[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.92,0:00:14.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you, ladies and gentlemen.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.93,0:00:17.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me start right away\Nwith a heretical question.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.79,0:00:20.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why should you study gerontology at all?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.24,0:00:23.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think anyone funded by the taxpayer\Nshould ask themselves
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.33,0:00:27.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if they can possibly give anything\Nback in return to society at some point.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.28,0:00:28.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The answer is quite clear.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.69,0:00:30.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We now know
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.06,0:00:32.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the lifespan to be expected\Nat time of birth
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.41,0:00:36.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is only about 25%\Nattributable to genetics,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.67,0:00:41.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which means there must be some kind of\Nenvironmental influences, dietary factors,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.38,0:00:45.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that have influence on the ageing process.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.31,0:00:47.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why do we still know so little?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.36,0:00:51.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why are we bombarded\Nwith confusing messages
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.08,0:00:52.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from those in the field of nutrition
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.98,0:00:55.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that partially contradict each other?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.25,0:00:56.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Something everyone will remember:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.84,0:01:00.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,15 years ago, it seemed the culprit\Nhad been found, namely fat.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.17,0:01:03.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People thought that if fat\Nwere eliminated from our diet,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.04,0:01:05.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we'd all become slim\Nand grow old in good health,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.54,0:01:09.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which led to the appearance\Nin American supermarkets
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.11,0:01:13.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of ridiculous, mile-long shelves,\Nloaded up with various low-fat products,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.19,0:01:15.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which did nothing to change the fact
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.01,0:01:17.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that Americans became\Nmore obese year by year.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.82,0:01:20.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then they said: 'Ah no,\Nfat's not the issue!
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.67,0:01:22.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's carbohydrates.'
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.07,0:01:27.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which then led to strays into the likes\Nof the paleo diet, the low-carb diet,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.31,0:01:30.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Atkins diet and so forth.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.24,0:01:33.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's always some new dietary fad\Nbeing announced with undue fanfare.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.84,0:01:35.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.36,0:01:37.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Where do these ideas originate?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.46,0:01:42.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They come about, I believe,\Nat least partially,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.16,0:01:47.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in that we allow\Nquestionable journalistic formulations
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.56,0:01:51.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to inflate singular anecdotal cases\Nto the level of scientific knowledge.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.72,0:01:54.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's a typical example\Nfor a single-case anecdote.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.75,0:01:57.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You all know this man.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.38,0:02:01.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1968, a widely read newspaper\Npublished a new feature:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.15,0:02:05.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The top 10 most prominent death\Ncandidates for the coming year.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.29,0:02:06.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.80,0:02:10.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Keith Richards was nominated\Nfor first place for seven years,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.90,0:02:13.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then the newspaper\Nhit the end of the road.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.11,0:02:14.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.66,0:02:18.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or this lady here, Jean Calmet.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.37,0:02:21.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The oldest human known\Nto have ever lived on Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.44,0:02:23.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[She was] 122 years old.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.05,0:02:25.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I know, there are people around\Nclaiming to be 600,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.52,0:02:28.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but can't find their birth certificate\Njust at the moment.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.28,0:02:34.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Jean Calmet actually did turn 122,\Nand she stopped smoking at 117.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.12,0:02:35.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.54,0:02:37.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But she started again at 118.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.55,0:02:39.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.44,0:02:44.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Only to finally follow\Nthe path of virtue at 120
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.42,0:02:45.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and stop smoking for good.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.88,0:02:47.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She then died at 122.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.75,0:02:49.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What does this tell us?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.04,0:02:51.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not that cigarettes are healthy,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.57,0:02:54.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather it tells us\Nthat ageing is very complicated,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.86,0:02:57.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we need clear, meaningful statistics.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.13,0:02:59.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need simple, experimental systems,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.63,0:03:01.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we need to ask simple questions.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.92,0:03:04.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A very simple question\Nand a very simple fact
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.83,0:03:06.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is maintained in various countries:
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.92,0:03:08.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Women grow older than men.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.15,0:03:10.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's the reason for this?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.66,0:03:12.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We now know.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.22,0:03:15.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's due to testosterone,\Nthe sex hormone,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.17,0:03:18.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is produced in the male epididymides.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.24,0:03:20.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is a very simple evidence for this:
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.53,0:03:24.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Castrated men grow just as old as women.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.54,0:03:26.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, everyone can decide for themselves -
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.99,0:03:28.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.04,0:03:30.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether that's a viable path\Nfor anti-ageing.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.86,0:03:32.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Austria is a free country.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.47,0:03:34.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Don't worry, there's better advice coming.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.74,0:03:35.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.87,0:03:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Generally, we should be careful\Nnot to confuse correlation with causality.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.01,0:03:45.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sounds complicated, but can be illustrated\Nwith normal questioning techniques.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.82,0:03:48.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Someone visits a 100-year-old\Ngrandmother and asks,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.91,0:03:52.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'What have you done differently\Nor eaten for you to have grown so old?'
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.79,0:03:55.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ah, this grandmother has smoked\Nten cigarettes a day.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.58,0:03:57.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That must be the secret to her old age.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.77,0:04:00.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Perhaps the ten cigarettes\Ndid not harm her,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.63,0:04:02.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or perhaps they did harm her,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.07,0:04:05.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the grandmother may have\Nlived longer without the 10 cigarettes.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.42,0:04:09.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even cold, hard statistics\Nare not always meaningful.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.14,0:04:11.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is, for example,\Nstrong statistical evidence
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.99,0:04:14.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,showing that people\Nwho go on pottery courses in Tuscany
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.87,0:04:16.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,grow older than people who don't.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.55,0:04:17.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.58,0:04:19.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's reproducible. Indisputable.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.42,0:04:21.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is it to do with the Tuscan clay?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.75,0:04:25.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No, it's because the people\Nhave enough money in their pockets
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.26,0:04:28.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to take care of themselves at their age\Nwith their age-related diseases.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.96,0:04:33.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If, however, I put an additive\Ninto the food of one group of lab animals,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.15,0:04:35.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this group then lives 20% longer
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.86,0:04:38.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than a control group\Nthat didn't receive this additive
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.96,0:04:41.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but was otherwise treated\Nexactly the same,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.63,0:04:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then I have probably found\Na causal factor in their diet.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.01,0:04:51.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And such experiments\Nhave indeed been done.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.51,0:04:54.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I must tell you that the ageing\Nstudy community is very divided.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.26,0:04:57.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But where I agree with my opponents
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.18,0:04:59.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that regular fasting\Nprolongs your life -
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.73,0:05:02.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that works for\Nthe most diverse organisms.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.73,0:05:04.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Take, for example, bacteria.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.40,0:05:07.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here you see a graph\Nshowing the lifespan of bacteria.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.42,0:05:10.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When they fast, shown here\Nby the dotted line,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.38,0:05:12.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then they live significantly longer.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.36,0:05:17.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The same applies\Nto yeast, worms, flies, mice
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.52,0:05:21.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and just recently, two years ago,\Nit was shown in the US
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.02,0:05:22.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it even applies to apes.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.69,0:05:25.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The issue here is not about being slim.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.31,0:05:28.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It also holds for lovers\Nof rich cuisines.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.25,0:05:31.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a different experiment\Nthat was done in the United States.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.39,0:05:32.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What was done here?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.51,0:05:36.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One group of mice was fed\Nwith a high-fat diet,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.84,0:05:39.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a kind of McDonald's diet,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.04,0:05:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whereby they got so many pieces\Nof cheese day and night,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.00,0:05:44.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that, who might wonder,\Nthe mice became fat, sick,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.57,0:05:47.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and had severe fatty liver\Nand bad liver values.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.96,0:05:53.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A second group of mice\Nwas fed the same amount of cheese,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.70,0:05:56.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,except this group had intermediate breaks.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.15,0:05:58.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were not allowed\Nto eat anything during the day,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.65,0:06:00.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but double the amount at night.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.24,0:06:03.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These mice were slim, healthy\Nand didn't have fatty liver.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.12,0:06:06.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even though both groups of mice\Nconsumed the same number of calories,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.39,0:06:08.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,both ate the same amounts,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.09,0:06:10.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one is sick and the other healthy.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.44,0:06:12.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's actually happening there?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.44,0:06:18.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A process called cellular self-cleaning,\Nor autophagy, is switched on.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.51,0:06:21.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whenever you cease to supply food\Nto organisms or cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.29,0:06:25.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then the organism begins to break down\Nunnecessary components in the cell,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.08,0:06:27.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or damaged components,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.19,0:06:29.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to regain energy from them.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.41,0:06:30.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that makes sense.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.47,0:06:31.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It looks like this:
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.92,0:06:34.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see how garbage sacks\Nregularly form in the cell,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.97,0:06:37.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mainly surrounding scrap\Nthat accumulates with age,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.65,0:06:39.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which then assimilates\Nwith the [cell] 'stomach'.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.85,0:06:42.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These components are chopped\Ninto small pieces
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.04,0:06:44.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and are ready to be used\Nas energy by the cell again.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.98,0:06:48.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By doing so, damage that accumulates\Nwith age is kept within limits.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.77,0:06:55.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's just the molecular equivalent\Nof catharsis, or purification of the soul,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.20,0:06:57.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of which fasting people often report.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.50,0:06:59.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, to bring this all together,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.35,0:07:02.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,regular fasting prolongs life\Nin the most diverse organisms,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.69,0:07:07.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it can probably be assumed \Nthat this works for humans as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.44,0:07:11.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From this we learn that you shouldn't,\Nas recommended in dietary magazines,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.22,0:07:14.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fight every little feeling of hunger\Nwith about 20 small portions a day.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.09,0:07:17.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No, when you're hungry,\Nyou should tell yourself:
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.91,0:07:20.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'Maybe the autophagy\Nhas just been started.'
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.58,0:07:23.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Greet hunger like a friend.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.11,0:07:25.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This also makes\Nevolutionary biological sense.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.40,0:07:28.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What did humans do\Nfor 99.99% of human history
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.68,0:07:30.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they were hungry?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.68,0:07:32.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Exactly, they went hunting.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.50,0:07:35.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We regularly go hunting\Nin the fridge when we're hungry,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.58,0:07:38.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that for sure goes against biology.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.53,0:07:42.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, we know, of course,\Nit's already to be found in the Bible,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.26,0:07:45.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in Matthew, chapter 26, verse 41:
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.71,0:07:48.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'The spirit is willing,\Nbut the flesh is weak.'
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.74,0:07:51.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Paradise looks entirely different to us.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.10,0:07:55.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here already shown by Jan Brueghel\Nin a depiction of a medieval paradise:
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.74,0:07:57.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The three guys here are doing well,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.56,0:07:59.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they eat all day,\Nlet themselves be served.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.59,0:08:02.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is, you might say,\Nwhat's wished for in the imagination.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.72,0:08:06.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With that in mind we began\Nsearching for substances
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.93,0:08:09.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that switch on the molecular\Nresponse to fasting,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.26,0:08:11.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even though the organism is eating.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.45,0:08:14.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This could be of interest to people\Nwhose willpower is not strong enough
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.87,0:08:17.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for an occasional fasting break.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.63,0:08:21.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it could possibly save us from one\Nof the hardest crossroads of life.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.93,0:08:24.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.74,0:08:31.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The question is this: Can we switch on\Nthe fasting response, the autophagy,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.60,0:08:34.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the cellular self-digestion,\Neven when we are eating?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.25,0:08:36.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have examined many hundreds,\Nclose to 1000, substances,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.00,0:08:38.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,natural substances.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.08,0:08:40.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have in fact found one,\Nwhich is called spermidine.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.71,0:08:44.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Spermidine is a substance that occurs\Nnaturally in any organism,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.40,0:08:48.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also decreases as the organism ages.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.29,0:08:50.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is found most abundantly in the skin.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.60,0:08:51.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People in their thirties
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.81,0:08:54.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,already have significantly less\Nspermidine in their skin
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.50,0:08:55.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than 25-year-olds.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.05,0:08:59.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we now add spermidine to human cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.30,0:09:00.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you see the following:
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.88,0:09:04.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a human cell,\Nthe cell body, the cell nucleus.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.38,0:09:06.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We add spermidine to it,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.14,0:09:09.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we see many thousands of these tiny\Ngarbage sacks developing in the cell,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.78,0:09:12.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which clean up the scraps\Nthat accumulate with old age.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.48,0:09:16.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fasting cells would look\Nexactly like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.07,0:09:18.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this works in\Nthe most varied organisms.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.50,0:09:21.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here, for example, shown \Non part of a fly's muscle.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.99,0:09:24.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, we've found a substance,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.10,0:09:27.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that switches on the molecular\Nfasting response, the autophagy.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.59,0:09:30.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Does it mean that organisms\Nwith it live longer?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.82,0:09:32.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The answer once again is yes.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.65,0:09:36.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You see here a typical\Nsurvival curve of a fly population.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.37,0:09:38.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are simple drosophila, fruit flies.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.92,0:09:42.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They all die within 80,\Nabout half are dead within 40 days.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.27,0:09:45.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whenever we add spermidine\Nto the drinking water, here in colour,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.50,0:09:48.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the insects grow older and survive better.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.26,0:09:52.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We also know that human cells\Nthat we have taken from donors ex vivo
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.35,0:09:56.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,survive about three times as long\Nin culture if we introduce spermidine.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.98,0:09:59.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Latest studies also suggest
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.10,0:10:01.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that spermidine even prolongs\Nthe lives of whole mice.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.91,0:10:05.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's not only life expectancy\Nbut also disease-free life expectancy,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.37,0:10:08.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as these mice are significantly\Nmore immunocompetent.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.03,0:10:11.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of course, now you will want to know,\Nwhere spermidine is found?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.41,0:10:14.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As the name suggests,\Nit was discovered in sperm.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.81,0:10:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It appears there in high concentration.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.00,0:10:19.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I can console you, \Nthere's a lot of spermidine
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.67,0:10:23.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,also in wheatgerm, fresh green pepper, \Nmushrooms, cheese,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.94,0:10:26.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a product made\Nfrom fermented soybeans,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.41,0:10:29.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which enjoys high regard in Japan,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.80,0:10:32.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the so-called 'Natto'.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.04,0:10:34.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We then asked ourselves,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.48,0:10:36.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if spermidine helps\Nagainst ageing processes
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.60,0:10:38.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by cleaning up the scraps,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.59,0:10:41.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,does it then possibly also help\Nagainst neurodegeneration?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.54,0:10:46.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You must know that the common denominator\Nof all neurodegenerative diseases
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.82,0:10:51.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that protein junk accumulates\Nin the brain in old age.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.38,0:10:54.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've indeed done\Nexperiments in relation to this.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.74,0:10:55.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You would be surprised.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.91,0:10:57.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We did these on fruit flies.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.81,0:11:00.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fruit flies also become forgetful \Nwhen they grow old.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.62,0:11:03.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They have more protein junk\Nin their brains when they grow old,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.66,0:11:06.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the molecular mechanisms\Nresponsible for memory
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.75,0:11:08.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are very similar to humans.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.26,0:11:10.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now you may well be asking yourselves:
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.10,0:11:12.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'How the hell did this guy\Nmeasure the memory of fruit flies?'
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.29,0:11:14.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the experiment
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.86,0:11:18.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we did together with Stefan Sigrist\Nof the University of Berlin.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.24,0:11:21.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You take 100 fruit flies\Nand trap them here,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.11,0:11:23.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,give them a scent they love:
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.48,0:11:24.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Plum -
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.83,0:11:27.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and let them indulge themselves\Nin this plum scent.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.31,0:11:31.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then you take the same flies,\Nlet them advance into the next chamber
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.14,0:11:34.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and give them another scent\Nthey love, cherry.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.42,0:11:36.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We let them savour the cherry scent
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.28,0:11:38.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while we give them a sugar treat.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.61,0:11:40.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Classic reward experiment.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.04,0:11:43.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then take the same flies\Nand put them in here.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.03,0:11:45.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then they take the lift down,\Nyou see it here.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.96,0:11:47.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When they arrive at the bottom
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.61,0:11:49.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you expose them\Nto the plum scent from one side
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.84,0:11:51.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to cherry scent from the other.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.68,0:11:53.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Where do they all go?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.77,0:11:56.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Obviously towards the cherry scent.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.28,0:11:58.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Except for these two, they're idiots.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.82,0:12:00.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.67,0:12:04.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or, let's say, they have character:
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.33,0:12:08.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I love my plum, and I won't be corrupted\Nby such a disdainful reward.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.85,0:12:09.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.95,0:12:13.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay, that would be a facet of character\Nthat increases with age -
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.53,0:12:14.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not only in flies.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.86,0:12:17.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:12:17.37,0:12:21.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We found, in fact, that we could return\Nthe memory capacity of the flies
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.90,0:12:25.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,back to their juvenile levels\Nby feeding them spermidine,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.70,0:12:28.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that the protein accumulations\Nthat had built up in their brains
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.93,0:12:30.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were broken down again.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.86,0:12:33.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This means that spermidine\Nnot only helps against ageing
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.46,0:12:36.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also ultimately against\Nother diseases associated with age.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.47,0:12:39.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is important because we want\Nto extend disease-free life,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.40,0:12:41.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not just life expectancy,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.53,0:12:44.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since there's no sense\Nin extending life spent in agony.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.37,0:12:46.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't want to leave you
Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.04,0:12:48.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before giving you a few practical tips
Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.63,0:12:50.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on how you might stay younger.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.65,0:12:52.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again, occasional fasting.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.69,0:12:55.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not about losing weight.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.26,0:12:58.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the way, there is already a group\Nof 20,000 people in Austria,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.90,0:13:01.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who eat one day and not the next.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:01.12,0:13:03.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is the so-called '10in2 Community'
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.68,0:13:06.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,under the leadership\Nof Bernhard Ludwig and Erwin Haas;
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.10,0:13:10.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they keep to it quite well,\Nwhich means it's practicable.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:11.36,0:13:13.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Avoid sugar shocks.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.55,0:13:15.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not about carbohydrates,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.06,0:13:18.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,complex carbohydrates\Ndon't seem to be dangerous at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.45,0:13:20.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's really about sweets.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.29,0:13:24.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's now established that sugar shocks\Nare enough to bring about diabetes,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.37,0:13:26.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even if you're slim.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.27,0:13:31.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is also known that sugar\Ncan speed up the growth of tumours.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.20,0:13:34.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here you see a worm\Npopulation ageing away.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:34.47,0:13:36.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After 30 days all are dead.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.29,0:13:41.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Small doses of glucose are enough\Nto cause a pro-geriatric effect.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:41.52,0:13:43.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's just one example,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.44,0:13:45.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it works similarly in all organisms.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.95,0:13:49.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Eat fruit and vegetables regularly.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:49.06,0:13:51.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Avoid supplementing\Nwith too many vitamin tablets,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:51.98,0:13:53.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or with vitamin tablets altogether.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.92,0:13:57.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's known that vitamin A\Nand vitamin E supplementation
Dialogue: 0,0:13:57.12,0:13:58.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can cause cancer.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.87,0:14:01.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That might not apply to Vitamin D.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:01.58,0:14:05.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,During winter we might easily\Nsuffer from low vitamin D levels,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:05.13,0:14:08.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since Vitamin D production\Nrequires sunlight acting on the skin.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.90,0:14:11.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Exercise at least three times\Na week for half an hour.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.95,0:14:13.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's trivial.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:13.18,0:14:16.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cigarettes, despite the initial\Nanecdotic examples,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:16.10,0:14:20.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cost you, according to epidemiological\Nstudies, 10 to 15 years of your life.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:20.16,0:14:21.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this online era,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:21.90,0:14:23.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,give yourself time to relax occasionally.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:23.95,0:14:26.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The influence of praying\Nand blood pressure
Dialogue: 0,0:14:26.02,0:14:28.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on life expectancy is established.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:28.09,0:14:30.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because monks live\Nalmost as long as women.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:30.73,0:14:32.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:33.51,0:14:38.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People who drink alcohol in moderation\Nlive longer than non-drinkers.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:38.70,0:14:41.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Wine drinkers live longer\Nthan beer drinkers,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:41.48,0:14:44.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but beer drinkers still\Nlive longer than non-drinkers.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:44.42,0:14:46.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:48.08,0:14:52.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:54.12,0:14:56.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Only drinkers of spirits\Ndie earlier than non-drinkers.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:57.44,0:14:58.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why's that?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:58.66,0:15:01.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People suppose it has something\Nto do with some substances.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:01.44,0:15:02.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No, no, it's very simple.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:02.78,0:15:04.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If there's a grease spot\Non the window here,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:04.95,0:15:07.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'd clean it off\Nwith an alcohol-based solution.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:07.58,0:15:10.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Something similar probably\Nhappens in our vascular system.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:10.44,0:15:13.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fatty deposits, cholesterol-plaques,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:13.25,0:15:16.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could potentially be\Ndissolved away by alcohol.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:16.07,0:15:19.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's why alcohol, especially,\Nhas a cardio-protective effect.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:19.10,0:15:22.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Having a partner or a family\Nis associated with longevity.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:22.76,0:15:24.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You shouldn't live near a busy street.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:24.88,0:15:26.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You might be thinking\N'particulate matter'.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:26.91,0:15:29.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not about\Nparticulate matter, but noise.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:29.22,0:15:30.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's measurable.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:30.42,0:15:32.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The closer someone lives to a busy street,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:32.61,0:15:35.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the more stress hormones\Nthere are in their blood.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:35.09,0:15:37.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even if someone says,\N'I've got used to it.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:37.68,0:15:40.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I sleep well. The noise\Ndoesn't affect me.'
Dialogue: 0,0:15:40.20,0:15:43.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's not true, he still has more stress\Nhormones in his blood, which is bad.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:44.95,0:15:48.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Exposure to the sun should be limited\Nto avoid skin damage.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:49.03,0:15:53.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We now know that garlic\Nis good for metabolism.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:53.56,0:15:56.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Above all it lowers cholesterol.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:56.02,0:16:01.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We also know that onion and garlic\Nprotect mice against infectious disease.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:01.43,0:16:04.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Incidentally, our grandmothers\Nalready knew that,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:04.01,0:16:08.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they tormented us with onion broth, \Nfor sure not without good sense.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:08.97,0:16:14.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Several studies show that dark chocolate\Ncan act to protect against dementia.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:14.16,0:16:16.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just recently, a nice study came out
Dialogue: 0,0:16:16.91,0:16:20.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that showed that half a bar\Nof dark chocolate a day
Dialogue: 0,0:16:20.91,0:16:23.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can bring the ability to remember\Nof a 60-year-old
Dialogue: 0,0:16:23.77,0:16:26.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,back to the level of a 30-year-old.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:26.95,0:16:29.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's thought coffee\Nmay have similar effects.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:29.12,0:16:31.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, there's less data\Nsupporting this.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:31.17,0:16:34.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are studies that show it\Nto be true, and some that don't.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:34.15,0:16:36.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's clear that coffee\Nprotects against diabetes
Dialogue: 0,0:16:36.96,0:16:40.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thus maintaining your metabolism.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:40.20,0:16:43.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Coffee also is a great help\Nwhen fasting, as it triggers autophagy,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:43.90,0:16:47.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as we have been able to show\Nwith Guido Kroemer from Paris.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:48.22,0:16:50.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A great, extensive study,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:50.77,0:16:54.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which involved 100,000 people\Nbeing examined over 15 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:54.47,0:16:58.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,showed that people who eat\Na handful of nuts every day are likely
Dialogue: 0,0:16:58.03,0:17:01.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to lower their probability\Nof death by 20%.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:01.58,0:17:04.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is a hefty figure\Nto come from an epidemiological study.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:04.50,0:17:11.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It holds for almonds, Brazil nuts,\Npistachios, hazelnuts, macadamia nuts,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:11.34,0:17:14.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pine nuts, walnuts, but not for peanuts,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:14.30,0:17:16.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which, botanically speaking,\Nare really legumes.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:16.83,0:17:19.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As nuts they are only pretenders,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:19.14,0:17:20.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're actually from legume pods.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:20.88,0:17:22.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it doesn't hold for peanuts.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:22.98,0:17:25.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The next point is a bit delicate.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:26.50,0:17:30.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Avoid the ingestion\Nof too much animal protein,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:30.56,0:17:32.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,meat and dairy products,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:32.41,0:17:35.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but only if you're between\N45 and 65 years old.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:35.88,0:17:38.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A great new study shows
Dialogue: 0,0:17:38.48,0:17:41.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that if you ingest too much\Nanimal protein between those ages,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:41.59,0:17:45.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you increase your risk of cancer\Nto as much as if you were a heavy smoker.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:45.37,0:17:49.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not true for the years after that,\Nwhen animal protein is good for you,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:49.25,0:17:52.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's not true, of course,\Nfor growing children and teenagers,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:52.59,0:17:54.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who need animal protein,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:54.60,0:17:57.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and not for pregnant women\Nand those who want to become pregnant.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:57.86,0:18:01.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Avoid food dogmatism in general.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:01.40,0:18:03.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whatever you do keep yourself trim.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:03.60,0:18:04.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:18:04.70,0:18:07.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Friedrich Nietzsche\Nknew this and said:
Dialogue: 0,0:18:07.72,0:18:15.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'Objection, evasion, joyous distrust,\Nand love of irony are signs of health;
Dialogue: 0,0:18:15.06,0:18:18.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,everything absolute belongs to pathology.'
Dialogue: 0,0:18:20.07,0:18:27.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is Mr. Salvatore Caruso,\Nwho has kept somewhat to this regime
Dialogue: 0,0:18:27.42,0:18:29.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and has reached 108 years of age.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:29.54,0:18:32.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's from my native region,\NCalabria, from a neighbouring village.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:32.78,0:18:35.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's never got sick\Nand is doing very well.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:35.11,0:18:38.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's not a paradigmatic\Nisolated case, he's no anecdote,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:38.21,0:18:41.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as he actually lives at a place
Dialogue: 0,0:18:41.15,0:18:44.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where exceptionally there are\Nmany healthy hundred-year-olds.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:44.45,0:18:48.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He followed the nutritional rules\NI gave you today.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:48.34,0:18:51.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Among all the experiments described,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:51.45,0:18:53.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we shouldn't overlook one important fact.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:53.69,0:18:55.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Namely, that the main problem with ageing
Dialogue: 0,0:18:55.78,0:18:58.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,never appears to be\Na completely biological problem,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:58.56,0:19:02.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but rather one involving society,\Nand thus one addressed by psychology.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:02.04,0:19:05.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Old people aren't left\Nto do much by themselves,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:05.01,0:19:07.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that could be one\Nof the most fatal errors of our culture.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:07.92,0:19:10.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dostoevsky wrote\Nthe greatest novel of world literature
Dialogue: 0,0:19:10.55,0:19:11.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one year before his death:
Dialogue: 0,0:19:11.82,0:19:13.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'The Brothers Karamazov'.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:13.55,0:19:17.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A work which contemporary critics\Npraised for its youthful freshness.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:17.60,0:19:19.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you for your attention.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:19.96,0:19:22.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)