[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.61,0:00:05.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- (Narrator) This is the story of a world\Nwhose borders and territories
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.10,0:00:07.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were drawn by the slave trade,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.07,0:00:11.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where violence, subjugation, \Nand profit imposed their own routes.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.41,0:00:15.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This criminal system shaped our history,\Nand our world.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.51,0:00:19.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On São Tomé, the Portuguese\Ninvented an economic model
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.67,0:00:23.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with unprecedented profitability:\Nthe sugar plantation.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.33,0:00:26.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- (English voiceover) This was \Nthe first black colony,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.45,0:00:28.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the first slave society.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.22,0:00:32.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- (English voiceover) We witnessed\Nthe marriage of the black man
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.49,0:00:34.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with sugar cane.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.24,0:00:38.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- (Narrator) In the 16th century,\Nother European powers
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.45,0:00:40.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were eager to follow their model.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.90,0:00:44.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Their greed would plunge \Nan entire continent
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.03,0:00:46.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into chaos and violence.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.26,0:00:50.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nearly 13 million Africans were cast onto\Nnew slavery routes to the new world,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.88,0:00:55.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the English, the French,\Nand the Dutch hoped to become wealthy;
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.11,0:00:57.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,immeasurably wealthy.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.54,0:01:01.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[intense music with strong bass drum beat]
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.86,0:01:21.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because the Caribbean\Nhas similar climatic features to São Tomé,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.21,0:01:23.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it eventually became\Nthe principal crossroads
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.69,0:01:26.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the slave trader's routes.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.06,0:01:28.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For people in the western world,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.13,0:01:30.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these islands are today\Nassociated with vacation.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.68,0:01:35.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Guadeloupe offers tourists\Na dream destination.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.32,0:01:37.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sunshine and pristine nature,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.79,0:01:41.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rekindling myths of a lost paradise.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.05,0:01:44.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Holidaymakers tend to confine themselves\Nto the beaches of Le Gosier,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.76,0:01:46.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sainte-Anne, and Saint François.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.92,0:01:50.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But as this sign indicates,\Nthey are all-too-close
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.12,0:01:52.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to another side of the island's heritage
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.46,0:01:55.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was anything but a paradise.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.98,0:01:58.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just a few meters away from the bathers
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.14,0:02:01.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a burial site where countless\Nskeletons were discovered.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.95,0:02:07.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Between 500 and 1,000 graves\Nare still buried beneath the sand.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.81,0:02:13.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Raisins Clairs beach is one of 15 \Nslave cemeteries that have been excavated.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.66,0:02:18.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fifteen, among the 1,000\Nthat exist in the Caribbean.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.56,0:02:30.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,89 skeletons have been exhumed\Nby French archaeological research experts.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.10,0:02:34.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Judging by the state of the bones,\Nthey concluded that these men and women
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.29,0:02:36.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had not reached the age of 30.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.70,0:02:40.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the time of their death,\Nthe toll from working on the plantations
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.04,0:02:44.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had so deformed their bodies\Nthat they seemed more like 75 year olds.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.100,0:02:51.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These people were human guinea pigs\Nfor the sugar experiment,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.91,0:02:55.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the collateral damage\Nof an unprecedented trade war:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.58,0:02:57.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Sugar War.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.04,0:03:02.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- 74% of all slaves carried off,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.18,0:03:06.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were carried off because of sugar.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.13,0:03:10.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you want to understand the slave trade,\Nyou just need to know about sugar.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.10,0:03:15.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sugar proved more addictive\Nthan pepper or cinnamon.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.61,0:03:18.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From the 17th century onward,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.03,0:03:21.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Europeans craved this rare\Nand expensive commodity.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.94,0:03:26.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In London, Amsterdam, and Paris,\Nsugar fever was rampant,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.03,0:03:30.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,prompting a new generation of adventurers\Nto go to any extremes to get it.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.52,0:03:34.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Shipowners and fitters,\Nmerchants and pirates,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.67,0:03:38.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all knew that to produce sugar,\Nyou needed a lot of slaves.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.30,0:03:42.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,John Hawkins was one of these\Nnew entrepreneurs
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.07,0:03:44.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for whom profit reigned supreme.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.83,0:03:48.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The English privateer was a pioneer\Nin understanding that a fortune
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.74,0:03:52.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could be made by shipping\NBlack captives to the New World.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.62,0:03:56.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the mid 16th century,\Nhe convinced Queen Elizabeth I
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.64,0:03:59.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to lend him a ship, The Jesus of Lubec.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.84,0:04:03.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For the expedition,\NHawkins conspicuously set the tone
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.31,0:04:06.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by choosing a trussed-up Black man\Non his emblem.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.01,0:04:11.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- (Male speaker) "I do confirm\Nto your highness
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.32,0:04:15.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"that I will bring home 40,000 marks\Nwithout any offense of the least
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.56,0:04:18.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to any of Your Highness'\Nallies or friends.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.42,0:04:22.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I will conduct this enterprise\Nand turn it to the benefit
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.89,0:04:26.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"of your whole realm,\Nwith Your Highness' consent.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.82,0:04:30.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"The voyage I propose\Nis to load negroes in Guinea
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.16,0:04:32.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"and sell them in the West Indies,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.44,0:04:37.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"in truck of pearls, gold, and emeralds\Nthat I will bring back in abundance."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.33,0:04:42.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- (Narrator) 1620,\Na century after sugar plantations
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.98,0:04:44.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were introduced in Brazil,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.90,0:04:48.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Atlantic became the battleground\Nfor the Sugar War.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.01,0:04:50.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,England, The Netherlands, and France
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.26,0:04:53.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wanted to break Spain\Nand Portugal's hegemony.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.02,0:04:56.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the Caribbean,\Nthe Dutch took control
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.52,0:05:00.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of Curaçao, Sint Eustatius,\Nand Saint Martin.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.60,0:05:05.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The French: Guadeloupe, Martinique,\NGrenada and Saint-Domingue.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.09,0:05:10.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The English occupied The Bahamas,\NJamaica, Antigua, Barbados and Dominica.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.37,0:05:16.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Only Cuba and Puerto Rico\Nremained under Spanish rule.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.51,0:05:19.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After the extermination\Nof the native Arawak people,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.89,0:05:22.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the first sugar canes flourished\Non this fertile land.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.89,0:05:26.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- The Caribbean became\Na space of conquest
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.39,0:05:28.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the Europeans very early on.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.41,0:05:31.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Really, it was the first place\Nthat Columbus landed in the new world,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.66,0:05:35.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the first place that the Spanish\Nbegan to search for gold,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.20,0:05:37.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the first place they began\Nto enslave the Indians.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.92,0:05:40.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they were thoroughgoing\Ncolonial spaces
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.50,0:05:44.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,created by design of European planters
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.32,0:05:46.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and imperial policy makers.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.02,0:05:48.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And for their profit, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.20,0:05:49.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There aren't so many places
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.52,0:05:52.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where you can completely\Noverlay a territory like that.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.30,0:05:55.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, in some ways, the Caribbean\Nis the space where you find
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.39,0:05:57.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the purest of Colonial territories.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.49,0:06:01.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Where the masters of the space\Nactually get to create the space
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.55,0:06:03.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to suit their own needs.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.96,0:06:07.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- (Narrator) In Guadalupe,\Nevery plot of land,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.33,0:06:09.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,every single square inch of ground,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.76,0:06:12.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is connected to this violent\Nand deeply-rooted history.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.30,0:06:29.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, all that is left of the Sugar War\Nis a field of ruins.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.61,0:06:40.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of the 250 sugar refineries active\Nin the late 19th century,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.10,0:06:42.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,only two remain in operation.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.12,0:06:58.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 2017, experts from France's
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.97,0:07:02.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,National Institute of Preventive\NArcheological Research
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.30,0:07:06.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,exhumed the remains of the Saint Jacques\Nresidence and sugar refinery
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.06,0:07:08.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in Anse-Bertrand:
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.33,0:07:12.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a mill, stock rooms,\Nand three rows of so-called "negro huts"
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.02,0:07:14.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where hundreds of slaves\Nwere penned up together.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.04,0:07:20.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this brutal work camp, human beings\Nwere but one tool among others.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.48,0:07:24.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Each became a mechanized, emaciated body,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.59,0:07:27.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,consumed by work until their final breath.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.10,0:07:32.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- Both the time in which the slaves\Nwere digging the cane holes
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.34,0:07:34.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the times in which they're harvesting
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.56,0:07:37.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were really the peak of the labor\Non a plantation.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.23,0:07:39.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You could almost see the slaves\Nwasting away
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.44,0:07:42.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they were digging these cane holes\Nbecause the work was so strenuous
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.86,0:07:44.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they were getting fed so poorly.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.48,0:07:53.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You found women in all of the gangs,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.27,0:07:57.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,often times doing the hardest,\Ndirtiest labor on the plantation.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.27,0:07:59.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alongside the men, or even before the men.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.61,0:08:01.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And one of the things that means,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.50,0:08:04.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you find young women doing\Nthis quite debilitating labor,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.44,0:08:07.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that the birth rates are very low\Nand the mortality rates,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.64,0:08:10.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the infant mortality\Nrate is shockingly high.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.17,0:08:12.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the mid-18th century,\Npeople talked about
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.51,0:08:16.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,9 out of 10 infants born \Nto enslaved Jamaican women
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.52,0:08:19.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dying, right, within the first year.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.05,0:08:23.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, there's no way in which the plantation\Ncan reproduce itself
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.17,0:08:24.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,under those kinds of conditions.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.83,0:08:29.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [speaking French]
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.25,0:08:32.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- (English voiceover) The plantations\Nwere managed by overseers
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.36,0:08:34.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who saw the slaves\Nin purely functional terms.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.04,0:08:40.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was absolute exploitation\Nof the workforce.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.15,0:08:42.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was a very particular society
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.19,0:08:47.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the average rate\Nof life expectancy on a plantation
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.13,0:08:48.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was extremely low,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.74,0:08:51.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about 8 to 10 years after arriving.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.91,0:08:56.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [speaking French]
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.33,0:08:58.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- (English voiceover)\NThe logic of the slave system
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.80,0:09:02.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was one where the availability\Nof the workforce had to be absolute.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.66,0:09:07.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And for this, man was conceived\Nas an accessory of the land.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.96,0:09:10.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He appeared as such in house inventories.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.31,0:09:17.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Slaves are listed next to records\Nfor livestock or manufacturing implements.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.25,0:09:25.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the archaic aspect,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.94,0:09:28.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which was put to use\Nby a capitalist system,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.60,0:09:31.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and which largely met\Nmarket supply and demand,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.51,0:09:34.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with its fluctuations, needs,\Nand competition;
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.37,0:09:35.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,free competition.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.28,0:09:44.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- (Narrator) The sugar plantations\Nsaw slavery enter a new era.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.16,0:09:47.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The stronger the demand for sugar,\Nthe more the slave trade expanded,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.89,0:09:51.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the more the slave traders\Nsought support from banks
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.19,0:09:53.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to finance their expeditions.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.14,0:09:58.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,London is one of the oldest centers\Nof global finance.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.68,0:10:03.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The city of London was the first\Nto create a commodities exchange,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.35,0:10:07.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to develop credit markets,\Nand to issue banknotes on a massive scale.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.66,0:10:10.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Without the invention\Nof a centralized banking system,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.70,0:10:13.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the explosion of the slave trade\Nin the 17th century
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.66,0:10:15.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would not have been possible.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.53,0:10:18.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Preparing for a slave expedition\Nwas expensive,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.48,0:10:20.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and having a financial arsenal
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.18,0:10:23.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gave England a decisive advantage\Nover its competitors.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.60,0:10:28.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- You've got to remember that the State\Nis getting a tremendous amount of revenue
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.57,0:10:30.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the plantation complex,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.78,0:10:34.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so they had a very strong,\Nvested interest in the slave trade.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.36,0:10:40.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you had gone to the king of England\Nin 1680 and said,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.15,0:10:41.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Look, I'm gonna give you a choice.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.95,0:10:46.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"You can either have these 13 colonies\Nin North America,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.06,0:10:48.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"or you can have this one little island\Ncalled Barbados."
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.94,0:10:51.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He would have taken Barbados\Nin a split second
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.60,0:10:53.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because of the sugar revenues.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.75,0:10:56.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is something\Nthat's going to persist
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.14,0:10:59.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a very important interest\Nfor European states
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.58,0:11:01.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,up until the very end of slavery.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.27,0:11:08.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- (Narrator) To support the sugar war,\Nthe city lent money on a colossal scale.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.33,0:11:11.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the midst of these\Nsteel and glass buildings,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.64,0:11:15.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the two pillars of the English economy\Nthat financed the slave trade
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.40,0:11:17.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are still prominent on the London skyline.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.91,0:11:24.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the heart of the financial district\Nis the venerable bank of England,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.75,0:11:26.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the world's first central bank.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.62,0:11:30.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A couple of blocks away\Nis Britain's most powerful
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.23,0:11:33.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,insurance company,\Nthe prestigious Lloyd's of London.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.91,0:11:37.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Atlantic slave traders\Nhad to take on heavy debts
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.12,0:11:39.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to charter their ships.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.30,0:11:40.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Without an insurance company,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.95,0:11:43.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most would risk ruin\Non their first expedition.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.24,0:11:52.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The slave traders made investments\Nas if playing a game of poker.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.51,0:11:55.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The risks were high, but if successful,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.61,0:11:59.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the return would far outweigh\Nany other type of investment.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.86,0:12:02.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Insurers like Lloyd's\Nhad everything to gain
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.56,0:12:04.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by participating in this game of chance.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.72,0:12:09.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A successful expedition could yield\Nup to three times the initial stake.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.64,0:12:13.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the Lloyd's archives,\Nlittle evidence remains
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.44,0:12:17.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the profits amassed by insuring\Nthese high-risk expeditions.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:17.63,0:12:21.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most accounting records were lost\Nin a fire in 1838,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.63,0:12:25.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the same year that slavery\Nwas abolished in the British Caribbean.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.92,0:12:32.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ports had to adapt\Nto this initial scramble
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.79,0:12:35.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for Africa and the Caribbean.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.06,0:12:39.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In London, Blackwall became\Nthe slave trade's principal wharf.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.15,0:12:41.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All manner of goods were sold here.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.86,0:12:45.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Precious fabrics, jewels, porcelain,\Nweapons, and brandy.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.55,0:12:48.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All bought on credit \Nwith the bank's money.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.60,0:12:51.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A giant port complex gradually evolved;
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.62,0:12:55.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a city within a city,\Nentirely devoted to this new business.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.48,0:13:01.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Following London in 1663,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:01.31,0:13:05.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,other seaports rushed to take advantage\Nof this lucrative trade.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.69,0:13:08.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lorient, Copenhagen, La Rochelle,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:08.76,0:13:11.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bristol, Nantes, Liverpool,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:11.11,0:13:13.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bordeaux, Antwerp.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.06,0:13:17.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From all over Europe,\Nslave ships set sail for Africa.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:17.20,0:13:19.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- When I began to see slave ships leaving
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.74,0:13:23.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from not just Liverpool and Nantes,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.52,0:13:25.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but from every port in the Atlantic.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.59,0:13:31.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As soon as a port becomes big enough\Nto contemplate a transoceanic voyage,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.34,0:13:34.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's a good chance that voyage\Nis going to be a slave trade voyage.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:34.84,0:13:39.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we've got like 170 separate ports, \Ntiny places.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.64,0:13:42.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, they've got no idea \Nthat once upon a time,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.41,0:13:44.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they sent out slave voyages.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:44.80,0:13:47.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Saint Peter's Port in the Channel Islands,\Ncharming place.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.77,0:13:50.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And yet, it's a slave trade port.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:50.72,0:13:52.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[drum cadence]
Dialogue: 0,0:13:55.47,0:13:59.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Over a period of two centuries,\Nmore than 3,500 expeditions
Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.36,0:14:01.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,set sail from French ports.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:01.93,0:14:04.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,More than half of them\Nleft from the port of Nantes,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:04.80,0:14:07.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the main French hub of triangular trade.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:10.67,0:14:14.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The sculpted figures along\Nthe Quai de la Fosse, or Feydeau Island,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:14.40,0:14:15.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are reminders of an era
Dialogue: 0,0:14:15.82,0:14:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when the great slave trading families\Ndisplayed their pride
Dialogue: 0,0:14:19.00,0:14:22.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in being the main architects\Nof the city's wealth.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:22.06,0:14:25.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was they who made Nantes\NFrance's leading commercial port.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.89,0:14:27.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [speaking French]
Dialogue: 0,0:14:27.31,0:14:29.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- (English voiceover)\NWealth came from slavery.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:29.64,0:14:33.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There were negotiators, ship owners,\Nand all those who produced foodstuffs.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:34.35,0:14:39.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Vintners, flour producers,\Nfabric producers, hardware producers.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:39.75,0:14:41.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[speaking French]
Dialogue: 0,0:14:42.89,0:14:44.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [speaking French]
Dialogue: 0,0:14:44.30,0:14:47.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- (English voiceover) The Atlantic ports\Nalso generated wealth
Dialogue: 0,0:14:47.30,0:14:49.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for areas that stretched very far inland,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:49.63,0:14:52.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as far as Orléans, in the case of Nantes.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:55.05,0:14:58.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Goods were also transported along rivers.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:00.31,0:15:04.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the wealth that slavery\Nproduced was essential for France.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:04.06,0:15:06.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[speaking French]
Dialogue: 0,0:15:08.42,0:15:13.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- (Narrator) 1669. From Nantes,\NBordeaux, La Rochelle and Le Havre,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:13.51,0:15:15.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,slavery money flowed back up rivers
Dialogue: 0,0:15:15.90,0:15:19.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to Rouen, Orléans and Angoulême.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:19.14,0:15:24.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It had such repercussions on inland areas\Nthat it became a national objective.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:25.13,0:15:28.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Louis XIV knew that to win the Sugar War,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:28.12,0:15:29.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he would need a powerful fleet.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:32.40,0:15:35.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The king ordered the construction\Nof 500 galleons.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:35.49,0:15:38.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Atlantic became the theater\Nof a naval war
Dialogue: 0,0:15:38.15,0:15:40.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between France, England and\Nthe Netherlands.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:40.78,0:15:44.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A bitter fight, in which each sunken ship\Nwas a total loss
Dialogue: 0,0:15:44.87,0:15:46.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the respective country's economy.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:48.64,0:15:49.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [speaking French]
Dialogue: 0,0:15:49.92,0:15:52.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- (English voiceover) It was\Nvery expensive to build and equip
Dialogue: 0,0:15:52.85,0:15:55.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a 74-gun ship and pay its crew.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:57.79,0:16:00.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ultimately, who bore the cost?
Dialogue: 0,0:16:00.18,0:16:05.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The bill for financing these wars,\Nthe financing of ships and arsenals,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:05.24,0:16:07.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was mainly footed by French peasants.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:11.19,0:16:13.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- (Narrator) The slave trade fleets\Nwere protected.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:13.76,0:16:17.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,16,000 galleons were already protecting\NDutch commercial ships,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:17.83,0:16:21.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while the 3,000 light and fast\NRoyal Navy cruisers
Dialogue: 0,0:16:21.14,0:16:22.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,terrified their adversaries.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:22.96,0:16:25.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,France paled in comparison\Nto these armadas.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:29.50,0:16:32.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Each nation needed a fortress\Nin Africa
Dialogue: 0,0:16:32.10,0:16:34.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if it were to compete\Nin the Atlantic race.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:34.89,0:16:37.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just like on the Caribbean islands,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:37.06,0:16:40.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these forts were the bastions of \Ntriangular trade.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:41.32,0:16:43.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As military bases,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:43.11,0:16:46.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they offered a secure store\Nfor bartered goods and captives
Dialogue: 0,0:16:46.79,0:16:48.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before departure by sea.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:52.98,0:16:54.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In less than 80 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:54.74,0:16:58.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,43 such forts were built\Nfrom Senegal to the Niger Delta.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:58.51,0:17:02.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every stone, every beam,\Nevery element of masonry
Dialogue: 0,0:17:02.11,0:17:04.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was transported by boat from Europe.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:06.51,0:17:09.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- Most of these fortresses\Nare built by states.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:09.55,0:17:14.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Individual capitalists\Nor even groups of trading capitalists
Dialogue: 0,0:17:14.09,0:17:16.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,did not have that kind of money
Dialogue: 0,0:17:16.58,0:17:19.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to build\Nthose sorts of fortresses.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:20.04,0:17:22.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- (Narrator) The English\Nalready had thirteen,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:22.36,0:17:24.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Dutch ten, the Danish five.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:24.22,0:17:26.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even the Prussians,\Nwith their three forts,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:26.47,0:17:28.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,surpassed the French.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:28.10,0:17:30.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the Gold Coast, in today’s Ghana,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:30.75,0:17:35.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Fante and Ashanti rented Europeans\Nplots of land to build their forts.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:35.38,0:17:38.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Europeans established\Ntrading posts and fortresses
Dialogue: 0,0:17:38.87,0:17:40.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all along the Atlantic coast,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:40.56,0:17:43.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the Ewé territory\Nto the Kongo Kingdom.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:44.15,0:17:47.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Equatorial Africa became\Nthe world’s principal source of slaves.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:52.78,0:17:56.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this accounting document\Nwritten in 1688,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:56.83,0:18:02.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we learn that over an 8-year period,\Nit shipped 60,783 slaves.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:03.48,0:18:08.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Each cost the Royal African Company\N8 to 12 pounds sterling,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:08.04,0:18:13.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the equivalent of between \N€950 and €1500 today.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:13.07,0:18:15.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were all bought with trade goods.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:15.34,0:18:17.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The demand for slaves was so high
Dialogue: 0,0:18:17.76,0:18:21.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the Europeans pressured their\NAfrican partners to help them
Dialogue: 0,0:18:21.35,0:18:26.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,plan, rationalize, and industrialize\Ntheir system of mass deportation.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:30.45,0:18:33.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- Slaves were often bought on credit.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:33.98,0:18:38.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so that meant that European ships\Nwould come,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:38.07,0:18:42.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they would have a whole cargo\Nfull of textiles, different metal ware,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:42.81,0:18:47.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rum, tobacco, whatever.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:47.32,0:18:51.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And these would be given\Nto the local merchants,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:51.20,0:18:53.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,extended to them on credit.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:53.08,0:18:55.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then the merchants\Nwould go inland with those goods
Dialogue: 0,0:18:55.70,0:18:57.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and buy slaves and come back.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:57.50,0:19:02.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- The biggest impact\Nwas the level of violence,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:02.38,0:19:04.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the rising level of violence,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:04.26,0:19:09.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the level of uncertainty\Nthat permeated society everywhere,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:09.93,0:19:16.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and also the opportunity \Nfor new "big men" to emerge,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:16.13,0:19:17.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,new powerful leaders.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:17.93,0:19:21.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Somebody gets a hold of more firearms,\Nsomebody gets more aggressive,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:21.37,0:19:24.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they build their own personal chieftain\Nand, suddenly, they’re powerful.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:27.19,0:19:29.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- (Narrator) Among these leaders\Nwas Antera Duke,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:29.92,0:19:34.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a major African trader \Nfrom Calabar in what is now Nigeria.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:34.16,0:19:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In his diary, he spoke of the methods\Nhe used to terrorize captives:
Dialogue: 0,0:19:39.00,0:19:42.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kidnapping, detention, and murder.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:50.18,0:19:52.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[fire roars and crackles]
Dialogue: 0,0:19:56.87,0:20:00.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- (Man) "About 4am, I got up.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:00.03,0:20:01.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Awful rain.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:01.67,0:20:03.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I walked up to the city trading house,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:03.87,0:20:06.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"where I met all the gentlemen.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:06.38,0:20:08.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"We got ready to cut off heads.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:16.22,0:20:19.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"5am, we began decapitating slaves.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:27.38,0:20:29.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"50 heads fell that day."
Dialogue: 0,0:20:43.46,0:20:48.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- Very clearly, these sacrifices\Nwere intended as a form of terrorism
Dialogue: 0,0:20:48.13,0:20:51.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that were meant to make it very clear\Nto the population
Dialogue: 0,0:20:51.58,0:20:53.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who was the boss and who was not,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:53.63,0:21:00.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in very much the way\Nthe Mafioso type organizations behave
Dialogue: 0,0:21:00.93,0:21:04.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in terms of making sure\Nthat the members of the association
Dialogue: 0,0:21:04.28,0:21:06.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,respect whoever the Godfather is,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:06.46,0:21:10.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if anybody steps out of line\Nthey can be assassinated or killed.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:10.80,0:21:13.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so they don't\Nstep out of line, obviously.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:14.44,0:21:18.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- (Narrator) For the benefit of a handful\Nof enterprising & unscrupulous profiteers,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:18.94,0:21:22.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the entire continental economy\Nwas transformed.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:22.61,0:21:26.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the coast, African brokers \Nknew all of the inner workings
Dialogue: 0,0:21:26.86,0:21:28.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the sugar plantation.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:30.68,0:21:34.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A slave ship from Saint-Malo,\N“Le Marie Séraphique”,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:34.04,0:21:36.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,docked at Loango in the Kingdom of Kongo.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:42.40,0:21:45.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Its captain’s drawings provide\Nexceptional details
Dialogue: 0,0:21:45.30,0:21:49.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the negotiations\Nbetween Europeans and Africans.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:49.02,0:21:51.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The merchants from the coast knew
Dialogue: 0,0:21:51.24,0:21:54.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the Marie Séraphique’s captain\Nwas in a hurry:
Dialogue: 0,0:21:54.23,0:21:57.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he had to arrive in the West Indies\Nbefore harvest time.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:57.76,0:22:01.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was the time of year\Nwhen slaves sold best,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:01.06,0:22:03.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when the best sugar was available.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:03.70,0:22:06.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they deliberately \Nprolonged negotiations
Dialogue: 0,0:22:06.19,0:22:08.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to drive prices up.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:08.23,0:22:12.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,312 captives were rounded up\Nin 116 days.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:15.06,0:22:18.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Marie Séraphique arrived\Nin Saint-Domingue, now Haiti,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:18.73,0:22:20.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one year after leaving France.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:20.88,0:22:23.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Only nine captives had perished:
Dialogue: 0,0:22:23.31,0:22:26.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a good ratio for the crew,\Nwho celebrated their success.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:27.65,0:22:29.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the drawings of the\NMarie Séraphique,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:29.85,0:22:32.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no allusion to the\Nslaves’ suffering appears.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:32.98,0:22:35.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were dehumanized shadows,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:35.47,0:22:39.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tallied and lined up like barrels\Nat the bottom of the hold,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:40.38,0:22:44.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the transportation of human beings\Nturned into a nightmare.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:48.01,0:22:52.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- It’s very important to understand\Nthat violence onboard slave ships
Dialogue: 0,0:22:52.06,0:22:53.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would be used selectively.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:53.81,0:22:55.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In other words, no captain
Dialogue: 0,0:22:55.41,0:22:59.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wanted to kill the entire allotment\Nof people on board
Dialogue: 0,0:22:59.83,0:23:02.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because that voyage\Nwould then have no profit.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:02.33,0:23:06.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when there was resistance,\Nwhat the captains would do,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:06.25,0:23:09.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is organize a spectacle
Dialogue: 0,0:23:09.70,0:23:14.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which a small number of people\Nwould be executed
Dialogue: 0,0:23:14.38,0:23:17.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in extremely vicious, horrific ways
Dialogue: 0,0:23:17.28,0:23:21.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a means of terrorizing everybody else.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:21.66,0:23:24.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All of the enslaved would be forced\Nto come up on deck
Dialogue: 0,0:23:24.60,0:23:26.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to view these executions.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:26.64,0:23:31.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One slave ship surgeon\Nsaid that frequently the decks,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:31.11,0:23:34.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the main deck of the ship\Nwould just be completely awash in blood
Dialogue: 0,0:23:34.88,0:23:37.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the aftermath of one of these\Nfailed revolts.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:37.76,0:23:41.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Revolts were common, and they were\Nalmost always suppressed.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:41.42,0:23:46.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the captains would use that situation\Nto kill a small number,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:46.70,0:23:49.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to intimidate everybody else,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:49.10,0:23:53.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sending the message that if you resist us,\Nthis will be your fate.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:53.80,0:23:56.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[flute and bass drum playing slowly]
Dialogue: 0,0:24:04.42,0:24:09.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I’ve also suggested that the slave ship\Ncreated categories of race.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:10.64,0:24:14.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, the multi-ethnic Africans
Dialogue: 0,0:24:14.11,0:24:17.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who are loaded on board a slave ship
Dialogue: 0,0:24:17.39,0:24:24.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,go aboard as Ebo or Fante or Mende,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:24.20,0:24:26.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but when they come off the ship,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:26.30,0:24:31.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they are unloaded as members\Nof a “negro race”.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:31.24,0:24:35.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the same parallel process\Ngoes on among the sailors.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:35.17,0:24:41.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These motley crews, they are English,\NIrish, also in some cases African.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:41.69,0:24:44.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They leave their European port,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:44.38,0:24:47.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but when they arrive\Non the West coast of Africa,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:47.40,0:24:49.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they become the White people.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:55.90,0:24:57.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- (Narrator) On Caribbean beaches,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:57.84,0:25:02.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,captives disembarked as “Blacks”\Nin a world dominated by “Whites”.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:04.78,0:25:06.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[singing in unison and cracking whips]
Dialogue: 0,0:25:06.84,0:25:10.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Providing an outlet for a society\Nfounded on violence and race,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:10.81,0:25:13.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Carnival maintains\Nthe memory of the days
Dialogue: 0,0:25:13.43,0:25:17.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when the sugar industry imposed\Nits rhythms, rites, and seasons,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:17.07,0:25:19.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and set the pace for island life.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:20.100,0:25:29.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[singing in unison]
Dialogue: 0,0:25:29.92,0:25:33.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was an era when drummers\Nannounced the end of winter
Dialogue: 0,0:25:33.33,0:25:35.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the resumption of cutting;
Dialogue: 0,0:25:35.44,0:25:38.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when fleeing slaves\Ncovered themselves in molasses
Dialogue: 0,0:25:38.27,0:25:40.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to help prevent their re-capture.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:43.06,0:25:45.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [speaking French]
Dialogue: 0,0:25:45.76,0:25:49.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- (English voiceover) What progressively\Ndistinguished Atlantic slavery,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:49.38,0:25:52.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what made it different\Nfrom other systems of slavery,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:52.14,0:25:53.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was the construction of race.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:57.55,0:26:00.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was precisely this superimposition\Nthat developed
Dialogue: 0,0:26:00.38,0:26:04.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between physical appearance,\Nwith its own term, and status.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:08.01,0:26:12.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the extremities of this continuum \Nof both status and color,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:12.29,0:26:15.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there was the white master\Nand the black slave.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:24.81,0:26:28.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The term "White” did not exist\Nprior to slave societies.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:33.17,0:26:36.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The term "White" developed\Nspecifically in the Antilles.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:37.58,0:26:40.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you can see how vital\Nthis Atlantic slave area was
Dialogue: 0,0:26:40.90,0:26:43.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the construction \Nof the racial categories
Dialogue: 0,0:26:43.15,0:26:44.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we still use now.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:46.03,0:26:49.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We use them as though they hadn't\Nchanged throughout time,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:49.40,0:26:51.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when, in fact, they have.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:57.34,0:26:59.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- (Narrator) Race was\Na weapon of submission,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:59.81,0:27:04.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,meant to carve into flesh\Nthe supposed inferiority of some people,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:04.46,0:27:07.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the infinite superiority of others.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:08.37,0:27:10.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cut off from their roots\Nand their families,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:10.86,0:27:13.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Black slaves were reduced\Nto a servile mass,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:13.96,0:27:16.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without names and without orientation.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:19.24,0:27:23.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The plantation was a machine\Nthat devoured its workforce.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:23.33,0:27:26.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It needed a constant supply\Nof new arrivals.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:27.06,0:27:30.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Landowners wanted to transform\Nthe slaves’ bodies into tools.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:31.83,0:27:34.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On plantations, whipping and torture
Dialogue: 0,0:27:34.26,0:27:36.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were used to deprive them\Nof their humanity.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:38.43,0:27:43.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this garden of torture,\Nthe master’s authority was absolute.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:52.65,0:27:56.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- So you take, for example,\Na character like Thomas Thistlewood.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:56.31,0:28:00.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you can almost see in his diaries\Nthe escalation in the violence
Dialogue: 0,0:28:00.26,0:28:01.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that he has to mete out,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:01.71,0:28:04.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or that he thinks he has to mete out \Nto the enslaved
Dialogue: 0,0:28:04.43,0:28:06.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to keep them working on the plantation.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:13.97,0:28:17.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- (Male voice) "I arrived as a foreman\Non the new plantation
Dialogue: 0,0:28:17.03,0:28:18.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"barely two weeks ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:19.49,0:28:22.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"We had to carry out justice\Non a negro who had escaped.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:24.23,0:28:25.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"We severely whipped him
Dialogue: 0,0:28:25.76,0:28:29.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"and rubbed pepper, salt,\Nand lime juice into his wounds.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:34.27,0:28:37.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Three days later, the body\Nof another slave who had escaped
Dialogue: 0,0:28:37.88,0:28:39.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"was brought to us.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:39.34,0:28:43.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I cut off his head\Nand we burned the body in public.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:43.02,0:28:46.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"That was the only way\Nto exert our control over the negroes.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:49.24,0:28:53.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"In this affair, my reasoning\Nwas adopted by all the colonies.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:54.20,0:28:58.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"The unfortunate condition of the Negro\Nnaturally led to us being hated.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:58.76,0:29:01.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Only strength and violence\Ncan hold them back."
Dialogue: 0,0:29:27.11,0:29:30.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- These kinds of tortures\Nand these kinds of punishments,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:30.67,0:29:32.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this kind of brutality,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:32.16,0:29:35.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually became common-place\Non these plantations
Dialogue: 0,0:29:35.05,0:29:38.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where you had white people\Nworking out among armies of slaves
Dialogue: 0,0:29:38.08,0:29:40.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who they feared they could not control.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:40.04,0:29:43.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The sound of the screaming\Nand the stench of the burning bodies,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:43.44,0:29:47.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that also became a fundamental feature\Nof the Jamaican landscape, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:29:47.28,0:29:49.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is what plantation society is.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:49.49,0:29:52.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It’s that smell, it’s that sound,\Nit’s that fear and terror
Dialogue: 0,0:29:52.96,0:29:56.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that’s compelling people to work\Nand to obey their masters.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:56.39,0:29:59.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is no way to separate\Nthat kind of terror
Dialogue: 0,0:29:59.48,0:30:01.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the labor on the plantation,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:01.38,0:30:04.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the profits that labor produced.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:05.32,0:30:08.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- (Narrator) But the plantation owners\Ncould not squander
Dialogue: 0,0:30:08.19,0:30:10.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the slaves they had bought on credit.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:10.39,0:30:12.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The state had financed\Nthe shipment of slaves,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:12.92,0:30:15.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and wanted\Nits return on investment.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:22.74,0:30:26.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The plantation society relied\Nsolely on market forces.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:26.31,0:30:30.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Violence was a necessary cost,\Nand thus included in balance sheets.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:31.82,0:30:35.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It took 4 years to amortize\Nthe price of a slave.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:35.26,0:30:39.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After that, they were valuable only\Ninsofar as that they could hold a machete.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:39.86,0:30:43.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was the price to pay\Nso that Europe could eat sugar.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:47.72,0:30:49.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- I don’t think that it’s possible
Dialogue: 0,0:30:49.53,0:30:52.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to reduce another human being\Nto a mere cypher,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:52.36,0:30:54.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a mere extension of your will.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:54.25,0:30:56.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that’s where a lot of the tension
Dialogue: 0,0:30:56.55,0:31:00.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the possibilities for slave revolt\Nand resistance come in,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:00.40,0:31:05.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because if my purpose\Nis to subject you absolutely,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:05.24,0:31:08.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but you can never be subjected absolutely,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:08.28,0:31:10.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're always gonna have conflict.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:10.22,0:31:13.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the extremes of human domination,\Neven in slavery,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:13.36,0:31:15.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we find there is always resistance,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:15.65,0:31:18.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there is always tension,\Nand there is always struggle.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:20.13,0:31:22.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- (Narrator) Throughout the Caribbean,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:22.08,0:31:26.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,escaped slaves took refuge\Nin the heart of the most remote forests.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:26.36,0:31:29.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were called “maroon slaves”,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:29.16,0:31:31.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in reference to the Spanish word\N“cimarrón”,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:31.92,0:31:35.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which originally designated cattle\Nthat had escaped into the wild.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:35.66,0:31:40.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In these isolated places,\Nthey began to organize resistance.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:40.16,0:31:41.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In Jamaica they included
Dialogue: 0,0:31:41.87,0:31:44.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Captain Leonard Parkinson,\Nthe leader of the maroons,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:44.83,0:31:48.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Grandy Nanny, an Ashanti,\Nknown as the “maroon priestess”;
Dialogue: 0,0:31:49.89,0:31:53.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in Barbados, Boussa, an Igbo war chief.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:53.25,0:31:57.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Through rebellion, the insurgents\Nfound a name and an identity.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:05.94,0:32:08.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- All throughout the mountainous areas\Nof Jamaica,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:08.61,0:32:11.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have these communities\Nof formerly enslaved people
Dialogue: 0,0:32:11.88,0:32:13.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who have escaped,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:13.51,0:32:18.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they learn the territory,\Nthey learn to cultivate crops there,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:18.29,0:32:21.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they learn to fight, as well:\Nharassing plantations,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:21.93,0:32:24.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,taking gun powder, getting new recruits,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:24.38,0:32:27.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and maintaining and building communities\Nin the mountains, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:32:27.74,0:32:30.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This becomes increasingly\Na problem for the British,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:30.38,0:32:33.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and by the second/third decade\Nof the 18th century,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:33.78,0:32:35.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it breaks out into major war.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:35.77,0:32:38.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the British aren’t even sure\Nthey're going to be able
Dialogue: 0,0:32:38.45,0:32:39.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to maintain the Island.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:40.98,0:32:43.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- (Narrator) The uprisings\Nspread to other islands,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:43.45,0:32:45.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then to the coast of Africa.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:45.68,0:32:49.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Wars raged in the slave capturers'\Nhunting grounds,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:49.05,0:32:52.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,notably in Senegambia,\Nwhere Muslim religious leaders
Dialogue: 0,0:32:52.88,0:32:56.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,blamed slave-trade goods\Nfor corrupting society.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:58.11,0:33:03.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These outbursts of violence\Nplunged the sugar industry into a crisis,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:03.04,0:33:05.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which also had an impact in Europe.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:05.73,0:33:08.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A growing number of voices\Nexpressed outrage
Dialogue: 0,0:33:08.75,0:33:10.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the horrors of the slave trade.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:12.58,0:33:14.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- In all of the major slave trading ports,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:14.97,0:33:17.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,everybody knew the truth\Nof the slave trade.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:17.11,0:33:19.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I’ll tell you one way\Nin which they knew it.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:20.33,0:33:25.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Slave-trading vessels\Nhad a very specific smell,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:25.43,0:33:29.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you could never\Nget the smell out of the wood.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:30.24,0:33:35.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, it was said\Nin Charleston, South Carolina,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:35.60,0:33:37.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which was the major port
Dialogue: 0,0:33:37.36,0:33:40.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the importation of slaves\Ninto North America,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:40.82,0:33:45.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that when the wind was blowing\Noff the water a certain way,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:45.15,0:33:48.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you could smell a slave ship\Nbefore you could see it.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:49.100,0:33:55.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What that meant was that\Nin every port, these ships,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:55.35,0:34:00.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these ships of horror\Nthat stank of human misery,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:01.92,0:34:04.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that this was all very well known.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:11.84,0:34:16.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- Certainly information about\Nthe slave trade and its characteristics,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:16.23,0:34:20.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the experiences of enslaved Africans\Nin the course of the Middle Passage
Dialogue: 0,0:34:20.33,0:34:24.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,came increasingly to public attention\Nin the late 1780s.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:24.32,0:34:29.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Abolitionist campaigners placed\Nparticular emphasis on the Middle Passage.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:29.24,0:34:34.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- That’s when\Nthe polemical arguments begin,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:34.31,0:34:39.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and many pamphlets being published,\Nand the case being argued,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:39.07,0:34:42.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,slave owners realizing for the first time,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:42.88,0:34:45.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they’re going to have\Nto make an argument
Dialogue: 0,0:34:45.39,0:34:48.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about the legitimacy of colonial slavery.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:55.76,0:34:58.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- (Narrator) Within this context,\Nin 1783,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:58.86,0:35:02.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a court case involving Lloyd's\Nand a slave trade company
Dialogue: 0,0:35:02.06,0:35:04.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,enjoyed significant publicity in Britain.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:05.72,0:35:08.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Abolitionists used it as a platform
Dialogue: 0,0:35:08.04,0:35:10.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to reveal the slave traders’\Nbarbaric practices.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:12.64,0:35:18.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- The so-called Zong Massacre,\Nwhich took place in the early 1780s,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:18.35,0:35:20.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was a very important event.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:20.93,0:35:24.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It basically consisted\Nof a slave ship captain
Dialogue: 0,0:35:24.78,0:35:29.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,throwing a group\Nof living Africans overboard
Dialogue: 0,0:35:29.04,0:35:32.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in an effort to collect insurance money.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:33.26,0:35:36.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now this was...this voyage went on,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:36.39,0:35:40.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it only came to court\Na couple of years later
Dialogue: 0,0:35:40.34,0:35:44.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the insurance company\Nrefused to pay.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:44.03,0:35:46.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when this event came to court,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:46.52,0:35:51.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an abolitionist named Granville Sharp\Nshows up at this court case,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:51.31,0:35:55.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the question being:\N“Were they actually property or not?”
Dialogue: 0,0:35:55.56,0:35:58.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Sharp’s answer is:\N“This is mass murder.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:59.48,0:36:02.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"This is just plain mass murder.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:02.60,0:36:04.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"This is not about property rights.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:04.53,0:36:06.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"These are human beings.”
Dialogue: 0,0:36:11.83,0:36:15.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- The judge actually upheld\Nthe insurance companies,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:15.11,0:36:19.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which refused to pay insurance\Non the murdered Africans.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:19.69,0:36:24.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it was Vassa who brought this\Nto attention of Granville Sharp,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:24.50,0:36:27.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it was Granville Sharp\Nwho then turned it into a big issue
Dialogue: 0,0:36:27.54,0:36:30.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that helped to mobilize\Npublic opinion in Britain.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:32.48,0:36:34.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- (Narrator) Gustavo Vassa\Nwas one of England's
Dialogue: 0,0:36:34.84,0:36:36.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most fervent abolitionists.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:36.80,0:36:41.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Born in Nigeria, he was deported\Nto the Caribbean at the age of 11.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:41.28,0:36:45.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the age of 21,\Nhe managed to buy his freedom
Dialogue: 0,0:36:45.13,0:36:47.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while passing through England.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:47.18,0:36:50.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In his autobiography published in 1789,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:50.63,0:36:54.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he recounted his experience\Nof the Middle Passage down in the hold,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:54.88,0:36:58.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and delivered an impassioned plea\Nagainst slavery.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:58.15,0:37:00.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Vassa held up a mirror to the nations
Dialogue: 0,0:37:00.33,0:37:03.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that had reduced him\Nto the rank of a marketable object.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:03.86,0:37:07.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- (Male voice) "Gentlemen, such a tendency
Dialogue: 0,0:37:07.33,0:37:09.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"has the slave-trade \Nto debauch men's minds,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:09.78,0:37:12.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"and harden them\Nto every feeling of humanity!
Dialogue: 0,0:37:15.51,0:37:18.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"It is the fatality\Nof this mistaken avarice,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:18.28,0:37:20.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"that it corrupts the milk\Nof human kindness
Dialogue: 0,0:37:20.74,0:37:22.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"and turns it into gall.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:24.27,0:37:30.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Which violates that first natural right\Nof mankind, equality and independency,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:30.28,0:37:32.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"and gives one man\Na dominion over his fellows
Dialogue: 0,0:37:32.86,0:37:35.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"which God could never intend!
Dialogue: 0,0:37:40.84,0:37:44.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Yet how mistaken is the avarice\Neven of the planters?
Dialogue: 0,0:37:44.44,0:37:46.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Are slaves more useful
Dialogue: 0,0:37:46.06,0:37:49.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"by being thus humbled\Nto the condition of brutes,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:49.36,0:37:52.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"than they would be if suffered to enjoy\Nthe privileges of men?"
Dialogue: 0,0:38:07.86,0:38:11.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- (Narrator) By the time Gustavo Vassa\Nspoke out in 1789,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:11.95,0:38:15.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,7.7 million Africans had been deported:
Dialogue: 0,0:38:15.76,0:38:19.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,1 million from Senegambia,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:19.35,0:38:22.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,3.4 million from Benin and Biafra,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:22.64,0:38:25.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,3.2 million from Central Africa,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:25.76,0:38:28.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and close to 73,000 from eastern Africa.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:40.99,0:38:44.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,While David Eltis\Nand the Emory University research team
Dialogue: 0,0:38:44.60,0:38:47.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have established\Nprecise deportation figures,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:47.42,0:38:51.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the income amassed by the slave trade\Nis still being estimated.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:51.62,0:38:56.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Historians are trying to assess today\Nhow much profit the slave trade yielded
Dialogue: 0,0:38:56.16,0:38:59.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for banks and insurance companies.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:04.44,0:39:07.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- The slave trade is not only\Na foundation of American capitalism;
Dialogue: 0,0:39:07.77,0:39:12.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is a foundation of all of European\Nand Atlantic capitalism
Dialogue: 0,0:39:12.26,0:39:18.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it created\Nthis massively profitable economic system
Dialogue: 0,0:39:18.90,0:39:22.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that linked the countries\Nof Northwestern Europe
Dialogue: 0,0:39:22.02,0:39:25.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the Americas\Nthrough the plantation system.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:25.36,0:39:31.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The great scholar-activist C. L. R. James\Npointed out that the slave system
Dialogue: 0,0:39:31.56,0:39:36.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,created the greatest\Nplanned accumulation of wealth
Dialogue: 0,0:39:36.73,0:39:40.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the world had ever seen\Nup to that moment in time.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:40.82,0:39:44.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this, of course, is a very important\Npart of Western prosperity.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:46.93,0:39:48.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- (Narrator) Between 1633
Dialogue: 0,0:39:48.97,0:39:52.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Britain's abolition\Nof the slave trade in 1807,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:52.43,0:39:54.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,English and then British companies
Dialogue: 0,0:39:54.38,0:40:00.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,deported 2,755,830 African captives.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:00.59,0:40:03.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most of them died on the plantations,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:03.24,0:40:06.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,worn out from working\Nin the sugar cane fields.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:06.08,0:40:08.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All of this, for the sake of profit.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:10.30,0:40:15.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 2007, London's Westminster Abbey\Nhosted a bicentennial commemoration
Dialogue: 0,0:40:15.52,0:40:17.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the abolition of the slave trade
Dialogue: 0,0:40:17.70,0:40:20.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the presence of\Nthen-Prime Minister Tony Blair
Dialogue: 0,0:40:20.19,0:40:22.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Queen Elizabeth II.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:22.56,0:40:25.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One guest,\Nhuman rights activist Toyin Agbetu,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:25.82,0:40:27.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,disrupted the ceremony.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:27.36,0:40:30.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- (Toyin Agbetu, angrily)...
Dialogue: 0,0:41:23.16,0:41:25.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The plantation owners and slave traders
Dialogue: 0,0:41:25.72,0:41:28.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could not accept losing\Nthe hard-won Caribbean,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:28.65,0:41:33.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the immensely lucrative driving force\Nbehind the rise of global capitalism.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:34.71,0:41:36.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the beginning of the 19th century,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:36.71,0:41:40.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they sought to thwart\Nthe wave of protest in civil society.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:41.08,0:41:42.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By that time, slavery,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:42.91,0:41:45.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a practice that dated back\Nto the dawn of humanity,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:45.60,0:41:48.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,seemed immoral,\Nand to belong to the past.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:49.31,0:41:51.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Britain had understood this\Nbefore the others,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:51.99,0:41:54.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and was thus one step\Nahead of its rivals.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:55.89,0:41:59.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was preparing itself\Nfor world domination.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:05.10,0:42:08.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[slow string music with heavy bass drum]