9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [STATIC fades into HEAVENLY MUSIC CHORD] 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [low-reverberating tone] 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [ominous music] 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Now what I'm going to is strap down your arms to avoid any excessive movement on your part during the experiment. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Is that too tight? 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 It's fine. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Okay. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 This electrode is connected to the shock generator in the next room. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [Buzz buzz] 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And this electrode pace is to provide a good contact to avoid any blister or burn. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I'm now gonna shock of 75 volts. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [From off-camera] Hold! 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 He kinda did some yelling in there. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 75 volts. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [Off-screen yell] 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [Laughing] He yelled though. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [Off-screen] Please continue. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 This will be at 330. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [Buzz and off-screen long scream] 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Just how far can you go in this thing? 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [Off-screen] As far as necessary. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [Off screen shouting] I can't stand the pain, get me out of here! 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [Overlapping] He can't stand it, I'm not gonna kill that man there. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 You hear him hollering [unintelligible]? 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [Overlapping from off-screen] 94. Those shocks may be painful, but they're not dangerous. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [Overlapping] Yeah but they're hollering, he can't stand it, what if something happens to him? 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [Off-screen] The experiment requires that you continue teaching. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Yeah but uh, [nervous laughing] I'm not gonna get that man sick in there. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I mean he's hollering in there. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I mean who's gonna take the responsibility if anything happens to that gentleman in there? 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [Off-screen] I'm responsible for anything that happens here. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [Off-screen] Continue, please. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 285 volts. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [Buzz and screaming off-camera] 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [Off-screen] Continue please. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [Ominous music turns lamenting] 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [Voice over] That place turned me into a monster. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I was very angry. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 You know this being Abu Ghraib, change your whole mindframe. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 You know, you can go from ... being a docile, you know and a ... jolly guy, and you go to Abu Ghraib for a few ... 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 You know you be in Iraq for- for a while, you know, you become, you know, a robot. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [Different voice over] It was a door I was afraid to walk through. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 You know if you walk through it ... at which point do you say "It's enough"? 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 You know "What's- what's cruel enough?" How do you go back from that? 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And I was afraid that ... I- I just wouldn't come back. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 That I would just ... get lost. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [Different voice over] Something in your brain clicks that ... everything you is- is normal. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I mean y-you'll go crazy if you don't adapt to what you're seeing. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 You gotta block it out. Y-You gotta do something to ... make your day go by. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Without going crazy. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [Music turns ominous again under the sound of a flying helicopter] 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [Voice over of Pres. G.W. Bush] These acts of mass murder were intended to frighten our nation into chaos and retreat. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 But they have failed. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Our country is strong. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 A great people has been moved to defend a great nation. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 America and our friends and allies join with all those who want peace and security in the world. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And we stand together to win the war against terrorism. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [Different voice over] I was in an Algebra 2 class. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And it was just a regular day, we were sitting down ready for class and then there was an announcement. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 It just brought into real retrospect when my friend, uh, Chris, he leaned over and he's like, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 "Hey aren't you in the Reserves?" 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I thought, "Yes. Yes I am in the Reserves. How is this gonna effect me?" 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [Different voice over] The ultimate reason I joined was to ... be a part of the effort to make the country a safer place. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I wanted to help protect our ... country so that this ... people that wanted to come in and attack us wouldn't have that opportunity again. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [Different voice over] It made me feel like ... we have to do something. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 It made me feel like, you know, someone has to pay. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 It's like we can't ... let two buildings get blown up and not do anything about it. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [Pres. G.W. Bush voice over] On my orders, the United States Military has begun strikes against Al Qaeda terrorist training camps 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and military installations of the Taliban regime in Afghanistan. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And we will do whatever it takes to smoke 'em out and get 'em running and we'll get 'em. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [Dramatic music] 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [Tank shot] 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [Voice over] The Geneva Conventions ... question doesn't really come up until the war in Afghanistan starts. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And people start to come into the custody of our forces there. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And so the Defense Department wants to know what is the status of the people we're catching? 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Al Qaeda and Taliban, uh, fighters? 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [Ominous music] 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [Government crowd muttering] 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [Voice over] The four current Geneva Conventions were adopted in 1949. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And they represent the standards against which all nations and all combating forces are gonna be- will be judged. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 They're a binding international law. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And they represent a humanitarian and human rights standard for the world. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 They're important because the US Military has been frequently engaged in combat. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 American forces are always at risk of being captured. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And the Geneva Conventions protect American soldiers from ill treatment in the event of capture. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 After the American Civil War and up until the second World War, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The United States was consistently known for observing standards that were, in fact, higher than the Geneva Convention standards. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And consistently advocating that all countries should operate to a level above the Geneva Convention standards. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [Voice over] At the Justice Department, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 we did not think the Geneva Conventions applied in the war against Al Qaeda. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Because they did not sign the Geneva Conventions. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And they don't follow any of the rules of warfare. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Al Qaeda, if you look at what happened on 9/11, has no interest in following any of those rules. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 They deliberately kill civilians, they deliberately target civilians. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Um, they disguise themselves as civilians. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 They don't take prisoners, as far as we can tell, instead they try to kidnap people and execute them on the web or on television. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [Different voice over] Officials in the White House, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and particularly the Department of Justice, said Geneva Conventions shouldn't hold sway, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and that kind of view finally triumphed. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The President made the decision in early 2002 that Geneva Conventions would not hold, um, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and this was unprecedented in American history. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Never happened before. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The war is a terrible thing. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And it's always right on the edge of falling apart. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Uh, of- of awful things happening, and the only way -- sort of ironically -- uh, the only way to conduct a war 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 in a civilized manner is to ensure that everybody understands what the rules are 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 to the maximum extent possible. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And when you start messing around with those rules, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 when you say they don't apply, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 they're all terrorists so different rules apply, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 now you're in unlimited warfare. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [Voice over from footage] You know, be handled, uh not as prisoners of war, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 because they're not, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 but as unlawful combatants, um, they- as I understand it, technically unlawful combatants 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 do not have any rights under the Geneva Convention. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 This war was a war that was going to depend, first and foremost on intelligence, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that is on information, uh, derived from prisoners of war. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Therefore rules regarding interrogation -- what you could and couldn't do to prisoners -- uh, were absolutely central to fighting this new war. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [lamenting music] 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [Voice over] The Department of Justice built a theory that essentially would render moot, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 render powerless, the various undertakings that the United States had signed onto, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 uh, that had prohibited torture. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The most obvious one is the convention against torture. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [Different voice over] The statute does not define many of the terms that it uses. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 It doesn't say what "severe" means, for example. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 It doesn't really contain any definition of "physical pain or suffering." 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So our job was try to figure what did that statue actually mean? 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Because the words are ambiguous, vague, and had not been interpreted before. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 You know our office eventually issued a memo in August of 2002. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 To the White House. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 "Physical pain amounting to torture must be equivalent in intensity to the pain 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 accompanying serious physical injury, such as organ failure, impairment of bodily function, or even death." 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The heart of this argument is to redefine torture so it is so narrowly conceived it essentially allows 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 very, very serious interrogation, uh, that cannot be construed to be torture. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 What this memo articulates is the view that torture's prohibited, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 but torture's defined very, very narrowly to, uh, consist almost of, uh, imminent death 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 or loss of bodily, uh, organ or function. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Um, a- a definition of torture that was later criticized by another observer as 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 the kind of definition that probably would've justified most of what Saddam Hussein was doing in his prisons as not being torture. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I can remember sitting in my office and I'm ... reading some of these memos ... 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 It was stunning it took- it- it literally took my breath away, I couldn't believe that I was reading this, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and that it hadn't been shredded and burned and buried as- as the wild imaginations of- of some 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [fumbling for words] 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 lowly lawyer in the bowels of justice. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 This should never see the light of day. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 But now, suddenly, it's become US policy! 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [ominous music] 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [Pres. G.W. Bush voice over] Iraq continues to flaunt its hostility towards America and to support terror. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The terrorist threat to America and the world will be diminished the moment that Saddam Hussein is disarmed. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And we believe he has, in fact, reconstituted with their weapons. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 There's no doubt in my mind that- that he has weapons, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 chemical and biological weapons, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and has been working on, uh, nuclear weapons. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [explosion] 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [more explosions] 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [Voice over] When we first got to Iraq we saw, you know, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 well, blown up tanks, you know they were bombed from the sky. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 You know, bullet holes everywhere. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 You know, it was like going into a Mad Max movie. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Like Mad Max: Return to Thunderdome. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [bang and hiss of missile launch] 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [cheering in the background] 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [muffled cheer and explosion in the distance] 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [Voice over] Like wow, I'm at- I'm at war. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Like wow. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 You know we just like ... part of- part of you is like, "This is cool." 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [machine gunfire] 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Then the other part of you is like, "Damn, oh. We gotta do this." 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 But, [unintelligible] 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [gunfire] 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [helicopter flying] 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [Voice over] I remember, as we left Kuwait, I volunteered to be a gunner. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 It was a twelve hour ride and I said, "I- I will gun, I'm new here, just tell me what I'm looking for, and I'll gun all day on this convoy." 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And I said, "But the only thing is the rules of engagement." 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And they all kinda looked at me. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I- I'm like, "I need the rules of engagement. I've never been in a combat zone before." 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And they said, "Well, if it looks like the enemy, shoot it." 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I'm like, "No, no, I'm serious, now, if- I need rules of engagement. W-what constitutes the enemy, whatever." 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 "We just told you, Sergeant. If it looks like the enemy, shoot it." 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And I looked at 'em and I said, "You know, I've really never been outside the United States. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 "Everything looks like the enemy to me out here." 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [muffled shouting] 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [ominous music] 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [Voice over] Units in Iraq are picking up people on hunches and- and suspicions. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Uh, for instance, you'll get an intelligence report that someone driving a Black Opal, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 which is a model of car over there, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 uh was involved in a- an IED attack. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So they'll just round up people with Black Opals and bring them in for interrogation. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Any- any kind of hunch that- that, uh, these units had would- they would act on and arrest people. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [banging] 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 They w- They just arrested everyone. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [ominous music] 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [rustling netting in the wind] 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [Voice over] I heard there was over 30,000 people were executed over there during Saddam's regime. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 That they're buried right there, most of them were. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And, just ... pretty horrible stories. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 About prisoner tortures. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 'Course there are ... pictures of Saddam all over the prison. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The place was horrible. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And there were ... wild dogs running around. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Digging up ... human bodies. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [Different voice over] It was a- a place inside a prison. Like the Death Chamber, that we called it. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Where it was two holes in the floor and hanging hooks, you know, so they hung people every day. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 They'd hang like 80, 100 people a day, something like that. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Where we lived at, in our barracks? 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 It was two ovens in there that ... we... um, whatcha call it in- incinerator for bodies? 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 It was kinda like, okay, whoa. [nervous laugh] 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Where are we living at? 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 You know how many lost souls or ... displaced souls are walking around here? 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [Different voice over] It was very, very hot. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The heat index, uh, direct sunlight was ... 130? 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And the odor was, um ... 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I'll never forget the smell of Abu Ghraib. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The smell of sweat and trash and ... feces and urine. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Wafting through the air, it's just ... I will never forget the small of Abu Ghraib. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Just a desert bowl of misery. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Is the only way to describe it. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And that place was just so dark. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 You know and- and rooted in history. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And we were like- felt like it was a haunted place. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 You know, like, at nighttime there's certain hallways you wouldn't want to go down by yourself, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 'cause ... 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 you know you're afraid there might be a ghost. Or something. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And you knew if something was there it was- it was really pissed off. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 It's- It's just the most surreal ... place, you know, you can imagine. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 It's like a combination of Apocalypse Now meets, uh, The Shining. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Except that, you know, this is real and you're in the middle of it. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Major combat operations in Iraq have ended. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 In the Battle of Iraq, the United States and its allies have prevailed. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [cheers] 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [Voice over] We got- we got fuckin' at least three missiles here. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [BANG] 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [metal clinking] 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [explosion] 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [Voice over] We requested resources and, uh, assistance many times. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Almost on a daily basis. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Uh, at some points practically pleading for resources. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Uh, not only for Abu Ghraib, but for all of the other prison facilities we were trying to restore and reopen. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Somebody had this crazy idea, um, that they could restore all of the prison systems 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and get the new Iraqy guards retrained in the right way to do a, uh, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 an appropriate prison operation in 90 days or less. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Uh, there was no- there was no plan for anything. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [low ominous tone and drumming] 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [Voice over] We get there and ... 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 we're told, "Okay, put your weapons away. Put your trucks away and park 'em, you're not gonna need them any longer." 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Like, "What are you talking about?" 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Like there's people over there, you know, said, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 "Okay no, you're going to be prison guards. You're gonna augment the guard force inside." 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So our commander was like, "Hey, what are we doing ... ? 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 "We're not ... corrections." 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 He's like, "Our guys have never been trained to do anything like that." 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So, hence, we put our weapons away. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Our tons of ammunition away. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And then we became prison guards. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 With no training whatsoever. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And we're looking at each other, "What?" 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 "We, um, the 72nd MP Company is leaving. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 "And we're going to take their place." 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 If there was ever a turn in moral, it was right there. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 That I could see. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Everything just hit rock bottom. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [dramatic drumming] 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [Voice over] Abu Ghraib turned out to be the most attacked US position in Iraq. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Me and the other guys shelled every day. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Shot at every day. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Every single day, all day, every day. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And there was holes in one of the walls from shrapnel that a mortar had just hit. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I think it was maybe a week before we came or a couple of days before we came. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And, um, he was telling us how the guy was praying and a mortar hit and killed a bunch of prisoners. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So, uh, it made- you definitely didn't feel safe being there. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [Different voice over] The road outside the prison was the most dangerous road on the planet Earth. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 You have more fatalities on that road, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 more IED's on that road, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 more shots fired on that road than any road in the world. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 You could be walking- walking to your barracks, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [mimics sound of missile being shot] [boom] 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Aw man, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 "Incoming! Incoming!" 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Oh, I wouldn't wish it on my worst enemy. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Yup. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [drumming] 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [fuzzy unintelligible rapping] 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 That's right. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Abu Ghetto. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Ghetto Abu! 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [Shouting] Oh, you know what I'm saying! 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [BANG] 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [Laughing, shouting, cursing, slamming] 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [ominous tone] 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [Voice over] In July and August, uh, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 the prison population was fairly stable and- and I would say, at the highest numbers it was still less than 1,000. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 By the end of September, it went to over 6,000. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 We had, uh, just short of 300 Military Police personnel at Abu Ghraib, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 to guard thousands of prisoners. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 You had the general population prisoners, which were basically a huge mass of humanity, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 you know, thrown into a mud pit, surrounded by concertina wire. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And then you had the hard sites, which was where the intel holds were at, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 as well as the insane, or the criminal. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And then there was an even more- the most secure sections, where they had the women and the children. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [Different voice over] No, the feelings that we had were, you know the spouses or sisters or cousins of 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 high value detainees that were being used as, "Okay well we have your sister, we have your wife, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 "you know, you need to turn yourself in." 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Same thing with the little children. We had, like, nine year olds in there. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I'm like, "W-w-why do I have a nine year old in a prison?" 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 It's crazy, but yeah, that's what was there. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I was chosen to work at the hardest site 'cause I'm a female. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And they needed females working 1B. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And that's mainly where they stuck me when, uh, Megan Ambuhl wasn't working. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [Different voice over] In the hard site there was probably six or seven guards guarding ... 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I would say at least 1,000 detainees, if not more. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And you had all those ... If all those prisoners got to coordinating at one time ... 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 You know, the guards that were inside of the compound would've been ... 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 They would've been dead. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 It was ... It was such a ... scary situation to live under. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [Different voice over] The prisoners in the hard site were, like, the lowest scum of the earth, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 the Al Qaedas, the Taliban, the Saddam Hussein Fedayeen, um, Wahabis, terrorist bad guys. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And ... they were American killers. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 We were told that these detainees were the worst of the worst and this information that we needed to get 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 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9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 was gonna save lives, it was gonna have- ... 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Somebody said at one point it was gonna have global implications. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [Different voice over] I think the Military Intelligence Personnel were caught pretty much by surprise 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 by the number of, uh, prisoners being brought in that had to undergo an interview at least, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 or interrogations. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And their assessment within the first couple of weeks was, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 "Y'know ma'am, most of 'em are just guilty of being in the wrong place at the wrong time. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 "They don't have any information." 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Well according to them, at that time it was around 75-80%. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Of the people being brought in, really didn't have any information of value, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 or any information at all about terrorism. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The interrogators that I worked with at Abu Ghraib were all extremely frustrated by 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 the lack of intelligence they were getting, uh, during interrogations. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And most of them attributed that to the fact that they- they had prisoners who didn't have intelligence to give them. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The interrogators who were in my unit spent all year there, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and they were telling me that they got nothing. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [lamenting music] 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [cars driving] 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [explosion] 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [Voice over] In the summer of 2003, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 the insurgency grew at a very rapid rate. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 You had the bombing of the UN Headquarters in August, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 the bombing of the Jordanian Embassy, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 the bombing of the Turkish Embassy, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and then, at the end of October, the attack on the Rashid Hotel, where most American workers 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 in the Green Zone were housed. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [Pres. G.W. Bush Voice Over] Thanks to the United States of America, fifty million people 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 once lived under tyranny, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and today they live in freedom. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [clapping] 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [gunfire] 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [Different voice over] The American Military had no idea who these people were. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 How do we fight an enemy we can't see? 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The only way to do that is to interrogate enough people that we will get usable intelligence 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that will allow us to nip the insurgency in the bud. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And I think there was a degree of panic about the lack of intelligence and the lack of knowledge 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 about the insurgency. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Rumsfeld was, uh, openly irritated about it. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Uh, and, uh, and then we come to accounts in the summer of 2003, uh, of an intelligence briefing 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that occurred at the Pentagon involving, uh, Rumsfeld, Cambone, a handful of other senior officers, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and he's described as being openly angry, pounding his fist on the table, uh, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and asking in a taunting way, uh, "Why is it that Guantanamo gets me good intel, just what I want, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 "and I don't get this out of Iraq? I've had it with this, I want you to get Miller out to Iraq and 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 "Gitmo-ize the situation and do it fast." 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [ominous music] 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Miller, by all accounts, is a man who is, in a way, Rumsfeld's kind of officer, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 which is to say he doesn't care about past practice, he doesn't care about tradition necessarily. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 What he cares about is getting results. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And he established a system in Guantanamo, uh, that was based entirely around 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 getting information from these detainees. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Which is to say, using harsher interrogation techniques. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I am telling you what I believe in every inch of my body to be the truth. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And I have spent a lot of time on secure video with the people down there, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I have talked to people who've been down there and come back, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and I haven't found a single scrap of any kind of information that suggests that anyone 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 has been treated anything other than humanely, notwithstanding everything we have read and heard. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 At the time there were rumors coming out of Guantanamo that prisoners were being abused. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Uh, certainly certain of the Human Rights organizations had, uh, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 detected those kinds of rumors and written letters 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 to the Administration urging the Administration not to engage in this kind of practice. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So I think, uh, word was starting to leak out 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 as to something occurruing in Guantanamo. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 General Miller, at Guantanamo, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 turned Guantanamo from a conventional US Military prison that would abide by the laws of war, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 into a kind of ad hoc behavioral laboratory for the introduction, the use of 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 extreme techniques. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [Different voice over] A lot of what we know about 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 what went on in the cells during interrogations at Guantanamo, we know from FBI Officers, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 who went down and were working at Guantanamo 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and, uh, in essence observing what the Army interrogators were doing. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 We have a number of emails and reports that have been declassified by these FBI people, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 counter-terrorism officials who reported on what they saw. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 "On a couple of occasions," he writes, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 "I entered interview rooms to find a detainee chained hand and foot in a fetal position on the floor, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 "with no chair, food, or water. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 "Most times they had urinated or defecated on themselves and had been left there for 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 "18 to 24 hours or more." 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 These practices, when you see them on beurocratic documents, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 seem absolutely inoffensive, almost benign. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Um, and this report is one of many, many we have from Guantanamo, simply reporting on 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 the flesh and blood reality of what those bureaucratic sounding names mean. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [ominous music] 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [Different voice over] Donald Rumsfeld approved a memo in response to pressures from interrogators 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 in December of 2002 in which he approved all sorts of enhanced interrogation techniques. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 What he allows is solitary confinement, noise, light, dark, in other words, enhanced or extreme 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 sensory disorientation. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 They include stress positions, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and they include a series of techniques designed to undermine the self-confidence of the detainee, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and subsequently we learn that this includes sexual humiliation techniques, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 enforced nudity ... 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 What is most significant, um, is that in it, Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, in his own name, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 approves, uh, the harshest interrogation techniques 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that have been approved in the history of our country. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 On the final copy of this so-called "Action Memo", 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 you see after Rumsfeld approves some of these practices, including forced standing, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 he says- he writes at the bottom, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 "However, I stand for 8 to 10 hours a day, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 "why is standing limited to four hours? DR." 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Don Rumsfeld. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [Different voice over] This is a hand-written comment written by Secretary Rumsfeld, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 could be considered, like, a wink and a nod to the interrogators, suggesting that nevermind the 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 actual limitations contained in the memorandum, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 um, do what you have to do to get the information requested. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [ominous beat] 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [Different voice over] General Miller is sent to Iraq, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 to help them get more actionable intelligence from these thousands of security detainees. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And General Miller, without hesitation, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 said, "Look, it's my opinion, you are treating the prisoners too well. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 "They don't know who's in charge. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 "And if you don't treat the prisoners like dogs, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 "you have effectively lost control of the interrogation." 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 At the close of General Miller's visit, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Lieutenant General Ricardo Sanchez, overall Commander of US Forces for Iraq, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 issued a memorandum for extreme techniques, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 techniques that can be seen to be in violation of US International Law. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [Different voice over] I believe they thought they were interpreting the Geneva Conventions 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and applying them. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I don't think they thought, "Well the Geneva Conventions don't apply." 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And so I think what they thought they were doing 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 was following, uh, those standards and trying to 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 create interrogation methods based on them. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [Different voice over] There were so many changes in policies, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 on what kind of stress positions you can use, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 for how long, and, um, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 stuff of that nature. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 That it was kind of confusing. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 It was never clear to me what was allowed and what wasn't allowed in Iraq. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 No one ever could make anything clear to me. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 When the questions were asked, it was like, "Hey, I dunno." 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Y'know, just- no one could answer questions for us. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [Different voice over] All I remember is, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 the first day I worked at the hard site, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and that was- that was October 18th, I believe. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 'Cause I wrote a letter home. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And uh ... 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 All I knew was there's an interrogation going on. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And there was a prisoner nicknamed Taxicab Driver, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 who was handcuffed to a window backwards, naked, in one of the cells. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And there was an interrogator there. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I just left it alone. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I wrote back home saying I didn't agree with it. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And I went to work the next day. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 "W-what's- what's going on with the nakedness?" 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 It's like, "Why are these people naked?" 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 You know, I've never seen anything like that before in my life. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 You know, naked prisoners? 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 With panties on their heads. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And in compromising positions, you know? 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Locked up. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 You say, "What's- what's going on with that?" 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I didn't understand that. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I got in there and there was this ... 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 naked kid who's old enough to be my- my younger sibling ... 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 you know just- just naked. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Just hiding his shame with his hand, uh, trying to answer these questions. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And no, we ... 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 No one raised ... any objection or any concern, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 it was just ... 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 It was just business. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And our business, [unintelligible] was sometimes conducted naked. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The nudity and the shackling of the prisoners was every day, every day occurance. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The prisoners that came in had to be strip-searched, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 no matter what, just as a security. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Usually they came in with a sandbag on their head 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 because their handler didn't want anybody to know 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 they were there, or didn't want them to see 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 anybody else who was there. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So they stood around naked with a sandbag on their head, standing on a box, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 or holding something not knowing where they were, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 or what was going on. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [ominous music] 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 We know that, uh, after General Miller's visit to Abu Ghraib Prison, and to Iraq in August/September 2003 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that, uh, the MP's were removed from the control General Scarpinski, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 who was the Commander of Military Police for Iraq, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and placed under the control of Military Intelligence. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The MP's were then no longer part of, if you will, the kind of incarceration staff. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 They were moved to be part of the interrogation staff. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So the MP's had the job of softening up, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 creating the conditions for effective interrogation by the Military Interrogators. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 [Different voice over] What happened when we got to Abu Ghraib is 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Military Intelligence was placed in charge of us. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 MI and OGA, who is CIA, and all these other corporations, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 these civilian contractors that- that didn't answer to anyone like us, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 would come in and tell our MP's, "This guy needs to have a bad night." 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 "What kinda bad night?" 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 "Use your imagination." 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 "You can do this, this, this, this, stress positions, loud music, do whatever you wanna do to 'em. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 "Just make sure they don't sleep." 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 "We need that information." 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The MI people, the specific handlers, would have me 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 give the guy, give whichever detainee lots of showers during the day, like, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 they would say, "This guy's really dirty, we want you to give him lots of showers. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 "We want you to stand in there and point and laugh at him. And, y'know, just be there while he's- 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 "so he's definitely aware that I'm standing there. While he's fully nude." 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Like, "Hey, hey, Sergeant Davis, you take these numbers down. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 "Prisoner number 111777," or something like that, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 "he needs to be up at 4 o'clock in the morning, go to bed at 4:30 and be up at, y'know up 5:15, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 "go to bed at 7 o'clock. You know, um, this person's number, blahblahblah, do this, do that. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 "You know, take the radio and put the megaphone up to it and keep him up all night long. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 "Bang the garbage cans, slam the doors, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 "know if they go to sleep, you know, throw water on 'em," like that, y'know. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 "Keep him awake. You know make sure that- make sure that life is hell tonight."