Gambia,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.32,0:05:31.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thus dividing the peoples of the region,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.24,0:05:38.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the result was, and is, a country\Nthat is 300 miles long,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.05,0:05:41.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but never more than 30 miles wide.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.86,0:05:47.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(voices, waves breaking)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.68,0:05:50.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What the African inhabitants might think
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.08,0:05:53.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of this Colonial carve-up was never asked.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.36,0:05:55.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The European idea, in the words of one\NBritish governor,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.100,0:05:58.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was to seize African territory, and then,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.56,0:06:03.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as much as possible, rule the country\Nas if there were no inhabitants.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.17,0:06:09.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, European contempt for Africans
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.27,0:06:12.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now reached new depths, and no wonder,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.05,0:06:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for how otherwise than by asserting that
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.00,0:06:18.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Africans were helpless children,\Nlazy savages,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.41,0:06:24.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could Christian Europe justify \Ntaking their countries away from them?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.32,0:06:30.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(singing)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.14,0:06:35.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The helpless children, meanwhile, sang\Ntheir own version of a famous hymn:
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.22,0:06:37.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Onward Christian soldiers,\Ninto heathen lands,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.85,0:06:40.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,prayerbooks in your pockets,\Nrifles in your hands.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.98,0:06:44.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Take the happy tidings\Nwhere trade can be done,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.22,0:06:48.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,spread the peaceful Gospel\Nwith the Gatling gun."
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.32,0:06:54.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The European invasions were widely resisted.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.63,0:06:57.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Conquest was never easy, and sometimes,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.85,0:07:00.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as these old drawings \Nand photographs testify,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.58,0:07:03.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,conquest led to a ruthless killing that
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.26,0:07:06.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,later generations would prefer to forget.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.86,0:07:15.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(drum)
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.38,0:07:22.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(call to prayer)
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.96,0:07:26.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Resistance took many shapes:\Nin French West Africa,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.42,0:07:29.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a focal point was found in Muslim loyalties.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.96,0:07:35.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many heroes, still unforgotten,\Ncame on that scene.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.52,0:07:38.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some, like the Senegalese religious leader
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.80,0:07:42.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Amadou Bamba, offered the way of peace,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.04,0:07:46.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but were still sent into exile.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.38,0:07:50.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Others, like the fierce warrior leader
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.77,0:07:53.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Samori, fought off French attack\Nafter attack,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.78,0:07:59.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and was crushed and exiled only after\Nyears of war.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.49,0:08:02.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Death took many, strong or weak.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.40,0:08:06.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With the skulls of earlier wars displayed\Nin their capital, Kumasi,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.30,0:08:10.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the powerful Ashanti nation ruled over\Nmost of modern Ghana.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.80,0:08:15.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Led by their kings, who had \Nthe title of Asantehene,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.02,0:08:18.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they'd long defended their country \Nagainst Britain.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.45,0:08:23.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But now they desperately wanted\Na peaceful settlement.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.19,0:08:26.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1895, fearing a disastrous war\Nwith Britain,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.64,0:08:31.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,King Prempeh made a strong bid for peace\Nfrom his palace here at Kumasi.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.50,0:08:34.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He offered the British the right to\Nestablish in Ashanti
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.37,0:08:38.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a chartered company with all the\Nconcessions, the privilege,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.45,0:08:41.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that such a company could possibly desire.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.58,0:08:44.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it wasn't enough, for the British\Nnow wanted
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.42,0:08:48.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,territorial possession\Nas well as privilege.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.05,0:08:52.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(gunfire)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.37,0:08:57.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Ashanti nation had already fought \Nlong, hard battles against the British,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.20,0:09:02.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but this time, in 1896, they decided\Nto surrender.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.61,0:09:05.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(gunfire)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.66,0:09:09.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In a ceremony of deliberate humiliation,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.43,0:09:12.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the king was made to kiss the British\Ncommander's boot,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.77,0:09:15.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then sent into exile.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.18,0:09:18.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it wasn't the end of the story.\NThe British now blundered.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.32,0:09:20.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A new British governor, \NSir Frederick Hodgson,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.56,0:09:22.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,decided that he had to get possession
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.52,0:09:24.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the sacred golden stool,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.63,0:09:27.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,symbol of the Ashanti Nation's soul.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.64,0:09:30.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Arriving at the British fort\Nhere in Kumasi,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.46,0:09:33.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he ordered the assembled chiefs\Nto hand the stool over.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.80,0:09:35.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Worse still, he demanded the right
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.81,0:09:38.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to sit on it, something that no person
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.19,0:09:41.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had ever been allowed to do,\Nnot even the king himself.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.70,0:09:47.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(gunfire)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.98,0:09:52.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To Hodgson's final insult, the Ashanti \Nreplied with war.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.96,0:09:56.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This little fort at Kumasi is what the\NBritish had built, just in case,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.65,0:09:59.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and now they sorely needed it.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.77,0:10:03.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The few dozen British inmates of the fort\Nwere besieged for months,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.81,0:10:08.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and had to eat rats to stay alive.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.25,0:10:15.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hodgson's act of folly had exacted\Na bitter price.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.48,0:10:17.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Efforts to send in relief from the coast
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.81,0:10:21.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were repeatedly frustrated \Nby Ashanti resistance,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.16,0:10:25.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until finally, the governor and his wife\Ngot away to the coast,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.45,0:10:29.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the absurd but tragic affair \Ncould be closed.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.06,0:10:32.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This ended war between Britain and Ashanti,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.14,0:10:35.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a year later, in 1901, the British\Nquietly annexed the country,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.99,0:10:40.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which became part of the colony\Nof the Gold Coast.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.75,0:10:43.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All over Africa, the new military technology
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.05,0:10:48.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of automatic guns gave easy victories\Nto the invaders.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.22,0:10:55.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(African singing)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.46,0:10:58.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Countless resisters died,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.97,0:11:01.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,many thousands at the single battle\Nof Omdurman,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.84,0:11:05.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in Britain's conquest of the Sudan.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.93,0:11:08.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Meanwhile, in another part of the Sudan,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.93,0:11:12.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the French were also scoring victories.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.87,0:11:15.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For the most part, public opinion rejoiced,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.81,0:11:19.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for were these not victories over\Nan inferior species,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.35,0:11:23.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a kind of joke humanity?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.51,0:11:26.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There were some critics, but not many,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.65,0:11:32.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and their voice was ignored or silenced.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.22,0:11:38.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What really mattered was to do down \None's European rivals:
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.24,0:11:41.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you were British, to get the better \Nof the French in West Africa,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.74,0:11:46.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or of the Germans in East Africa,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.11,0:11:48.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while orphans like little Uganda were left
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.65,0:11:54.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the protective doorstep of \NFather John Bull.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.34,0:11:59.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even before 1900, there came a new \Nsource of conflict:\N
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.66,0:12:02.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,settlers from Europe.\NFrench in the far north,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.37,0:12:06.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dutch, and then British in the far south,\Nand some Germans.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.53,0:12:10.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Other settlers were attracted to the \Ngood farming land of the east,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.99,0:12:13.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to Tanganyika, northern and southern\NRhodesia,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.91,0:12:18.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the British territories of Uganda\Nand Kenya.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.71,0:12:21.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once again, nobody asked permission.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.51,0:12:25.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,An early French governor had laid down\Nthe Golden Rule:
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.60,0:12:28.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Wherever good water and fertile land\Nare found," he said,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.88,0:12:34.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"settlers must be installed without\Nquestioning whose land it may be."
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.76,0:12:39.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The settlers, not surprisingly, agreed.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.29,0:12:43.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The next step in East Africa was\Nto build a railway
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.30,0:12:47.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the coast to the interior.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.22,0:12:50.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The line was completed in 1901,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.25,0:12:53.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and millions of acres of good farming land\Nin Kenya
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.28,0:12:55.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were opened to white ownership\Nand settlement
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.98,0:12:59.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the buying price of next to nothing.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.61,0:13:01.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These white strangers, oddly enough,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:01.54,0:13:05.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were at first welcomed by the\NAfrican inhabitants.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.53,0:13:08.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the welcome didn't last for long,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:08.62,0:13:11.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for they soon discovered that \Ncolonial government
Dialogue: 0,0:13:11.74,0:13:13.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wanted {\i1}them{\i0} to give things,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.81,0:13:17.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,above all their land and their labor.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:17.15,0:13:22.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These colonial demands provoked\Na repeated resistance,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.22,0:13:24.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and against that resistance,\Nthe colonial government,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.81,0:13:28.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with white settlers arriving in ever\Nlarger numbers from Britain,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:28.81,0:13:32.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,waged a war with little mercy, \Nand of course
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.28,0:13:36.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with rifles and machine guns\Nagainst spears and arrows.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.14,0:13:55.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(narrator)\NThis beating down of a sometimes violent
Dialogue: 0,0:13:55.87,0:13:59.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and desperate African protest\Nwas called pacification,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.57,0:14:01.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or less politely, hammering.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:01.82,0:14:07.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A British officer then fighting in Kenya\Nkept a sadly instructive diary:
Dialogue: 0,0:14:07.64,0:14:09.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(male voice)\N"Marched into Fort Hall,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:09.80,0:14:11.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the expedition comes to an end.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.98,0:14:15.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To my mind, the people of the Embu\Nhave not been sufficiently hammered,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:15.50,0:14:18.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I should like to go back at once\Nand have another go at them.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:18.97,0:14:21.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,During the first phase of our expedition
Dialogue: 0,0:14:21.16,0:14:26.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,against the Iriani, we killed 797 niggers,\Nand during the second phase,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:26.37,0:14:31.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,against the Embu, we killed about 250."
Dialogue: 0,0:14:31.87,0:14:35.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(narrator)\NThere was, in fact, much more of the same thing.\N
Dialogue: 0,0:14:35.17,0:14:38.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In a sixth campaign against\Nthe Kenya Nandi, for example,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:38.86,0:14:42.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,British troops reported killing \N1117 people,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:42.96,0:14:48.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,besides seizing all their livestock.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:48.12,0:14:53.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1906, a junior British minister in\NLondon cabled this protest:
Dialogue: 0,0:14:53.81,0:14:56.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Surely it cannot be necessary to go on
Dialogue: 0,0:14:56.51,0:15:01.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,killing these defenseless people\Non such an enormous scale."
Dialogue: 0,0:15:01.45,0:15:04.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The minister's name was Winston Churchill,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:04.48,0:15:08.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but on that occasion, his intervention\Nhad no effect.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:29.56,0:15:33.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(silent movie music fades in and out)
Dialogue: 0,0:16:16.16,0:16:18.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(narrator)\NBy 1915, about four million acres
Dialogue: 0,0:16:18.85,0:16:21.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of African farming land in central Kenya
Dialogue: 0,0:16:21.47,0:16:26.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had been given to about one thousand\NBritish settlers.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:26.92,0:16:29.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the 1920s, about half of \Nthe able-bodied men
Dialogue: 0,0:16:29.71,0:16:31.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of Kenya's two largest founding peoples,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:31.97,0:16:34.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Kikuyu and the Luhya, were working
Dialogue: 0,0:16:34.22,0:16:38.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as laborers for British newcomers.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:38.87,0:16:41.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How was that done?\NThe answer, once again,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:41.63,0:16:44.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was something new in Kenya:\Ntaxation.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:44.95,0:16:47.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To cultivate these splendid acres,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:47.24,0:16:51.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was necessary to make Africans\Npay taxes in cash.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:51.73,0:16:54.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Having no money economy of their own,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:54.19,0:17:01.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Africans could pay tax in cash only if\Nthey went to work for a European wage.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:01.78,0:17:06.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,An old Masai recalls those early days:
Dialogue: 0,0:17:37.63,0:17:39.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(narrator)\NThe Masai proved particularly good
Dialogue: 0,0:17:39.94,0:17:42.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at dodging the payment of the new taxes,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:42.62,0:17:44.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so the colonial government thought
Dialogue: 0,0:17:44.72,0:17:48.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it should send some of these apparently\Nidle warriors to school,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:48.91,0:17:50.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so as to turn them, if possible,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:50.64,0:17:54.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into tax collectors among their own people.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:54.73,0:17:58.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Small boys were seized for this purpose.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:23.36,0:18:25.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(narrator)\NOn the other side of the continent,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:25.54,0:18:29.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in northern Nigeria, the colonial\Nscene was very different.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:29.94,0:18:32.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With no white settlers, life was peaceful.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:32.83,0:18:35.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Things continued much as before.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:35.52,0:18:38.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The British had conquered this huge region\Nfar from the sea
Dialogue: 0,0:18:38.38,0:18:41.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for no real reason other than to\Nkeep it from the French,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:41.57,0:18:44.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so the British were content with\Na supervision,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:44.17,0:18:47.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which allowed them to take a back seat.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:47.20,0:18:52.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Under the direction of Lord Lugard,\Nthis was called indirect rule.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:52.98,0:18:55.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was the residence of\Nthe British official
Dialogue: 0,0:18:55.26,0:18:58.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who governed the northern Nigerian \Nprovince of Kano.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:58.54,0:19:01.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Indirect rule meant ruling through\Nlocal kings,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:01.80,0:19:03.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in this case the local emir, who,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:03.70,0:19:06.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after defeat, \Naccepted British overlordship.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:06.93,0:19:08.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On condition that nothing was done
Dialogue: 0,0:19:08.86,0:19:12.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to modernize or democratize the\Nconquered system,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:12.23,0:19:16.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,indirect rule was cheap\Nand highly effective.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:16.42,0:19:20.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Local kings and princes kept the peace\Nand law and order,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:20.42,0:19:23.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in their own interest as well as in that\Nof the British.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:23.72,0:19:28.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Both sides, at the top, had much to gain.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:28.82,0:19:32.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So kings like this one, \Nthe Emir of Katsina,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:32.31,0:19:38.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were able to stay in power and even add to\Ntheir personal privileges.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:38.47,0:19:41.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were able to call on their own\Nlocal retainers
Dialogue: 0,0:19:41.41,0:19:47.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to govern the everyday affairs\Nof the country.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:47.16,0:19:49.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this way, the native governing class,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:49.20,0:19:53.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the doctrine said, was to remain\Na real living force,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:53.36,0:19:57.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as well as being a curious\Nand interesting pageantry.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:58.27,0:20:03.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(chanting)
Dialogue: 0,0:20:04.72,0:20:06.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(newsreel voice-over)\NThe ceremonies are the same
Dialogue: 0,0:20:06.77,0:20:10.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a thousand years ago.There were kings\Nin northern Nigeria
Dialogue: 0,0:20:10.27,0:20:15.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when Richard Lionheart set out on crusade.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:15.76,0:20:18.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, he and all the emirs\Nof northern Nigeria,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:18.41,0:20:21.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,play their part as subjects of\Nthe king of England,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:21.85,0:20:24.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but {\i1}their{\i0} subjects still show their loyalty
Dialogue: 0,0:20:24.11,0:20:27.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as in the days when Katsina was warring\Nwith her neighbors.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:27.46,0:20:31.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(horn)
Dialogue: 0,0:20:31.12,0:20:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(hoofbeats)
Dialogue: 0,0:20:34.00,0:20:36.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Katsina still keeps her way of life,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:36.56,0:20:40.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,still resists new influences from\Nthe world outside.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:40.42,0:20:43.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(narrator)\NIn short, no modernization of any kind,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:43.77,0:20:47.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and therefore, big problems for the future.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:47.07,0:20:50.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I talked to Nigerian Professor Obaro Ikime.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:50.72,0:20:53.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For the larger part of Nigeria,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:53.38,0:20:59.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,British rule did not mean anything,\Nfor many years.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:59.07,0:21:02.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In other words, although at the\Ncentres of administration
Dialogue: 0,0:21:02.76,0:21:04.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there was a change which could be
Dialogue: 0,0:21:04.52,0:21:07.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,seen by the people \Nand felt by the people.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:07.19,0:21:12.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the upland areas, life went on\Nas if the British did not exist.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:12.73,0:21:17.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you take a look at one particular\Narea, the north, for example,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:17.33,0:21:21.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the seat of the emir, and the seats\Nof the district heads,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:21.86,0:21:25.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,may have felt the immediate impact\Nof the British presence,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:25.63,0:21:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the villages were ordered and run\Njust as before --
Dialogue: 0,0:21:31.00,0:21:34.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with one important difference, though:\Ntaxation.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:34.43,0:21:38.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That the people had to pay tax\Nto a new power.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:38.97,0:21:43.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The British built up a corps of Africans,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:43.05,0:21:45.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who became known as native administrators,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:45.22,0:21:50.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and developed some commitment \Nto the system.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:50.65,0:21:55.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The salaries were comfortable, \Nthey had power,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:55.49,0:21:58.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which they used to enrich themselves
Dialogue: 0,0:21:58.36,0:22:02.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the expense of their followers,\Nof their subjects.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:02.14,0:22:04.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Consequently, the British were able\Nto succeed
Dialogue: 0,0:22:04.80,0:22:13.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,largely by developing a corps of people\Nwho became partners with them.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:13.20,0:22:15.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(newsreel voice-over)\NBritish officers, headed by a Resident,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:15.84,0:22:17.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are there in every emirate to advise
Dialogue: 0,0:22:17.69,0:22:20.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and assist the emir and his ministers\Nin their day-to-day work.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:20.71,0:22:23.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And each month, the Resident presides
Dialogue: 0,0:22:23.46,0:22:25.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at a full meeting with the emir's council.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:27.00,0:22:30.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There may be words from Nigeria's governor\Nin Lagos,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:30.24,0:22:32.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or from the colonial office in London.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:32.39,0:22:38.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or the council may discuss\Nthe repatriation of pilgrims from Mecca.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:40.05,0:22:43.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The dignity of the past, the traditions \Nof Katsina,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:43.26,0:22:46.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are present in the council chamber.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:46.23,0:22:48.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(narrator)\NHere once more, this time behind polite words,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:48.98,0:22:53.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was the essence of colonial paternalism.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:53.95,0:22:59.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(European accordion music)
Dialogue: 0,0:23:00.32,0:23:02.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the French colonies along the coast,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:02.61,0:23:06.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the scene was both the same and different.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:06.19,0:23:10.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dakar, capital of Senegal, \Nactually the little suburb of Rufisque,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:10.66,0:23:13.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a charmingly nostalgic place.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:13.47,0:23:17.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Senegal was France's oldest colony\Nin tropical Africa,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:17.29,0:23:19.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and one where the French presence,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:19.03,0:23:21.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like that of the British in northern Nigeria,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:21.84,0:23:24.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could easily be absorbed.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:24.07,0:23:26.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Generally, the French ran their colonies
Dialogue: 0,0:23:26.14,0:23:28.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on much the same system as the British.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:28.49,0:23:31.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there was one important difference:
Dialogue: 0,0:23:31.57,0:23:33.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the British thought that their Africans
Dialogue: 0,0:23:33.82,0:23:37.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could never become anything {\i1}but{\i0} Africans,\Nand certainly not British.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:37.96,0:23:40.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The French idea, on the contrary, was that
Dialogue: 0,0:23:40.04,0:23:42.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the end, at some distant time,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:42.39,0:23:46.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all {\i1}their{\i0} Africans would become \Nblack Frenchmen.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:46.52,0:23:48.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The culture and the language of France
Dialogue: 0,0:23:48.54,0:23:52.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were offered as the eventual \Nsupreme blessings.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:52.79,0:23:56.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This idea was called assimilation.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:56.78,0:23:59.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Originally, this was a generous idea,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:59.62,0:24:03.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but colonial rule reduced it\Nto little or nothing.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:03.51,0:24:06.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yet in four municipalities \Nof coastal Senegal,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:06.86,0:24:09.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,assimilation did take effect.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:09.36,0:24:11.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This picturesque island of Goree,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:11.75,0:24:14.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just off the port of Dakar, was one.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:14.69,0:24:20.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here you could go to school, and even\Nbecome a French citizen.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:20.41,0:24:23.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But you belonged to a tiny minority.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:23.57,0:24:28.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By 1926, only 48,000 Senegalese had\Nbecome assimilated,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:28.32,0:24:32.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,out of a total of one and a half million.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:32.33,0:24:36.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Senegalese historian\NProfessor Cheikh Anta Diop explains.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:53.91,0:24:55.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(narrator)\NOne man from Goree Island
Dialogue: 0,0:24:55.99,0:24:59.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who {\i1}did{\i0} make it, and carved out\Nfor himself a brilliant career,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:59.25,0:25:01.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was Blaise Diagne.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:01.62,0:25:04.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of humble origins, Diagne became the first
Dialogue: 0,0:25:04.22,0:25:09.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,black man to be elected to the French\Nnational parliament in Paris.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:09.12,0:25:13.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He campaigned for black rights,\Nand began to win concessions.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:13.26,0:25:15.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That was in 1914.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:15.99,0:25:18.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(military music)
Dialogue: 0,0:25:18.83,0:25:20.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,During the First World War,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:20.86,0:25:25.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an embattled France called for tens\Nof thousands of African troops,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:25.06,0:25:27.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as Flanders swallowed its victims.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:27.45,0:25:30.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Blaise Diagne agreed to be France's\Nrecruiting sergeant,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:30.10,0:25:35.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and his African reputation vanished\Nin the slaughter.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:12.89,0:26:15.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(narrator)\NFrance had long relied on African mercenaries,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:15.62,0:26:18.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even as far back as the Crimean War,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:18.33,0:26:21.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but now it was different, in scale\Nand in suffering.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:21.46,0:26:23.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,More than 200,000 African troops,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:23.68,0:26:26.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mostly conscripts, were sent to France,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:26.40,0:26:33.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and at least 170,000 were thrown into the\NHolocaust of the trenches.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:33.09,0:26:38.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(military music)
Dialogue: 0,0:26:38.27,0:26:40.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thousands never came home.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:40.66,0:26:47.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Others returned with an experience that\Nsurvivors have still not forgotten.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:33.85,0:27:35.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(narrator)\NShoulder to shoulder,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:35.95,0:27:39.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,white men and black men,\Nequal in the trenches.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:39.02,0:27:42.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Were they now to become equal\Nin the colonies?
Dialogue: 0,0:27:42.72,0:27:46.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Only the monuments suggested that.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:46.78,0:27:51.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♪ Africa ♪
Dialogue: 0,0:29:06.70,0:29:10.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♪ Africa ♪
Dialogue: 0,0:29:12.51,0:29:15.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With the coming of peace in 1918,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:15.02,0:29:17.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,victorious colonial systems looked more
Dialogue: 0,0:29:17.76,0:29:20.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,strongly entrenched than ever before,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:20.70,0:29:25.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,though military rule now gave way\Nto civilian government.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:25.01,0:29:27.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This led to a far more thorough system
Dialogue: 0,0:29:27.06,0:29:30.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of tax collection,\Nto pay for the government.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:30.23,0:29:34.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The linchpin of the British system\Nwas the District Officer.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:34.80,0:29:37.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(newsreel voice-over)\NI'm the District Officer in this particular area.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:37.31,0:29:39.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The native authority treasurer sends\Nhis figures to me
Dialogue: 0,0:29:39.95,0:29:42.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for checking against last year's.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:43.87,0:29:46.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When it's decided what the tax is to be\Nthis year,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:46.44,0:29:52.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I go up to tell the chiefs and people\Nwhat they're to pay, and why.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:52.18,0:29:55.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's my wife. I spend so much time\Ndoing the rounds
Dialogue: 0,0:29:55.58,0:29:59.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that if she didn't come, we wouldn't\Nsee much of each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:59.38,0:30:01.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We take our beds and everything else,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:01.21,0:30:07.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the rest huts where we spend the nights\Nhave no furniture.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:08.54,0:30:10.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Y'know, we're very ordinary people,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:10.55,0:30:15.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the pagans still find us a bit of a\Npuzzle with our fuss and bother.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:15.67,0:30:22.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the local chief. We ask news\Nof the crops and the children.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:25.23,0:30:27.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's like sitting in a shop window:
Dialogue: 0,0:30:27.38,0:30:30.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we come here every year,\Nand follow the same ritual,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:30.39,0:30:33.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they always behave as though\Nit was the first time.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:33.81,0:30:36.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Peace is all very well, but it is dull,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:36.14,0:30:39.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they love a bit of a row.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:39.02,0:30:41.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(narrator)\NMany colonial officials were good,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:41.22,0:30:46.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,practical, hardworking people devoted \Nto their ideals.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:46.24,0:30:49.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were sure that the strong paternal\Narm of colonial rule
Dialogue: 0,0:30:49.42,0:30:51.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,must be a blessing for Africans,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:51.62,0:30:53.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and would have to be \Ncontinued for centuries.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:53.90,0:30:56.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They firmly believed that if \Nleft to themselves,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:56.99,0:30:59.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Africans would simply go on living\Nas before,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:59.65,0:31:04.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that, they thought, would be\Na thoroughly bad thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:04.57,0:31:10.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,An old film tells the story as the\Ncolonial officials saw it:
Dialogue: 0,0:31:14.12,0:31:16.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(male voice)\NThis simple life under the hot African sky
Dialogue: 0,0:31:16.76,0:31:20.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was once a life of fear and uncertainty.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:20.12,0:31:23.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,British rule has brought peace.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:23.10,0:31:26.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The enterprise of European officials\Nand settlers, and of Indian traders,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:26.91,0:31:28.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has opened up the country.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:28.64,0:31:30.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there is still a long battle\Nto be fought
Dialogue: 0,0:31:30.79,0:31:35.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with ignorance, poverty and disease.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:35.67,0:31:38.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In these lands, where there are so many\Nchanges to be made,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:38.45,0:31:42.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,much can be achieved by money,\Nand the initiative of the white man.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:42.90,0:31:44.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(narrator)\NIn the more favored colonies,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:44.24,0:31:46.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those were the hopes of the 1920s,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:46.40,0:31:49.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in some respects they were fulfilled.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:49.66,0:31:52.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There came the founding of the first\Nmodern hospitals,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:52.19,0:31:56.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,veterinary services, and other benefits\Nof Western life.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:56.25,0:32:01.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But all the money to pay for these good\Nthings had to come from Africans,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:01.23,0:32:06.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so there now began a drive for \Nthe export of crops to yield cash.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:09.00,0:32:13.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The cash crop era got into its stride.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:13.19,0:32:15.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Groundnuts, as here in Senegal, were
Dialogue: 0,0:32:15.24,0:32:17.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a crop that brought cash to farmers and
Dialogue: 0,0:32:17.17,0:32:20.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to colonial purchasing companies.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:27.44,0:32:31.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the cash crops' success also\Nbrought problems.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:31.81,0:33:34.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(narrator)\NSo long as their crops were bought,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:34.03,0:33:37.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,African growers could be\Nreasonably content.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:37.12,0:33:39.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in 1929, there began the huge and
Dialogue: 0,0:33:39.25,0:33:44.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,long disaster of the world Depression, \Nand prices collapsed.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:44.07,0:33:45.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Food production for local people,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:45.75,0:33:49.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,already badly hit because of land taken \Nfor cash crops,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:49.39,0:33:54.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,became a subject of major crisis.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:56.76,0:34:02.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is true of the French Empire was just\Nas true of all the others.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:02.86,0:34:05.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here in the Gold Coast, the big cash crop\Nwas cocoa,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:05.82,0:34:08.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,providing the bulk of the colony's exports.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:08.68,0:34:12.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The crop was grown and harvested entirely\Nby African farmers,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:12.38,0:34:16.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who had to sell it to British and other\Nforeign buying companies.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:16.77,0:34:18.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These companies banded together so as to
Dialogue: 0,0:34:18.84,0:34:23.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pay the farmers an artificially low price.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:24.96,0:34:27.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The farmers of Ghana, then the Gold Coast,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:27.24,0:34:29.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nonetheless worked so well that they became
Dialogue: 0,0:34:29.83,0:34:32.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the world's biggest producers of cocoa,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:32.94,0:34:37.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so of chocolate, which Africans\Ndidn't eat.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:37.01,0:34:39.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the gains were far from equally shared.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:39.74,0:34:43.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Ghanaian historian,\NProfessor Adu Boahen:
Dialogue: 0,0:34:43.30,0:34:47.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's no doubt at all that the farmers\Nwere being cheated.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:47.59,0:34:50.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The prices that were being paid for \Nthe cocoa
Dialogue: 0,0:34:50.67,0:34:53.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bore no relationship to the prices
Dialogue: 0,0:34:53.12,0:34:56.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we had to pay \Nfor the imported goods.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:56.22,0:34:58.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We had no say in the pricing\Nof our own commodities,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:58.74,0:35:02.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we had no say in what we paid\Nfor what was imported.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:02.20,0:35:04.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was in fact one of the greatest
Dialogue: 0,0:35:04.16,0:35:07.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,indictments against the colonial\Neconomic policies,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:07.64,0:35:09.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the fact that so much emphasis was placed
Dialogue: 0,0:35:09.60,0:35:14.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on a single cash crop,\Nand we had to import rice,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:14.44,0:35:17.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we had to import oil, palm oil,\Nand so on,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:17.82,0:35:20.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,y'know, to feed ourselves, because\Nso much emphasis
Dialogue: 0,0:35:20.59,0:35:24.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so much attention was paid to this \Nsingle cash crop, cocoa.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:24.60,0:35:26.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The colonial governors were just concerned
Dialogue: 0,0:35:26.60,0:35:30.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with obtaining raw materials to feed\Ntheir factories abroad.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:30.69,0:35:33.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(narrator)\NThe raw materials were produced by the
Dialogue: 0,0:35:33.02,0:35:36.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,skill and enterprise of hard-working\NAfrican men and women,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:36.89,0:35:41.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,yet the advertisements in Europe, \Ndeeply racist by this time,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:41.68,0:35:44.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,presented an insultingly different picture.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:44.94,0:35:48.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the same time, African businessmen\Nfound that the trading positions
Dialogue: 0,0:35:48.86,0:35:53.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they had established in earlier times \Nwere now swept away.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:53.75,0:35:55.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's no doubt at all that {\i1}before{\i0} the
Dialogue: 0,0:35:55.80,0:35:57.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,colonial period, Africans were playing
Dialogue: 0,0:35:57.61,0:36:00.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a far more important and dominant role
Dialogue: 0,0:36:00.40,0:36:03.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the economy than during the \Ncolonial period,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:03.99,0:36:06.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with many of them running their own\Nimport/export business.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:06.92,0:36:10.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the 1920s and 1930s, all these African
Dialogue: 0,0:36:10.18,0:36:13.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,merchant places eventually disappeared\Nfrom the field,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:13.40,0:36:15.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the dice were so much loaded
Dialogue: 0,0:36:15.52,0:36:17.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,against them under the colonial system.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:17.39,0:36:19.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The banks were discriminating against them
Dialogue: 0,0:36:19.35,0:36:22.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the granting of loans,\Nthe export trade firms
Dialogue: 0,0:36:22.60,0:36:25.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and particularly the [unclear] firms,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:25.26,0:36:31.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were undercutting them,\Nand they just could not stand the challenge,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:31.01,0:36:34.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and therefore many of them simply\Nran out of business,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:34.01,0:36:36.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the children of these great\Nmerchant princes
Dialogue: 0,0:36:36.50,0:36:38.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now became the employees of the great
Dialogue: 0,0:36:38.78,0:36:46.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,African capitalist companies like UEC,\NUTC, SUA and so on.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:46.01,0:36:48.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(narrator)\NColonial trading companies, British,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:48.28,0:36:52.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,French, Belgian, Portuguese,\Nmonopolized wholesale business
Dialogue: 0,0:36:52.44,0:36:58.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the full backing \Nof their colonial governments.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:59.91,0:37:03.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What King Leopold had called "this\Nmagnificent African cake"
Dialogue: 0,0:37:03.54,0:37:07.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was beginning to yield its riches.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:07.94,0:37:09.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Often those were painful days,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:09.93,0:37:11.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they have to be recalled by anyone
Dialogue: 0,0:37:11.82,0:37:16.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who wishes to understand the problems\Nof Africa now.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:18.42,0:37:21.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The turmoil of today in the Congo, \Nor Zaire,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:21.24,0:37:26.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has its roots in the infamous\NCongo Free State of King Leopold.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:26.26,0:37:28.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here the emphasis was on \Nthe growing of rubber,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:28.64,0:37:30.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the methods used to extract it
Dialogue: 0,0:37:30.34,0:37:34.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were no better than a reign of terror.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:35.24,0:37:38.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Local people were forced to collect rubber
Dialogue: 0,0:37:38.21,0:37:39.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,under the most cruel conditions,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:39.79,0:37:43.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as these old photographs show.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:43.42,0:37:46.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If the rubber they collected was poor,\Nor small in quantity,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:46.92,0:37:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,men, and sometimes women too, could expect\Nto lose a hand or foot in punishment.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:54.00,0:37:56.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Terrible things were done.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:56.20,0:37:58.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,An official British fact-finding \Ncommission reported,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:58.95,0:38:02.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"The daily agony of an entire people
Dialogue: 0,0:38:02.23,0:38:09.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,unrolled itself in all its repulsive,\Nterrifying details."
Dialogue: 0,0:38:10.52,0:38:13.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Public opinion in Europe grew horrified.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:13.13,0:38:16.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Gradually, the agonies were reduced.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:16.36,0:38:18.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yet huge damage had been done,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:18.46,0:38:20.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,moral as well as physical, and was\Ngoing to cast
Dialogue: 0,0:38:20.93,0:38:26.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a dark and violent shadow over the\Nfuture of the Congo.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:26.88,0:38:33.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(clank, crash)
Dialogue: 0,0:38:33.07,0:38:35.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Forced labor by the 1920s was practised on
Dialogue: 0,0:38:35.61,0:38:39.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a wide scale in most of the colonies.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:39.10,0:38:42.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All early roads and railways were built\Nby forced labor.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:44.44,0:38:47.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Much was achieved, but the cost in life
Dialogue: 0,0:38:47.68,0:38:52.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and health was sometimes catastrophic.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:53.38,0:38:56.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This spectacular railway in French \NEquatorial Africa
Dialogue: 0,0:38:56.78,0:39:00.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was built by 125,000 Africans to link the
Dialogue: 0,0:39:00.68,0:39:04.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,coast with Brazzaville, \Nthe inland capital.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:04.08,0:39:07.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Beyond doubt, a great feat of engineering,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:07.58,0:39:09.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but before a single passenger could\Ntravel on it,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:09.90,0:39:14.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nearly 14,000 Africans were to die\Nin building it.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:14.30,0:39:17.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Travel in comfort came at a price.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:17.99,0:39:20.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(sound of train)
Dialogue: 0,0:39:20.64,0:39:24.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the 1920s, the colonial railway map\Nwas complete.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:24.80,0:39:26.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These lines had one central purpose:
Dialogue: 0,0:39:26.86,0:39:29.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to ensure the export of minerals\Nand other wealth,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:29.89,0:39:34.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most of all from Southern Africa.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:35.86,0:39:38.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,European mining activity for gold, copper,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:38.64,0:39:42.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,zinc, diamonds, transformed\NSouthern Africa,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:42.66,0:39:44.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thanks again to African labor, acquired by
Dialogue: 0,0:39:44.97,0:39:50.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the usual procedure of administrative\Nforce and taxation.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:50.36,0:39:52.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Conditions were hard to bear.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:52.22,0:39:55.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some 30,000 Africans died in Southern\NRhodesian mines
Dialogue: 0,0:39:55.64,0:40:01.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between 1904 and 1933,\Nmostly of disease,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:01.11,0:40:03.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and wages at the end of that period
Dialogue: 0,0:40:03.49,0:40:08.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were lower than they'd been at the start.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:09.05,0:40:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This labor system was called chibaro.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:13.00,0:40:18.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Very old men can still remember it.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:40.98,0:40:43.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(loud machinery)
Dialogue: 0,0:40:43.43,0:40:45.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(narrator)\NGold mining boomed.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:45.41,0:40:48.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In those years of chibaro, the Southern\NRhodesian mining industry
Dialogue: 0,0:40:48.50,0:40:52.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,produced gold worth 87 million \Npounds sterling,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:52.90,0:40:55.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the cost of 20 dead African miners
Dialogue: 0,0:40:55.31,0:41:00.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,each week, on average, for 30 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:04.36,0:41:06.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just as in the bigger mines of South Africa,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:06.79,0:41:10.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,living conditions for miners\Nwere appalling.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:10.89,0:41:13.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Safety provisions were primitive.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:13.01,0:41:15.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Discipline was often brutal,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:15.08,0:41:18.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,healthcare almost non-existent.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:21.39,0:41:24.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Prison labor was used whenever available,\Nand that was often,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:24.86,0:41:30.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and child labor too.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:46.16,0:41:48.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(heavy machinery)
Dialogue: 0,0:41:48.38,0:41:50.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(narrator)\NAfter 1930, the whole labor system
Dialogue: 0,0:41:50.77,0:41:53.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in large regions had come to depend on
Dialogue: 0,0:41:53.06,0:41:55.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people having to abandon their villages
Dialogue: 0,0:41:55.52,0:42:01.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and go far away to work in colonial mines\Nor on plantations.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:01.57,0:42:04.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was called migrant labor,\Na huge upheaval
Dialogue: 0,0:42:04.73,0:42:10.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which soon began to destroy the\Nold stabilities of rural Africa.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:10.15,0:42:12.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,An official British committee in 1935
Dialogue: 0,0:42:12.41,0:42:14.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reported that the old order of society
Dialogue: 0,0:42:14.87,0:42:18.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was being completely undermined\Nby migrant labor.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:18.99,0:42:24.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The years ahead were going to confirm it.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:26.61,0:42:28.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it was in the Portuguese colonies,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:28.65,0:42:31.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially Angola and Mozambique,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:31.68,0:42:35.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that forced labor was at its worst.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:36.11,0:42:38.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here in Mozambique, and by brutal methods,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:38.76,0:42:42.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,African farmers were forced to grow cotton
Dialogue: 0,0:42:42.29,0:42:46.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to sell it at prices fixed by\Nthe colonial government,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:46.35,0:42:49.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,prices kept so low that the farmers
Dialogue: 0,0:42:49.29,0:42:53.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,used to say of the cotton that they were\Nforced to grow,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:53.19,0:42:57.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that cotton was the mother of poverty.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:58.24,0:43:02.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(call-and-response singing)
Dialogue: 0,0:43:02.38,0:43:05.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The raw cotton was sent to\Ntextile factories in Portugal,
Dialogue: 0,0:43:05.75,0:43:09.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and returned in the form of shirts\Nfor Africans to buy.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:09.80,0:43:13.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All the profits were Portuguese.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:13.33,0:43:15.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The more the farmers learned \Nto hate cotton,
Dialogue: 0,0:43:15.67,0:43:17.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the more they were forced to grow it,
Dialogue: 0,0:43:17.92,0:43:20.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on pain of severe punishment.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:04.83,0:44:07.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(singing)
Dialogue: 0,0:44:08.93,0:44:10.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(narrator)\NThe farmers in this old film
Dialogue: 0,0:44:10.88,0:44:15.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had no legal means of protest, but they\Ncould express their anger
Dialogue: 0,0:44:15.15,0:44:20.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by singing anti-colonial songs\Nin their own language.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:20.04,0:44:24.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There seemed, then, no way out, \Nno hope ahead.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:24.38,0:44:30.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And before long, the same disaster struck\Nhere as elsewhere:
Dialogue: 0,0:44:30.09,0:44:36.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,food crops disappeared, and once-\Nprosperous areas were hit by famine.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:17.71,0:45:21.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(music)
Dialogue: 0,0:45:21.96,0:45:24.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(narrator)\NIn spite of African suffering,
Dialogue: 0,0:45:24.15,0:45:26.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,settlers arrived in growing numbers.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:26.76,0:45:30.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some were political exiles from \Nthe Portuguese dictatorship.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:30.47,0:45:33.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many were poor people,\Nhoping for a better life.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:33.59,0:45:38.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sent out to be farmers, most preferred\Nthe easier life of the towns.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:38.52,0:45:41.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They opened shops and businesses,
Dialogue: 0,0:45:41.97,0:45:45.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and aimed at the success which had \Neluded them at home.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:47.00,0:45:52.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This actually suited the official\Ncolonial doctrine.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:53.07,0:45:55.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Portuguese dictator, Marcelo Caetano,
Dialogue: 0,0:45:55.53,0:45:57.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,laid it down in plain words:
Dialogue: 0,0:45:57.84,0:46:01.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"The blacks are to be organized\Nand enclosed," he said,
Dialogue: 0,0:46:01.69,0:46:07.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"in an economy directed by whites."
Dialogue: 0,0:46:38.84,0:46:43.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(rattling of wheels)\N
Dialogue: 0,0:46:43.88,0:46:46.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(narrator)\NMass resistance was to develop later,
Dialogue: 0,0:46:46.78,0:46:50.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but already even the poorest and least\Neducated Africans could see
Dialogue: 0,0:46:50.73,0:46:59.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that colonial rule had much more to take\Nthan to give.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:02.07,0:47:04.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whatever good may have come from \Ncolonial rule,
Dialogue: 0,0:47:04.67,0:47:06.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has to be measured, unfortunately,
Dialogue: 0,0:47:06.58,0:47:10.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,against the essential aims of each \Nof the colonial systems.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:10.49,0:47:14.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These aims were frankly stated:\Nthey were to extract wealth.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:14.90,0:47:18.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've looked at some of the ways in which \Nwealth was extracted,
Dialogue: 0,0:47:18.72,0:47:21.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the use of forced or cheap labor,
Dialogue: 0,0:47:21.13,0:47:24.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the seizure of land, \Nby the incessant pressure
Dialogue: 0,0:47:24.33,0:47:29.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on growing crops for export,\Nrather than crops for local food needs,
Dialogue: 0,0:47:29.38,0:47:35.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and always, by the deliberate treatment\Nof Africans as inferior beings.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:35.44,0:47:37.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whatever appearances might suggest,
Dialogue: 0,0:47:37.64,0:47:39.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Africans in fact were no longer prepared
Dialogue: 0,0:47:39.75,0:47:42.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to accept their permanently inferior status.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:42.97,0:47:45.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All over the continent, the first signs
Dialogue: 0,0:47:45.12,0:47:49.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a new political dissent had already\Nbegun to appear.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:49.20,0:47:54.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the 1920s, for example, was the protest\Naction of Harry Thuku in Kenya.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:54.26,0:47:59.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the same time, with Casely Hayford\Nand his companions in British West Africa.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:59.91,0:48:02.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And perhaps above all, with\NHerbert Macaulay,
Dialogue: 0,0:48:02.04,0:48:05.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,often called the father of \NNigerian nationalism.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:05.26,0:48:08.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But their demands were small.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:08.12,0:48:10.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some of these [unclear]
Dialogue: 0,0:48:10.56,0:48:13.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were completey taken in\Nby the British system,
Dialogue: 0,0:48:13.57,0:48:15.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which they thought was a good thing,
Dialogue: 0,0:48:15.74,0:48:18.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they wished to become part\Nof that good thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:18.70,0:48:24.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The real pressure was for the British\Nto become a bit more liberal.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:24.47,0:48:26.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(narrator)\NDuring the 1930s, and notably
Dialogue: 0,0:48:26.65,0:48:28.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the rise to prominence of the firy
Dialogue: 0,0:48:28.66,0:48:32.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but very effective Nigerian nationalist,\NNnamdi Azikiwe,
Dialogue: 0,0:48:32.75,0:48:37.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,much stronger and more far-reaching\Ndemands began to be made.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:37.54,0:48:40.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Men like Azikiwe used the press\Nwhere this was possible,
Dialogue: 0,0:48:40.71,0:48:43.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as it was in British West Africa.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:43.68,0:48:45.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They now sought a mass audience.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:45.88,0:48:47.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Politics moved out of polite drawing rooms
Dialogue: 0,0:48:47.88,0:48:50.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into the clamor of the streets.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:50.77,0:48:53.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the resistance movement took many forms
Dialogue: 0,0:48:53.34,0:48:55.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it was not confined only to the elite,
Dialogue: 0,0:48:55.90,0:48:58.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as some people tend to think.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:58.08,0:49:00.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact it was also evident in the\Nrural area,
Dialogue: 0,0:49:00.65,0:49:05.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and even among the ordinary farmers and\Nthe ordinary workers.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:05.45,0:49:07.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(narrator)\NOne form of mass resistance took shape
Dialogue: 0,0:49:07.80,0:49:10.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a big cocoa hold-up, in the Gold Coast,
Dialogue: 0,0:49:10.30,0:49:14.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when farmers demanded fairer prices.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:14.05,0:49:17.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once again, the press could be used\Nto good effect.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:17.76,0:49:21.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But unfortunately, in the 1930s there was
Dialogue: 0,0:49:21.08,0:49:24.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,never any coordination between\Nthe protests
Dialogue: 0,0:49:24.62,0:49:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the rural folk and the farmers,
Dialogue: 0,0:49:27.00,0:49:30.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the protests being organized\Nby the elite.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:30.94,0:49:36.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is why the resistance movement\Nwas not very successful.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:36.24,0:49:39.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(narrator)\NBut now, in 1935, came a new and savage
Dialogue: 0,0:49:39.52,0:49:42.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,challenge to African hopes of progress:
Dialogue: 0,0:49:42.21,0:49:44.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,another colonial invasion, Fascist Italy's
Dialogue: 0,0:49:44.90,0:49:50.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,brutal assault on Ethiopia, then called\NAbyssinia.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:50.54,0:49:52.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(newsreel voice-over)\NNo power on earth now seems able
Dialogue: 0,0:49:52.74,0:49:56.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to hold up Italy's sweeping advance across\NAbyssinia's rainswept mountains.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:56.85,0:49:58.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now Dessie has been captured.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:58.95,0:50:01.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From there a direct road leads to \NAddis Ababa,
Dialogue: 0,0:50:01.40,0:50:03.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so perhaps it's only a question of time
Dialogue: 0,0:50:03.37,0:50:06.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as to when the victorious Italian troops\Nwill march into the capital,
Dialogue: 0,0:50:06.36,0:50:10.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the emperor will have to\Nsue for peace.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:10.56,0:50:12.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(narrator)\NWith the colonial powers sounding
Dialogue: 0,0:50:12.72,0:50:15.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,quite pleased about this invasion,
Dialogue: 0,0:50:15.08,0:50:19.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Italy's armies pushed on, against a\Nfar weaker adversary,
Dialogue: 0,0:50:19.06,0:50:22.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and bombed and shelled their way to success.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:22.94,0:50:27.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But Africans were outraged.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:27.72,0:50:32.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For the first time, the blacks all over\Nthe world
Dialogue: 0,0:50:32.56,0:50:34.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-- not even Africa alone, but the blacks
Dialogue: 0,0:50:34.94,0:50:39.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all over the world -- felt that they\Nhave been attacked.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:39.94,0:50:41.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, Ethiopia and Liberia, were
Dialogue: 0,0:50:41.97,0:50:45.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the only two countries in Africa that were
Dialogue: 0,0:50:45.35,0:50:47.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,able to maintain their sovereign existence
Dialogue: 0,0:50:47.88,0:50:49.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,during the period of the Scramble and the
Dialogue: 0,0:50:49.85,0:50:53.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,occupation of the continent by the\Nimperial powers.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:53.34,0:50:55.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Ethiopia therefore became the\Nsymbol of hope,
Dialogue: 0,0:50:55.99,0:51:00.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not only for Africa but for all the\Nblack people all over.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:00.32,0:51:03.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ethiopia was looked upon as the symbol
Dialogue: 0,0:51:03.12,0:51:05.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the revival and the regaining of the
Dialogue: 0,0:51:05.95,0:51:08.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,independence and sovereignty of Africa.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:08.28,0:51:11.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And therefore when this invasion \Ntook place,
Dialogue: 0,0:51:11.18,0:51:19.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it meant the complete snuffing out\Nof this last beam of hope.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:19.55,0:51:22.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(narrator)\NItaly's troops entered Addis Ababa,
Dialogue: 0,0:51:22.10,0:51:24.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,capital of a now subjected Ethiopia,
Dialogue: 0,0:51:24.73,0:51:30.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and still there came no more than verbal\Nprotest from outside powers.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:30.87,0:51:33.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yet Ethiopia's defeat, painfully confirmed
Dialogue: 0,0:51:33.69,0:51:36.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when her people laid down their arms,
Dialogue: 0,0:51:36.30,0:51:40.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sent out a call for action\Nto Africans everywhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:40.56,0:51:44.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Indeed for some of us, 1935 now is being
Dialogue: 0,0:51:44.12,0:51:47.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,considered as the more appropriate date
Dialogue: 0,0:51:47.82,0:51:50.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the beginning of the modern
Dialogue: 0,0:51:50.08,0:51:53.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nationalist period of African history,
Dialogue: 0,0:51:53.73,0:51:57.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather than 1939, or even 1945.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:57.28,0:51:59.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because we believe that, but for the
Dialogue: 0,0:51:59.71,0:52:02.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,breakout of the ... outbreak of the
Dialogue: 0,0:52:02.26,0:52:04.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Second World War, in 1939,
Dialogue: 0,0:52:04.01,0:52:09.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,probably the struggle for independence \Nwould have begun from 1935,
Dialogue: 0,0:52:09.57,0:52:14.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a result of the indignation, as a\Nresult of the anger,
Dialogue: 0,0:52:14.51,0:52:18.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a result of the emotions, as a result
Dialogue: 0,0:52:18.07,0:52:21.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the strong feelings of anti-imperialism
Dialogue: 0,0:52:21.29,0:52:26.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that were aroused by the Italian invasion\Nof Ethiopia.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:26.69,0:52:28.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(narrator)\NThose feelings were aroused above all
Dialogue: 0,0:52:28.94,0:52:33.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,among the few who could win a modern\Neducation at schools like this one:
Dialogue: 0,0:52:33.92,0:52:37.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Achimota in the Gold Coast, where\NKwame Nkrumah, future leader of
Dialogue: 0,0:52:37.72,0:52:42.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the country's independence movement,\Nhad been a student.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:42.46,0:52:46.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Young people began to read whatever\Nanti-colonial newspapers they could find.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:46.97,0:52:52.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even in the midst of discouraging years,\Nhope flourished afresh.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:54.05,0:52:56.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A new generation of educated Africans,
Dialogue: 0,0:52:56.63,0:53:01.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some of them trained here at Achimota,\Nwas reaching maturity.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:01.28,0:53:04.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then came the tremendous upheavals\Nof the Second World War,
Dialogue: 0,0:53:04.68,0:53:09.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,surging with revolutionary force\Nthrough the entire colonial world.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:09.92,0:53:13.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By 1945, as we shall see in\Nour next program,
Dialogue: 0,0:53:13.72,0:53:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the scene was set for great dramas\Nin a struggle for independence.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:20.10,0:53:22.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(music)
Dialogue: 0,0:53:39.54,0:53:43.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♪ Africa ♪