[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.20,0:00:05.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hello. My name is Ann Druyan.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.40,0:00:07.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When Carl Sagan, Steven Soter and I...
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.40,0:00:11.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...wrote the Cosmos TV series in the late 1970s...
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.20,0:00:12.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...a lot of things where different.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.90,0:00:15.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Back then, the U.S. and the Soviet Union...
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.10,0:00:18.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...held the hole planet in their perpetual hostage crisis...
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.30,0:00:20.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...called the Cold War.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.20,0:00:23.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The wealth and scientific ingenuity of our civilization...
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.60,0:00:26.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...was being squandered on a runaway arms raise.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.30,0:00:29.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then employed half the world scientists...
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.20,0:00:35.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...and infested the world with 50.000 nuclear weapons.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.10,0:00:37.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So much has happened since then.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.40,0:00:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Cold War is history...
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.00,0:00:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...and science has made great strides.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.00,0:00:45.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've completed the spacecraft recognizance of the Solar System...
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.80,0:00:49.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...the preliminary mapping of the visible universe that surrounds us...
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.80,0:00:54.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...and we've charted the universe within: the human genome.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.70,0:00:58.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When Cosmos was first broadcast there was no World Wide Web...
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.60,0:01:00.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...it was a different world.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.80,0:01:02.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What a tribute to Carl Sagan...
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.90,0:01:06.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...a scientist who took many a punch for daring to speculate...
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.60,0:01:11.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...that even after 20 of the most eventful years in the history of science...
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.40,0:01:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...Cosmos requires few revisions and indeed is rich in prophecy.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.00,0:01:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cosmos is both the history of the scientific enterprise...
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.00,0:01:26.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...and an attempt to convey the spiritual high...
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.10,0:01:28.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...of its central revelation:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.40,0:01:31.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our oneness with the universe.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.30,0:01:35.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, please, enjoy Cosmos, the proud saga of how...
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.30,0:01:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...through the searching of 40.000 generations of our ancestors...
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.00,0:01:42.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...we have come to discover our coordinates...
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.40,0:01:45.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...in space and in time.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.30,0:01:50.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And how, through the awesomely powerful method of science...
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.10,0:01:54.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...we have been able to reconstruct the sweep of cosmic evolution...
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.70,0:03:12.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...and defined our own part in its great story.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.28,0:03:15.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,SAGAN: The cosmos is all that is...
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.31,0:03:18.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...or ever was or ever will be.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.82,0:03:23.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our contemplations of the cosmos stir us.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.89,0:03:27.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is a tingling in the spine, a catch in the voice...
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.79,0:03:31.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...a faint sensation, as if a distant memory...
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.46,0:03:34.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...of falling from a great height.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.03,0:03:42.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We know we are approaching the grandest of mysteries.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.88,0:03:45.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The size and age of the cosmos...
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.98,0:03:48.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...are beyond ordinary human understanding.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.65,0:03:53.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lost somewhere between immensity and eternity...
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.45,0:03:56.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...is our tiny planetary home, the Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.59,0:04:00.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For the first time, we have the power to decide...
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.02,0:04:02.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...the fate of our planet and ourselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.83,0:04:04.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a time of great danger.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.86,0:04:09.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But our species is young and curious and brave.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.30,0:04:11.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It shows much promise.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.20,0:04:13.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the last few millennia, we've made...
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.54,0:04:16.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...the most astonishing and unexpected discoveries...
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.61,0:04:20.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...about the cosmos and our place within it.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.04,0:04:23.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I believe our future depends powerfully on...
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.05,0:04:25.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...how well we understand this cosmos...
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.58,0:04:28.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...in which we float like a mote of dust...
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.92,0:04:31.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...in the morning sky.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.46,0:04:35.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(SEA GULL CHIRPS)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.93,0:04:40.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're about to begin a journey through the cosmos.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.87,0:04:44.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We'll encounter galaxies and suns and planets...
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.07,0:04:46.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...life and consciousness...
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.20,0:04:50.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...coming into being, evolving and perishing.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.44,0:04:54.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Worlds of ice and stars of diamond.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.11,0:04:56.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Atoms as massive as suns...
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.32,0:04:59.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...and universes smaller than atoms.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.68,0:05:02.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's also a story of our own planet...
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.25,0:05:05.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...and the plants and animals that share it with us.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.06,0:05:08.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's a story about us:
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.33,0:05:11.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How we achieved our present understanding of the cosmos...
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.93,0:05:15.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...how the cosmos has shaped our evolution and our culture...
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.43,0:05:22.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...and what our fate may be.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.27,0:05:25.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We wish to pursue the truth, no matter where it leads.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.81,0:05:30.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But to find the truth, we need imagination and skepticism both.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.38,0:05:32.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We will not be afraid to speculate.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.85,0:05:37.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we will be careful to distinguish speculation from fact.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.49,0:05:42.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The cosmos is full beyond measure of elegant truths...
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.33,0:05:44.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...of exquisite interrelationships...
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.83,0:05:49.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...of the awesome machinery of nature.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.10,0:05:53.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The surface of the Earth is the shore of the cosmic ocean.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.87,0:05:57.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On this shore, we have learned most of what we know.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.44,0:06:00.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Recently, we've waded a little way out...
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.21,0:06:04.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...maybe ankle-deep, and the water seems inviting.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.92,0:06:09.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some part of our being knows this is where we came from.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.69,0:06:12.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We long to return.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.49,0:06:13.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we can.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.79,0:06:18.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because the cosmos is also within us. We're made of star-stuff.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.13,0:06:22.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are a way for the cosmos to know itself.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.87,0:06:25.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The journey for each of us begins here.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.87,0:06:29.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're going to explore the cosmos in a ship of the imagination...
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.78,0:06:34.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...unfettered by ordinary limits on speed and size...
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.21,0:06:37.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...drawn by the music of cosmic harmonies...
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.15,0:06:40.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...it can take us anywhere in space and time.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.49,0:06:42.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Perfect as a snowflake...
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.96,0:06:46.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...organic as a dandelion seed...
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.72,0:06:48.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...it will carry us...
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.09,0:06:52.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...to worlds of dreams and worlds of facts.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.93,0:07:05.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Come with me.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.08,0:07:15.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Before us is the cosmos on the grandest scale we know.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.39,0:07:18.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are far from the shores of Earth...
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.02,0:07:21.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...in the uncharted reaches of the cosmic ocean.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.36,0:07:25.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Strewn like sea froth on the waves of space...
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.06,0:07:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...are innumerable faint tendrils of light.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.00,0:07:30.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some of them containing hundreds...
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.57,0:07:33.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...of billions of suns.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.97,0:07:36.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are the galaxies...
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.84,0:07:43.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...drifting endlessly in the great cosmic dark.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.58,0:07:45.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In our ship of the imagination...
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.78,0:07:59.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...we are halfway to the edge of the known universe.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.20,0:08:02.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this, the first of our cosmic voyages...
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.90,0:08:14.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...we begin to explore the universe revealed by science.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.41,0:08:19.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our course will eventually carry us to a far-off and exotic world.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.52,0:08:22.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But from the depths of space, we cannot detect even...
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.72,0:08:26.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...the cluster of galaxies in which our Milky Way is embedded...
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.16,0:08:45.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...much less the sun or the Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.38,0:08:48.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are in the realm of the galaxies...
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.01,0:08:56.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...8 billion light years from home.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.22,0:09:01.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No matter where we travel, the patterns of nature are the same...
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.06,0:09:06.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...as in the form of this spiral galaxy.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.66,0:09:09.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The same laws of physics apply everywhere...
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.70,0:09:17.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...throughout the cosmos.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.08,0:09:20.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we have just begun to understand these laws.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.38,0:09:29.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The universe is rich in mystery.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.12,0:09:31.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Near the center of a cluster of galaxies...
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.89,0:09:35.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...there's sometimes a rogue, elliptical galaxy...
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.89,0:09:38.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...made of a trillion suns...
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.16,0:09:40.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...which devours its neighbors.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.57,0:09:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Perhaps this cyclone of stars...
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.00,0:10:02.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...is what astronomers on Earth call a quasar.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.09,0:10:05.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our ordinary measures of distance fail us...
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.69,0:10:08.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...here in the realm of the galaxies.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.66,0:10:11.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need a much larger unit: the light year.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.46,0:10:14.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It measures how far light travels in a year...
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.23,0:10:17.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...nearly 10 trillion kilometers.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.34,0:10:35.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It measures not time, but enormous distances.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.65,0:10:37.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the Hercules cluster...
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.59,0:10:42.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...the individual galaxies are about 300,000 light years apart.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.26,0:10:46.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So light takes about 300,000 years...
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.20,0:10:52.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...to go from one galaxy to another.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.70,0:10:56.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like stars and planets and people...
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.48,0:11:01.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...galaxies are born, live and die.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.15,0:11:05.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They may all experience a tumultuous adolescence.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.35,0:11:09.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,During their first 100 million years, their cores may explode.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.69,0:11:12.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Seen in radio light, great jets of energy...
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.82,0:11:17.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...pour out and echo across the cosmos.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.06,0:11:22.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Worlds near the core or along the jets would be incinerated.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.30,0:11:26.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I wonder how many planets and how many civilizations...
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.47,0:11:36.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...might be destroyed.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.42,0:11:40.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the Pegasus cluster, there's a ring galaxy...
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.45,0:11:43.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...the wreckage left from the collision of two galaxies.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.82,0:11:47.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A splash in the cosmic pond.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.86,0:11:51.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Individual galaxies may explode and collide...
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.50,0:11:55.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...and their constituent stars may blow up as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.83,0:11:58.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this supernova explosion...
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.40,0:12:05.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...a single star outshines the rest of its galaxy.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.28,0:12:08.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are approaching what astronomers on Earth call...
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.95,0:12:12.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...the Local Group.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.95,0:12:18.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Three million light years across, it contains some 20 galaxies.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.92,0:12:22.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a sparse and rather typical chain of islands...
Dialogue: 0,0:12:22.76,0:12:26.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...in the immense cosmic ocean.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.60,0:12:31.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are now only 2 million light years from home.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.80,0:12:35.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the maps of space, this galaxy is called M31...
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.44,0:12:37.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...the great galaxy Andromeda.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.84,0:12:41.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a vast storm of stars and gas and dust.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.65,0:12:43.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As we pass over it...
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.15,0:12:50.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...we see one of its small satellite galaxies.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.66,0:12:52.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Clusters of galaxies...
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.49,0:12:55.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...and the stars of individual galaxies...
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.26,0:12:58.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...are all held together by gravity.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.20,0:13:00.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Surrounding M31...
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.13,0:13:04.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...are hundreds of globular star clusters.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.87,0:13:07.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're approaching one of them.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.47,0:13:11.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Each cluster orbits the massive center of the galaxy.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:11.28,0:13:15.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some contain up to a million separate stars.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.91,0:13:19.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every globular cluster is like a swarm of bees...
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.68,0:13:21.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...bound by gravity...
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.29,0:13:26.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...every bee, a sun.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.66,0:13:29.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From Pegasus, our voyage has taken us...
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.36,0:13:33.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...200 million light years to the Local Group...
Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.10,0:13:38.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...dominated by two great spiral galaxies.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:38.54,0:13:42.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Beyond M31 is another very similar galaxy.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.57,0:13:45.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Its spiral arms slowly turning...
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.21,0:13:54.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...once every quarter billion years.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:54.29,0:13:57.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is our own Milky Way...
Dialogue: 0,0:13:57.29,0:14:06.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...seen from the outside.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:06.43,0:14:18.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the home galaxy of the human species.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:18.58,0:14:23.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the obscure backwaters of the Carina-Cygnus spiral arm...
Dialogue: 0,0:14:23.78,0:14:27.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...we humans have evolved to consciousness...
Dialogue: 0,0:14:27.25,0:14:30.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...and some measure of understanding.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:30.09,0:14:33.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This region of the Milky Way galaxy is now usually called the Local Arm...
Dialogue: 0,0:14:33.62,0:14:38.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...or the Orion Arm, but the spiral arm nomenclature remains rather fuzzy.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:38.63,0:14:41.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Concentrated in its brilliant core...
Dialogue: 0,0:14:41.57,0:14:44.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...and strewn along its spiral arms...
Dialogue: 0,0:14:44.50,0:14:50.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...are 400 billion suns.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:50.91,0:14:53.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It takes light 100,000 years to travel...
Dialogue: 0,0:14:53.61,0:14:58.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...from one end of the galaxy to the other.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:58.62,0:15:02.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Within this galaxy are stars and worlds...
Dialogue: 0,0:15:02.79,0:15:07.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...and, it may be, an enormous diversity of living things...
Dialogue: 0,0:15:07.32,0:15:20.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...and intelligent beings and space faring civilizations.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:20.17,0:15:23.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Scattered among the stars of the Milky Way...
Dialogue: 0,0:15:23.18,0:15:25.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...are supernova remnants...
Dialogue: 0,0:15:25.34,0:15:29.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...each one the remains of a colossal stellar explosion.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:29.88,0:15:32.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These filaments of glowing gas...
Dialogue: 0,0:15:32.12,0:15:36.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...are the outer layers of a star which has recently destroyed itself.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:36.35,0:15:38.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The gas is unraveling...
Dialogue: 0,0:15:38.29,0:15:42.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...returning star-stuff back into space.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:42.06,0:15:46.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(PULSAR HISSES)
Dialogue: 0,0:15:46.03,0:15:49.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And at its heart, are the remains of the original star...
Dialogue: 0,0:15:49.50,0:15:54.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...a dense, shrunken stellar fragment called a pulsar.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:54.37,0:15:57.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A natural lighthouse, blinking and hissing.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:57.91,0:16:07.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A sun that spins twice each second.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:07.25,0:16:10.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pulsars keep such perfect time that the first one discovered...
Dialogue: 0,0:16:10.82,0:16:13.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...was thought to be a sign of extraterrestrial intelligence.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:13.92,0:16:16.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Perhaps a navigational beacon...
Dialogue: 0,0:16:16.50,0:16:19.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...for great ships that travel across the light years...
Dialogue: 0,0:16:19.76,0:16:25.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...and between the stars.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:25.44,0:16:29.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There may be such intelligences and such starships...
Dialogue: 0,0:16:29.24,0:16:43.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...but pulsars are not their signature.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:43.19,0:16:46.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead, they are the doleful reminders...
Dialogue: 0,0:16:46.79,0:16:48.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...that nothing lasts forever...
Dialogue: 0,0:16:48.76,0:16:54.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...that stars also die.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:54.10,0:16:58.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We continue to plummet, falling thousands of light years...
Dialogue: 0,0:16:58.24,0:17:03.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...towards the plane of the galaxy.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:03.11,0:17:04.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the Milky Way...
Dialogue: 0,0:17:04.94,0:17:07.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...our galaxy seen edge on.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:07.61,0:17:09.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Billions of nuclear furnaces...
Dialogue: 0,0:17:09.92,0:17:17.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...converting matter into starlight.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:17.89,0:17:20.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some stars are flimsy as a soap bubble.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:20.99,0:17:25.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Others are 100 trillion times denser than lead.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:25.56,0:17:29.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The hottest stars are destined to die young.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:29.53,0:17:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But red giants are mostly elderly.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:33.00,0:17:39.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Such stars are unlikely to have inhabited planets.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:39.98,0:17:42.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But yellow dwarf stars, like the sun...
Dialogue: 0,0:17:42.88,0:17:47.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...are middle-aged and they are far more common.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:47.45,0:17:50.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These stars may have planetary systems.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:50.59,0:17:54.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And on such planets, for the first time on our cosmic voyage...
Dialogue: 0,0:17:54.39,0:17:57.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...we encounter rare forms of matter:
Dialogue: 0,0:17:57.10,0:18:06.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ice and rock, air and liquid water.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:06.64,0:18:08.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Close to this yellow star...
Dialogue: 0,0:18:08.51,0:18:11.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...is a small, warm, cloudy world...
Dialogue: 0,0:18:11.71,0:18:14.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...with continents and oceans.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:14.08,0:18:19.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These conditions permit an even more precious form of matter to arise:
Dialogue: 0,0:18:19.42,0:18:27.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Life.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:27.93,0:18:29.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this is not the Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:29.100,0:18:34.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Intelligent beings have evolved and reworked this planetary surface...
Dialogue: 0,0:18:34.87,0:18:37.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...in a massive engineering enterprise.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:37.94,0:18:41.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the Milky Way galaxy, there may be many worlds...
Dialogue: 0,0:18:41.37,0:18:52.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...on which matter has grown to consciousness.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:52.08,0:18:55.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I wonder, are they very different from us?
Dialogue: 0,0:18:55.62,0:18:57.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What do they look like?
Dialogue: 0,0:18:57.26,0:19:01.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What are their politics, technology, music, religion?
Dialogue: 0,0:19:01.86,0:19:06.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or do they have patterns of culture we can't begin to imagine?
Dialogue: 0,0:19:06.56,0:19:17.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Are they also a danger to themselves?
Dialogue: 0,0:19:17.71,0:19:21.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Among the many glowing clouds of interstellar gas...
Dialogue: 0,0:19:21.45,0:19:24.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...is one called the Orion Nebula...
Dialogue: 0,0:19:24.68,0:19:33.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...only 1500 light years from Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:33.22,0:19:36.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These three bright stars are seen by earthlings...
Dialogue: 0,0:19:36.83,0:19:48.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...as the belt in the familiar constellation of Orion the hunter.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:48.04,0:19:51.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The nebula appears from Earth as a patch of light...
Dialogue: 0,0:19:51.41,0:20:03.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...the middle star in Orion's sword.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:03.62,0:20:06.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it is not a star.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:06.29,0:20:09.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is another thing entirely.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:09.43,0:20:23.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A cloud that veils one of nature's secret places.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:23.24,0:20:28.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a stellar nursery, a place where stars are born.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:28.41,0:20:31.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They condense by gravity from gas and dust...
Dialogue: 0,0:20:31.38,0:20:36.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...until their temperatures become so high that they begin to shine.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:36.76,0:20:39.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Such clouds mark the births of stars...
Dialogue: 0,0:20:39.69,0:20:48.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...as others bear witness to their deaths.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:48.63,0:20:53.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After stars condense in the hidden interiors of interstellar clouds...
Dialogue: 0,0:20:53.07,0:20:54.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...what happens to them?
Dialogue: 0,0:20:54.77,0:20:58.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Pleiades are a loose cluster of young stars...
Dialogue: 0,0:20:58.51,0:21:00.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...only 50 million years old.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:00.78,0:21:05.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These fledgling stars are just being let out into the galaxy.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:05.95,0:21:09.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Still surrounded by wisps of nebulosity...
Dialogue: 0,0:21:09.35,0:21:47.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...the gas and dust from which they formed.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:47.29,0:21:50.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are clouds that hang like inkblots...
Dialogue: 0,0:21:50.86,0:21:52.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...between the stars.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:52.70,0:21:55.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are made of fine, rocky dust...
Dialogue: 0,0:21:55.70,0:21:59.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...organic matter and ice.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:59.80,0:22:04.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Inside, a few stars begin to turn on.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:04.01,0:22:06.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nearby worlds of ice evaporate...
Dialogue: 0,0:22:06.11,0:22:08.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...and form long, comet-like tails...
Dialogue: 0,0:22:08.91,0:22:16.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...driven back by the stellar winds.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:16.79,0:22:20.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Black clouds, light years across...
Dialogue: 0,0:22:20.26,0:22:22.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...drift between the stars.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:22.43,0:22:25.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're filled with organic molecules.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:25.56,0:22:28.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The building blocks of life are everywhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:28.63,0:22:30.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are easily made.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:30.80,0:22:36.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On how many worlds have such complex molecules assembled themselves...
Dialogue: 0,0:22:36.01,0:22:45.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...into patterns we would call alive?
Dialogue: 0,0:22:45.02,0:22:50.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most stars belong to systems of two or three or many suns...
Dialogue: 0,0:22:50.09,0:22:52.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...bound together by gravity.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:52.29,0:22:55.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Each system is isolated from its neighbors...
Dialogue: 0,0:22:55.73,0:22:59.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...by the light years.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:59.60,0:23:03.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are approaching a single, ordinary, yellow dwarf star...
Dialogue: 0,0:23:03.60,0:23:06.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...surrounded by a system of nine planets...
Dialogue: 0,0:23:06.50,0:23:11.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...dozens of moons, thousands of asteroids and billions of comets:
Dialogue: 0,0:23:11.21,0:23:14.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The family of the sun.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:14.98,0:23:19.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Only four light hours from Earth is the planet Neptune...
Dialogue: 0,0:23:19.45,0:23:25.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...and its giant satellite, Triton.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:25.96,0:23:29.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even in the outskirts of our own solar system...
Dialogue: 0,0:23:29.03,0:23:35.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...we humans have barely begun our explorations.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:35.57,0:23:37.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Only a century ago...
Dialogue: 0,0:23:37.17,0:23:41.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...we were ignorant even of the existence of the planet Pluto.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:41.24,0:23:43.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Its moon, Charon, remained undiscovered until 1978.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:43.57,0:23:48.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Since the discovery of Kuiper Belt objects in 1992, Pluto has come to be seen...
Dialogue: 0,0:23:48.45,0:23:51.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...as the largest member of this population of comets.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:51.15,0:23:51.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The rings of Uranus were first detected in 1977.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:51.52,0:23:55.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many astronomers no longer regard it as a planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:55.82,0:24:03.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are new worlds to chart even this close to home.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:03.13,0:24:06.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Saturn is a giant gas world.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:06.66,0:24:08.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If it has a solid surface...
Dialogue: 0,0:24:08.83,0:24:14.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...it must lie far below the clouds we see.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:14.27,0:24:16.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Saturn's majestic rings...
Dialogue: 0,0:24:16.41,0:24:25.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...are made of trillions of orbiting snowballs.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:25.55,0:24:29.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are now only 80 light minutes from home.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:29.79,0:24:47.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A mere 1 1/2 billion kilometers.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:47.10,0:24:51.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The largest planet in our solar system is Jupiter.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:51.18,0:24:55.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On its dark side, super bolts of lightning illuminate the clouds...
Dialogue: 0,0:24:55.71,0:25:12.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...as first revealed by the Voyager spacecraft in 1979.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:12.76,0:25:14.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Inside the orbit of Jupiter...
Dialogue: 0,0:25:14.80,0:25:18.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...are countless shattered and broken world-lets:
Dialogue: 0,0:25:18.60,0:25:20.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The asteroids.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:20.40,0:25:22.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These reefs and shoals...
Dialogue: 0,0:25:22.71,0:25:26.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...mark the border of the realm of giant planets.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:26.08,0:25:32.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are now entering the shallows of the solar system.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:32.22,0:25:36.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here there are worlds with thin atmospheres and solid surfaces:
Dialogue: 0,0:25:36.75,0:25:38.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Earth-like planets...
Dialogue: 0,0:25:38.29,0:25:42.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...with landscapes crying out for careful exploration.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:42.53,0:25:47.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This world is Mars.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:47.100,0:25:51.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1976, after a year's voyage...
Dialogue: 0,0:25:51.70,0:25:54.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...two robot explorers from Earth...
Dialogue: 0,0:25:54.40,0:25:58.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...landed on this alien shore.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:58.88,0:26:02.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On Mars, there is a volcano as wide as Arizona...
Dialogue: 0,0:26:02.68,0:26:05.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...and almost three times the height of Mount Everest.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:05.65,0:26:13.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've named it Mount Olympus.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:13.49,0:26:18.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a world of wonders.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:18.10,0:26:20.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mars is a planet with ancient river valleys...
Dialogue: 0,0:26:20.93,0:26:33.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...and violent sandstorms driven by winds at half the speed of sound.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:33.08,0:26:38.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is a giant rift in its surface 5000 kilometers long.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:38.12,0:26:41.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's called Vallis Marinaris.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:41.79,0:26:44.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The valley of the Mariner spacecraft...
Dialogue: 0,0:26:44.32,0:27:06.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...that came to explore Mars from a nearby world.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:06.74,0:27:10.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this, our first cosmic voyage...
Dialogue: 0,0:27:10.21,0:27:13.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...we have just begun the reconnaissance of Mars...
Dialogue: 0,0:27:13.25,0:27:16.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...and all those other planets and stars and galaxies.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:16.92,0:27:28.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In voyages to come, we will explore them more fully.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:28.73,0:27:32.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But now, we travel the few remaining light minutes...
Dialogue: 0,0:27:32.60,0:27:37.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...to a blue and cloudy world, third from the sun.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:37.74,0:27:40.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The end of our long journey...
Dialogue: 0,0:27:40.01,0:27:42.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...is the world where we began.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:42.75,0:27:44.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our travels allow us...
Dialogue: 0,0:27:44.78,0:27:47.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...to see the Earth anew...
Dialogue: 0,0:27:47.25,0:27:52.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...as if we came from somewhere else.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:52.76,0:27:55.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are a hundred billion galaxies...
Dialogue: 0,0:27:55.59,0:27:58.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...and a billion trillion stars.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:58.80,0:28:03.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why should this modest planet be the only inhabited world?
Dialogue: 0,0:28:03.60,0:28:08.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To me, it seems far more likely that the cosmos is brimming over...
Dialogue: 0,0:28:08.41,0:28:10.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...with life and intelligence.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:10.74,0:28:13.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But so far, every living thing...
Dialogue: 0,0:28:13.61,0:28:15.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...every conscious being...
Dialogue: 0,0:28:15.41,0:28:18.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...every civilization we know anything about...
Dialogue: 0,0:28:18.32,0:28:28.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...lived there, on Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:28.26,0:28:30.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Beneath these clouds...
Dialogue: 0,0:28:30.09,0:28:36.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...the drama of the human species has been unfolded.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:36.37,0:28:49.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have, at last, come home.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:49.31,0:28:51.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Welcome to the planet Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:51.85,0:28:54.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A place with blue nitrogen skies...
Dialogue: 0,0:28:54.88,0:28:56.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...oceans of liquid water...
Dialogue: 0,0:28:56.99,0:28:58.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...cool forests...
Dialogue: 0,0:28:58.52,0:29:00.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...soft meadows.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:00.12,0:29:04.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A world positively rippling with life.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:04.30,0:29:08.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the cosmic perspective, it is, for the moment, unique.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:08.03,0:29:10.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The only world in which we know with certainty...
Dialogue: 0,0:29:10.87,0:29:15.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...that the matter of the cosmos has become alive and aware.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:15.11,0:29:18.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There must be many such worlds scattered through space...
Dialogue: 0,0:29:18.14,0:29:20.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...but our search for them begins here...
Dialogue: 0,0:29:20.78,0:29:24.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...with the accumulated wisdom of the men and women of our species...
Dialogue: 0,0:29:24.38,0:29:26.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...acquired at great cost...
Dialogue: 0,0:29:26.38,0:30:11.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...over a million years.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:11.66,0:30:14.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was once a time when our planet seemed immense.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:14.76,0:30:17.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When it was the only world we could explore.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:17.47,0:30:21.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Its true size was first worked out in a simple and ingenious way...
Dialogue: 0,0:30:21.91,0:30:32.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...by a man who lived here in Egypt, in the third century B.C.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:32.12,0:30:36.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This tower may have been a communications tower.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:36.59,0:30:40.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Part of a network running along the North African coast...
Dialogue: 0,0:30:40.56,0:30:45.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...by which signal bonfires were used to communicate messages of state.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:45.16,0:30:49.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It also may have been used as a lighthouse...
Dialogue: 0,0:30:49.77,0:30:53.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...a navigational beacon for sailing ships...
Dialogue: 0,0:30:53.24,0:30:55.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...out there in the Mediterranean Sea.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:55.77,0:30:58.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is about 50 kilometers west...
Dialogue: 0,0:30:58.51,0:31:04.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...of what was once one of the great cities of the world, Alexandria.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:04.12,0:31:06.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In Alexandria, at that time...
Dialogue: 0,0:31:06.35,0:31:09.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...there lived a man named Eratosthenes.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:09.59,0:31:14.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A competitor called him "beta," the second letter of the Greek alphabet...
Dialogue: 0,0:31:14.29,0:31:19.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...because, he said, "Eratosthenes was second best in everything."
Dialogue: 0,0:31:19.20,0:31:24.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it seems clear, in many fields, Eratosthenes was "alpha."
Dialogue: 0,0:31:24.14,0:31:28.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was an astronomer, historian, geographer...
Dialogue: 0,0:31:28.04,0:31:32.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...philosopher, poet, theater critic and mathematician.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:32.11,0:31:36.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was also the chief librarian of the Great Library of Alexandria.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:36.71,0:31:41.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And one day while reading a papyrus book in the library...
Dialogue: 0,0:31:41.85,0:31:53.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...he came upon a curious account.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:53.03,0:31:55.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Far to the south, he read...
Dialogue: 0,0:31:55.06,0:31:57.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...at the frontier outpost of Syene...
Dialogue: 0,0:31:57.60,0:32:06.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...something notable could be seen on the longest day of the year.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:06.08,0:32:07.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On June 21st...
Dialogue: 0,0:32:07.81,0:32:11.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...the shadows of a temple column, or a vertical stick...
Dialogue: 0,0:32:11.08,0:32:19.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...would grow shorter as noon approached.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:19.62,0:32:21.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As the hours crept towards midday...
Dialogue: 0,0:32:21.46,0:32:25.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...the sun's rays would slither down the sides of a deep well...
Dialogue: 0,0:32:25.90,0:32:35.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...which on other days would remain in shadow.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:35.34,0:32:38.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then, precisely at noon...
Dialogue: 0,0:32:38.18,0:32:40.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...columns would cast no shadows.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:40.78,0:32:51.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the sun would shine directly down into the water of the well.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:51.46,0:32:53.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At that moment...
Dialogue: 0,0:32:53.09,0:33:00.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...the sun was exactly overhead.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:00.83,0:33:05.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was an observation that someone else might easily have ignored.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:05.37,0:33:09.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sticks, shadows, reflections in wells...
Dialogue: 0,0:33:09.44,0:33:11.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...the position of the sun...
Dialogue: 0,0:33:11.38,0:33:13.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...simple, everyday matters.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:13.61,0:33:17.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of what possible importance might they be?
Dialogue: 0,0:33:17.05,0:33:19.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But Eratosthenes was a scientist...
Dialogue: 0,0:33:19.95,0:33:23.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...and his contemplation of these homely matters changed the world...
Dialogue: 0,0:33:23.62,0:33:26.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...in a way, made the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:26.09,0:33:30.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because Eratosthenes had the presence of mind to experiment...
Dialogue: 0,0:33:30.43,0:33:35.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...to actually ask whether back here, near Alexandria...
Dialogue: 0,0:33:35.10,0:33:40.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...a stick cast a shadow near noon on June the 21 st.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:40.40,0:33:45.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it turns out, sticks do.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:45.48,0:33:48.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,An overly skeptical person might have said...
Dialogue: 0,0:33:48.11,0:33:50.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...that the report from Syene was an error.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:50.98,0:33:53.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's an absolutely straightforward observation.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:53.98,0:33:57.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why would anyone lie on such a trivial matter?
Dialogue: 0,0:33:57.35,0:34:00.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Eratosthenes asked himself how it could be...
Dialogue: 0,0:34:00.29,0:34:02.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...that at the same moment...
Dialogue: 0,0:34:02.53,0:34:05.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...a stick in Syene would cast no shadow...
Dialogue: 0,0:34:05.40,0:34:09.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...and a stick in Alexandria, 800 kilometers to the north...
Dialogue: 0,0:34:09.17,0:34:14.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...would cast a very definite shadow.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:14.80,0:34:18.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here is a map of ancient Egypt.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:18.91,0:34:22.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've inserted two sticks, or obelisks.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:22.48,0:34:27.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One up here in Alexandria and one down here in Syene.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:27.15,0:34:31.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, if at a certain moment each stick casts...
Dialogue: 0,0:34:31.19,0:34:33.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...no shadow, no shadow at all...
Dialogue: 0,0:34:33.96,0:34:38.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...that's perfectly easy to understand, provided the Earth is flat.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:38.43,0:34:41.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If the shadow at Syene is at a certain length...
Dialogue: 0,0:34:41.83,0:34:44.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...and the shadow at Alexandria is the same length...
Dialogue: 0,0:34:44.47,0:34:47.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...that also makes sense on a flat Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:47.50,0:34:50.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But how could it be, Eratosthenes asked...
Dialogue: 0,0:34:50.94,0:34:55.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...that at the same instant there was no shadow at Syene...
Dialogue: 0,0:34:55.78,0:35:01.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...and a very substantial shadow at Alexandria?
Dialogue: 0,0:35:01.78,0:35:06.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The only answer was that the surface of the Earth is curved.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:06.59,0:35:08.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not only that...
Dialogue: 0,0:35:08.12,0:35:12.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...but the greater the curvature, the bigger the difference...
Dialogue: 0,0:35:12.13,0:35:16.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...in the lengths of the shadows. The sun is so far away...
Dialogue: 0,0:35:16.03,0:35:18.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...that its rays are parallel when they reach the Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:18.67,0:35:23.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sticks at different angles to the sun will cast shadows at different lengths.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:23.14,0:35:26.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For the observed difference in the shadow lengths...
Dialogue: 0,0:35:26.78,0:35:29.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...the distance between Alexandria and Syene...
Dialogue: 0,0:35:29.41,0:35:33.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...had to be about seven degrees along the surface of the Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:33.52,0:35:37.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By that, I mean, if you would imagine these sticks extending...
Dialogue: 0,0:35:37.62,0:35:40.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...all the way down to the center of the Earth...
Dialogue: 0,0:35:40.32,0:35:43.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...they would there intersect at an angle of seven degrees.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:43.63,0:35:46.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, seven degrees is something like a 50th...
Dialogue: 0,0:35:46.100,0:35:50.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...of the full circumference of the Earth, 360 degrees.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:50.77,0:35:55.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Eratosthenes knew the distance between Alexandria and Syene.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:55.51,0:35:57.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He knew it was 800 kilometers.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:57.68,0:36:02.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why? Because he hired a man to pace out the entire distance...
Dialogue: 0,0:36:02.48,0:36:06.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...so that he could perform the calculation I'm talking about.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:06.15,0:36:11.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, 800 kilometers times 50 is 40,000 kilometers.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:11.09,0:36:13.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That must be the circumference of the Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:13.39,0:36:17.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's how far it is to go once around the Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:17.06,0:36:18.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the right answer.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:18.73,0:36:21.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Eratosthenes' only tools were...
Dialogue: 0,0:36:21.26,0:36:25.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...sticks, eyes, feet and brains.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:25.67,0:36:29.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Plus a zest for experiment.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:29.41,0:36:33.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With those tools, he correctly deduced the circumference of the Earth...
Dialogue: 0,0:36:33.34,0:36:38.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...to high precision with an error of only a few percent.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:38.92,0:36:54.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's pretty good figuring for 2200 years ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:54.20,0:36:58.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then, as now, the Mediterranean was teeming with ships.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:58.14,0:37:02.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Merchantmen, fishing vessels, naval flotillas.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:02.44,0:37:08.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there were also courageous voyages into the unknown.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:08.21,0:37:13.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,400 years before Eratosthenes, Africa was circumnavigated...
Dialogue: 0,0:37:13.05,0:37:16.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...by a Phoenician fleet in the employ...
Dialogue: 0,0:37:16.19,0:37:18.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...of the Egyptian pharaoh Necho.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:18.46,0:37:19.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They set sail...
Dialogue: 0,0:37:19.86,0:37:24.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...probably in boats as frail and open as these...
Dialogue: 0,0:37:24.60,0:37:27.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...out from the Red Sea, down the east coast of Africa...
Dialogue: 0,0:37:27.100,0:37:31.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...up into the Atlantic and then back through the Mediterranean.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:31.67,0:37:34.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That epic journey took three years...
Dialogue: 0,0:37:34.57,0:37:36.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...about as long as it takes Voyager...
Dialogue: 0,0:37:36.91,0:37:40.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...to journey from Earth to Saturn.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:40.48,0:37:43.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After Eratosthenes, some may have attempted...
Dialogue: 0,0:37:43.31,0:37:45.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...to circumnavigate the Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:45.88,0:37:49.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But until the time of Magellan, no one succeeded.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:49.39,0:37:52.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What tales of adventure and daring...
Dialogue: 0,0:37:52.59,0:37:54.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...must earlier have been told...
Dialogue: 0,0:37:54.92,0:37:59.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...as sailors and navigators, practical men of the world...
Dialogue: 0,0:37:59.46,0:38:02.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...gambled their lives on the mathematics...
Dialogue: 0,0:38:02.53,0:38:12.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...of a scientist from ancient Alexandria.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:12.58,0:38:16.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, Alexandria shows few traces of its ancient glory...
Dialogue: 0,0:38:16.45,0:38:19.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...of the days when Eratosthenes walked its broad avenues.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:19.98,0:38:24.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Over the centuries, waves of conquerors converted its palaces and temples...
Dialogue: 0,0:38:24.86,0:38:30.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...into castles and churches, then into minarets and mosques.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:30.96,0:38:35.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The city was chosen to be the capital of his empire by Alexander the Great...
Dialogue: 0,0:38:35.57,0:38:40.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...on a winter's afternoon in 331 B.C.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:40.07,0:38:43.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A century later, it had become the greatest city of the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:43.61,0:38:53.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Each successive civilization has left its mark.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:53.28,0:38:59.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what now remains of the marvel city of Alexander's dream?
Dialogue: 0,0:38:59.22,0:39:02.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alexandria is still a thriving marketplace...
Dialogue: 0,0:39:02.33,0:39:12.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...still a crossroads for the peoples of the Near East.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:12.07,0:39:15.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But once, it was radiant with self-confidence...
Dialogue: 0,0:39:15.44,0:39:24.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...certain of its power.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:24.28,0:39:26.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can you recapture a vanished epoch...
Dialogue: 0,0:39:26.58,0:39:38.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...from a few broken statues and scraps of ancient manuscripts?
Dialogue: 0,0:39:38.63,0:39:42.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In Alexandria, there was an immense library...
Dialogue: 0,0:39:42.37,0:39:45.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...and an associated research institute.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:45.20,0:39:52.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in them worked the finest minds in the ancient world.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:52.98,0:39:55.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(CAN CLUNKS)
Dialogue: 0,0:39:55.21,0:40:09.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(DOOR SQUEAKS)
Dialogue: 0,0:40:09.93,0:40:12.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of that legendary library...
Dialogue: 0,0:40:12.56,0:40:15.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...all that survives is this...
Dialogue: 0,0:40:15.33,0:40:18.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...dank and forgotten cellar.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:18.97,0:40:23.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's in the library annex, the Serapeum...
Dialogue: 0,0:40:23.11,0:40:25.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...which was once a temple...
Dialogue: 0,0:40:25.28,0:40:28.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...but was later reconsecrated to knowledge.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:28.61,0:40:32.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These few moldering shelves...
Dialogue: 0,0:40:32.72,0:40:35.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...probably once in a basement storage room...
Dialogue: 0,0:40:35.35,0:40:38.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...are its only physical remains.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:38.42,0:40:41.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this place was once...
Dialogue: 0,0:40:41.49,0:40:44.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...the brain and glory...
Dialogue: 0,0:40:44.56,0:40:55.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...of the greatest city on the planet Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:55.71,0:40:58.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If I could travel back into time...
Dialogue: 0,0:40:58.51,0:41:01.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...this is the place I would visit.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:01.94,0:41:10.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Library of Alexandria at its height, 2000 years ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:10.52,0:41:13.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here, in an important sense...
Dialogue: 0,0:41:13.16,0:41:24.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...began the intellectual adventure which has led us into space.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:24.07,0:41:35.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All the knowledge in the ancient world was once within these marble walls.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:35.11,0:41:38.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the great hall, there may have been a mural of Alexander...
Dialogue: 0,0:41:38.78,0:41:42.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...with the crook and flail and ceremonial headdress...
Dialogue: 0,0:41:42.22,0:41:48.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...of the pharaohs of ancient Egypt.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:48.46,0:41:52.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This library was a citadel of human consciousness...
Dialogue: 0,0:41:52.16,0:41:59.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...a beacon on our journey to the stars.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:59.60,0:42:04.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was the first true research institute in the history of the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:04.74,0:42:06.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what did they study?
Dialogue: 0,0:42:06.98,0:42:11.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They studied everything. The entire cosmos.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:11.11,0:42:15.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Cosmos" is a Greek word for the order of the universe.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:15.72,0:42:19.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In a way, it's the opposite of chaos.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:19.06,0:42:24.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It implies a deep interconnectedness of all things.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:24.39,0:42:30.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The intricate and subtle way that the universe is put together.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:30.77,0:42:33.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Genius flourished here.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:33.67,0:42:38.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In addition to Eratosthenes, there was the astronomer Hipparchus...
Dialogue: 0,0:42:38.21,0:42:40.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...who mapped the constellation...
Dialogue: 0,0:42:40.18,0:42:43.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...and established the brightness of the stars.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:43.88,0:42:46.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there was Euclid...
Dialogue: 0,0:42:46.15,0:42:49.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...who brilliantly systematized geometry...
Dialogue: 0,0:42:49.19,0:42:51.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...who told his king, who was struggling...
Dialogue: 0,0:42:51.76,0:42:54.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...with some difficult problem in mathematics...
Dialogue: 0,0:42:54.59,0:42:59.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...that there was no royal road to geometry.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:59.50,0:43:02.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was Dionysius of Thrace, the man who defined...
Dialogue: 0,0:43:02.40,0:43:06.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...the parts of speech: nouns, verbs and so on...
Dialogue: 0,0:43:06.07,0:43:10.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...who did for language, in a way, what Euclid did for geometry.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:10.21,0:43:14.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was Herophilus, a physiologist who identified...
Dialogue: 0,0:43:14.44,0:43:18.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...the brain rather than the heart as the seat of intelligence.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:18.65,0:43:21.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was Archimedes, the greatest mechanical genius...
Dialogue: 0,0:43:21.55,0:43:23.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...until the time of Leonardo da Vinci.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:23.95,0:43:28.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there was the astronomer Ptolemy, who compiled much of what today is...
Dialogue: 0,0:43:28.89,0:43:31.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...the pseudoscience of astrology.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:31.36,0:43:33.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His Earth-centered universe...
Dialogue: 0,0:43:33.90,0:43:36.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...held sway for 1500 years...
Dialogue: 0,0:43:36.77,0:43:40.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...showing that intellectual brilliance is no guarantee...
Dialogue: 0,0:43:40.40,0:43:42.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...against being dead wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:42.97,0:43:47.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And among these great men, there was also a great woman.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:47.18,0:43:49.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Her name was Hypatia.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:49.58,0:43:52.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She was a mathematician and an astronomer...
Dialogue: 0,0:43:52.65,0:43:54.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...the last light of the library...
Dialogue: 0,0:43:54.85,0:43:59.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...whose martyrdom is bound up with the destruction of this place...
Dialogue: 0,0:43:59.96,0:44:21.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...seven centuries after it was founded.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:21.64,0:44:25.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Look at this place.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:25.12,0:44:28.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Greek kings of Egypt who succeeded Alexander...
Dialogue: 0,0:44:28.22,0:44:31.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...regarded advances in science, literature and medicine...
Dialogue: 0,0:44:31.76,0:44:34.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...as among the treasures of the empire.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:34.22,0:44:38.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For centuries, they generously supported research and scholarship.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:38.90,0:44:46.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,An enlightenment shared by few heads of state, then or now.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:46.14,0:44:52.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(FOUNTAIN GURGLES)
Dialogue: 0,0:44:52.78,0:44:56.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Off this great hall were 10 large research laboratories.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:56.95,0:45:01.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There were fountains and colonnades, botanical gardens...
Dialogue: 0,0:45:01.28,0:45:05.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...and even a zoo with animals from India and sub-Saharan Africa.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:05.86,0:45:12.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There were dissecting rooms and an astronomical observatory.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:12.56,0:45:14.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the treasure of the library...
Dialogue: 0,0:45:14.60,0:45:18.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...consecrated to the god Serapis...
Dialogue: 0,0:45:18.07,0:45:21.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...built in the city of Alexander...
Dialogue: 0,0:45:21.07,0:45:23.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...was its collection of books.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:23.11,0:45:25.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The organizers of the library combed...
Dialogue: 0,0:45:25.51,0:45:28.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...all the cultures and languages of the world for books.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:28.94,0:45:32.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They sent agents abroad to buy up libraries.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:32.52,0:45:37.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Commercial ships docking in Alexandria harbor were searched by the police...
Dialogue: 0,0:45:37.69,0:45:40.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...not for contraband, but for books.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:40.32,0:45:44.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The scrolls were borrowed, copied and returned to their owners.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:44.09,0:45:48.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Until studied, these scrolls were collected in great stacks...
Dialogue: 0,0:45:48.36,0:45:51.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...called, "books from the ships."
Dialogue: 0,0:45:51.94,0:45:54.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Accurate numbers are difficult to come by...
Dialogue: 0,0:45:54.57,0:45:57.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...but it seems that the library contained at its peak...
Dialogue: 0,0:45:57.77,0:46:14.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...nearly one million scrolls.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:14.42,0:46:18.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The papyrus reed grows in Egypt.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:18.06,0:46:20.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the origin of our word for "paper."
Dialogue: 0,0:46:20.46,0:46:24.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Each of those million volumes which once existed in this library...
Dialogue: 0,0:46:24.43,0:46:29.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...were handwritten on papyrus manuscript scrolls.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:29.84,0:46:31.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What happened to all those books?
Dialogue: 0,0:46:31.91,0:46:35.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The classical civilization that created them disintegrated.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:35.54,0:46:38.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The library itself was destroyed.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:38.25,0:46:41.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Only a small fraction of the works survived.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:41.62,0:46:44.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as for the rest, we're left only with pathetic...
Dialogue: 0,0:46:44.95,0:46:47.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...scattered fragments.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:47.46,0:46:51.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But how tantalizing those remaining bits and pieces are.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:51.93,0:46:55.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, we know that there once existed here...
Dialogue: 0,0:46:55.80,0:47:00.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...a book by the astronomer Aristarchus of Samos...
Dialogue: 0,0:47:00.34,0:47:04.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...who apparently argued that the Earth was one of the planets...
Dialogue: 0,0:47:04.67,0:47:08.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...that, like the other planets, it orbits the sun...
Dialogue: 0,0:47:08.38,0:47:13.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...and that the stars are enormously far away.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:13.12,0:47:15.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All absolutely correct.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:15.78,0:47:18.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we had to wait nearly 2000 years...
Dialogue: 0,0:47:18.62,0:47:28.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...for these facts to be rediscovered.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:28.86,0:47:33.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The astronomy stacks of the Alexandria Library.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:33.47,0:47:35.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hipparchus.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:35.74,0:47:39.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ptolomeus. Here we are.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:39.74,0:47:43.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Aristarchus.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:43.65,0:47:45.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the book.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:45.32,0:47:48.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How I'd love to be able to read this book...
Dialogue: 0,0:47:48.88,0:47:52.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...to know how Aristarchus figured it out.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:52.06,0:47:55.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's gone. Utterly and forever.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:55.89,0:48:00.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we multiply our sense of loss for this work of Aristarchus...
Dialogue: 0,0:48:00.46,0:48:02.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...by 100,000...
Dialogue: 0,0:48:02.06,0:48:04.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...we begin to appreciate the grandeur...
Dialogue: 0,0:48:04.73,0:48:07.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...of the achievement of classical civilization...
Dialogue: 0,0:48:07.80,0:48:14.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...and the tragedy of its destruction.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:14.18,0:48:18.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have far surpassed the science known to the ancient world...
Dialogue: 0,0:48:18.92,0:48:22.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...but there are irreparable gaps in our historical knowledge.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:22.75,0:48:26.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine what mysteries of the past could be solved...
Dialogue: 0,0:48:26.32,0:48:28.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...with a borrower's card to this library.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:28.96,0:48:33.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, we know of a three-volume history of the world...
Dialogue: 0,0:48:33.40,0:48:38.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...now lost, written by a Babylonian priest named Berossus.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:38.10,0:48:41.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Volume I dealt with the interval from the creation of the world...
Dialogue: 0,0:48:41.94,0:48:43.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...to the Great Flood.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:43.31,0:48:47.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A period that he took to be 432,000 years...
Dialogue: 0,0:48:47.58,0:48:51.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...or about 100 times longer than the Old Testament chronology.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:51.51,0:48:56.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What wonders were in the books of Berossus!
Dialogue: 0,0:48:56.52,0:49:00.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But why have I brought you across 2000 years...
Dialogue: 0,0:49:00.76,0:49:03.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...to the Library of Alexandria?
Dialogue: 0,0:49:03.76,0:49:07.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because this was when and where we humans...
Dialogue: 0,0:49:07.26,0:49:11.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...first collected seriously and systematically...
Dialogue: 0,0:49:11.57,0:49:13.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...the knowledge of the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:13.80,0:49:16.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the Earth as Eratosthenes knew it.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:16.51,0:49:19.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A tiny, spherical world, afloat...
Dialogue: 0,0:49:19.98,0:49:23.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...in an immensity of space and time.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:23.45,0:49:26.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We were, at long last, beginning to find...
Dialogue: 0,0:49:26.35,0:49:30.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...our true bearings in the cosmos.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:30.05,0:49:32.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The scientists of antiquity...
Dialogue: 0,0:49:32.12,0:49:35.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...took the first and most important steps in that direction...
Dialogue: 0,0:49:35.92,0:49:38.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...before their civilization fell apart.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:38.100,0:49:42.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But after the Dark Ages, it was by and large...
Dialogue: 0,0:49:42.06,0:49:46.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...the rediscovery of the works of these scholars done here...
Dialogue: 0,0:49:46.20,0:49:48.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...that made the Renaissance possible...
Dialogue: 0,0:49:48.60,0:49:51.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...and thereby powerfully influenced our own culture.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:51.88,0:49:55.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When, in the 15th century, Europe was at last ready...
Dialogue: 0,0:49:55.31,0:49:58.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...to awaken from its long sleep...
Dialogue: 0,0:49:58.31,0:50:02.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...it picked up some of the tools, the books and the concepts...
Dialogue: 0,0:50:02.78,0:50:12.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...laid down here more than a thousand years before.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:12.26,0:50:16.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By 1600, the long-forgotten ideas of Aristarchus...
Dialogue: 0,0:50:16.37,0:50:18.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...had been rediscovered.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:18.67,0:50:22.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Johannes Kepler constructed elaborate models...
Dialogue: 0,0:50:22.14,0:50:25.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...to understand the motion and arrangement of the planets...
Dialogue: 0,0:50:25.24,0:50:32.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...the clockwork of the heavens.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:32.02,0:50:46.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And at night, he dreamt of traveling to the moon.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:46.56,0:50:48.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His principal scientific tools were...
Dialogue: 0,0:50:48.96,0:50:51.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...the mathematics of the Alexandrian Library...
Dialogue: 0,0:50:51.97,0:50:54.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...and an unswerving respect for the facts...
Dialogue: 0,0:50:54.60,0:51:01.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...however disquieting they might be.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:01.44,0:51:05.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His story, and the story of the scientists who came after him...
Dialogue: 0,0:51:05.08,0:51:09.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...are also part of our voyage.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:09.89,0:51:13.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Seventy years later, the sun-centered universe...
Dialogue: 0,0:51:13.06,0:51:14.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...of Aristarchus and Copernicus...
Dialogue: 0,0:51:14.86,0:51:18.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...was widely accepted in the Europe of the Enlightenment.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:18.93,0:51:22.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The idea arose that the planets were worlds...
Dialogue: 0,0:51:22.56,0:51:24.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...governed by laws of nature...
Dialogue: 0,0:51:24.40,0:51:28.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...and scientific speculation turned to the motions of the stars.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:28.84,0:51:31.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The clockwork in the heavens was imitated...
Dialogue: 0,0:51:31.67,0:51:34.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...by the watchmakers of Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:34.04,0:51:37.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Precise timekeeping permitted great sailing ship voyages...
Dialogue: 0,0:51:37.75,0:51:40.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...of exploration and discovery...
Dialogue: 0,0:51:40.48,0:51:44.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...which bound up the Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:44.49,0:51:47.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was a time when free inquiry...
Dialogue: 0,0:51:47.02,0:51:49.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...was valued once again.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:49.19,0:51:55.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(SPEAKING IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE)
Dialogue: 0,0:51:55.90,0:51:59.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,250 years later, the Earth was all explored.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:59.50,0:52:03.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,New adventurers now looked to the planets and the stars.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:03.41,0:52:07.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The galaxies were recognized as great aggregates of stars...
Dialogue: 0,0:52:07.28,0:52:12.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...island universes millions of light years away.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:12.12,0:52:15.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the 1920s, astronomers had begun to measure...
Dialogue: 0,0:52:15.45,0:52:22.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...the speeds of distant galaxies.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:22.96,0:52:24.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ASTRONOMER 1: What time is it?
Dialogue: 0,0:52:24.13,0:52:26.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,7:15.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:26.26,0:52:28.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ASTRONOMER 1: Lights off, please.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:28.40,0:52:33.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They found that the galaxies were flying away from one another.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:33.24,0:52:35.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To the astonishment of everyone...
Dialogue: 0,0:52:35.34,0:52:44.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...the entire universe was expanding.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:44.38,0:52:51.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We had begun to plumb the true depths of time and space.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:51.62,0:52:54.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The long, collective enterprise of science...
Dialogue: 0,0:52:54.52,0:52:59.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...has revealed a universe some 15 billion years old.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:59.03,0:53:02.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The time since the explosive birth of the cosmos...
Dialogue: 0,0:53:02.23,0:53:03.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...the big bang.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:03.47,0:53:03.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The current estimates for the age of the universe range from 12 to 15 billion years.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:03.83,0:53:09.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(THUNDER CRASHES)
Dialogue: 0,0:53:09.97,0:53:14.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The cosmic calendar compresses the local history of the universe...
Dialogue: 0,0:53:14.21,0:53:16.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...into a single year.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:16.14,0:53:18.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If the universe began on January 1st...
Dialogue: 0,0:53:18.92,0:53:23.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...it was not until May that the Milky Way formed.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:23.05,0:53:26.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Other planetary systems may have appeared...
Dialogue: 0,0:53:26.02,0:53:29.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...in June, July and August...
Dialogue: 0,0:53:29.19,0:53:32.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...but our sun and Earth, not until mid-September.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:32.13,0:53:35.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Life arose soon after.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:35.36,0:53:39.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everything humans have ever done occurred in that bright speck...
Dialogue: 0,0:53:39.64,0:53:45.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...at the lower right of the cosmic calendar.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:45.34,0:53:47.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The big bang is at upper left...
Dialogue: 0,0:53:47.54,0:53:50.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...in the first second of January 1st.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:50.51,0:53:54.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fifteen billion years later is our present time...
Dialogue: 0,0:53:54.42,0:54:02.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...the last second of December 31st.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:02.76,0:54:06.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every month is 1ź billion years long.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:06.20,0:54:09.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Each day represents 40 million years.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:09.30,0:54:13.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Each second stands for some 500 years of our history.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:13.24,0:54:22.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The blinking of an eye in the drama of cosmic time.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:22.84,0:54:27.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At this scale, the cosmic calendar is the size of a football field...
Dialogue: 0,0:54:27.52,0:54:30.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...but all of human history would occupy an area...
Dialogue: 0,0:54:30.89,0:54:32.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...the size of my hand.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:32.72,0:54:36.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're just beginning to trace the long and tortuous path...
Dialogue: 0,0:54:36.39,0:54:39.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...which began with the primeval fireball...
Dialogue: 0,0:54:39.33,0:54:42.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...and led to the condensation of matter:
Dialogue: 0,0:54:42.23,0:54:45.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Gas, dust, stars, galaxies, and...
Dialogue: 0,0:54:45.07,0:54:47.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...at least in our little nook of the universe...
Dialogue: 0,0:54:47.64,0:54:52.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...planets, life, intelligence and inquisitive men and women.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:52.14,0:54:53.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've emerged so recently...
Dialogue: 0,0:54:53.94,0:54:57.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...that the familiar events of our recorded history...
Dialogue: 0,0:54:57.01,0:55:01.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...occupy only the last seconds of the last minute of December 31st.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:01.45,0:55:05.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But some critical events for the human species began much earlier...
Dialogue: 0,0:55:05.29,0:55:08.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...minutes earlier.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:08.32,0:55:11.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we change our scale from months to minutes.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:11.93,0:55:15.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Down here, the first humans made their debut...
Dialogue: 0,0:55:15.30,0:55:21.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...around 10:30 p.m. on December 31st.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:21.67,0:55:24.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And with the passing of every cosmic minute...
Dialogue: 0,0:55:24.21,0:55:26.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...each minute 30,000 years long...
Dialogue: 0,0:55:26.48,0:55:29.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...we began the arduous journey towards understanding...
Dialogue: 0,0:55:29.01,0:55:34.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...where we live and who we are.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:34.52,0:55:36.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,11:46...
Dialogue: 0,0:55:36.82,0:55:39.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...only 14 minutes ago...
Dialogue: 0,0:55:39.66,0:55:43.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...humans have tamed fire.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:43.36,0:55:48.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,11:59:20, the evening of the last day of the cosmic year...
Dialogue: 0,0:55:48.36,0:55:52.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...the 11th hour, the 59th minute, the 20th second...
Dialogue: 0,0:55:52.40,0:55:55.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...the domestication of plants and animals begins:
Dialogue: 0,0:55:55.47,0:56:01.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,An application of the human talent...
Dialogue: 0,0:56:01.24,0:56:10.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...for making tools.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:10.19,0:56:14.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,11:59:35, settled agricultural communities...
Dialogue: 0,0:56:14.89,0:56:18.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...evolved into the first cities.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:18.56,0:56:22.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We humans appear on the comic calendar so recently...
Dialogue: 0,0:56:22.86,0:56:25.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...that our recorded history occupies only...
Dialogue: 0,0:56:25.47,0:56:31.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...the last few seconds of the last minute of December 31 st.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:31.14,0:56:36.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the vast ocean of time which this calendar represents...
Dialogue: 0,0:56:36.11,0:56:41.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...all our memories are confined...
Dialogue: 0,0:56:41.65,0:56:44.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...to this small square.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:44.25,0:56:49.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every person we've ever heard of lived somewhere in there.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:49.56,0:56:54.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All those kings and battles, migrations and inventions, wars and loves.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:54.93,0:56:56.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everything in the history books...
Dialogue: 0,0:56:56.90,0:56:59.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...happens here...
Dialogue: 0,0:56:59.70,0:57:08.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...in the last 10 seconds of the cosmic calendar.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:08.38,0:57:11.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We on Earth have just awakened...
Dialogue: 0,0:57:11.08,0:57:14.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...to the great oceans of space and time...
Dialogue: 0,0:57:14.08,0:57:17.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...from which we have emerged.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:17.35,0:57:19.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are the legacy...
Dialogue: 0,0:57:19.12,0:57:23.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...of 15 billion years of cosmic evolution.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:23.26,0:57:25.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have a choice:
Dialogue: 0,0:57:25.26,0:57:28.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can enhance life and come to know the universe that made us...
Dialogue: 0,0:57:28.96,0:57:32.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...or we can squander our 15 billion-year heritage...
Dialogue: 0,0:57:32.40,0:57:36.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...in meaningless self-destruction.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:36.57,0:57:39.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What happens in the first second of the next cosmic year...
Dialogue: 0,0:57:39.98,0:57:43.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...depends on what we do, here and now...
Dialogue: 0,0:57:43.35,0:57:45.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...with our intelligence...
Dialogue: 0,0:57:45.35,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...and our knowledge of the cosmos.