0:00:00.410,0:00:01.420 Hi, I’m John Green 0:00:01.420,0:00:02.830 and this is Crash Course World History 0:00:02.830,0:00:06.779 and today we’re going to return—[br]sadly for the last time on Crash Course— 0:00:06.779,0:00:07.339 to China. 0:00:07.339,0:00:08.540 By the way, Stan brought cupcakes. 0:00:08.540,0:00:09.360 That’s good. 0:00:09.360,0:00:13.879 I wish I could draw some parallel[br]between this and China, 0:00:13.879,0:00:14.490 but I got nothing. 0:00:14.490,0:00:14.940 It’s just delicious. 0:00:14.940,0:00:17.840 I’ll sure miss you, piece of felt[br]Danica cut out in the shape of China 0:00:17.840,0:00:20.160 using blue because we felt red[br]would be cliché. 0:00:20.160,0:00:21.470 Mr. Green, Mr. Green, Mr Green! 0:00:21.470,0:00:24.480 You don’t get to talk until you shave[br]the mustache, Me From The Past. 0:00:24.480,0:00:26.439 So the 20th century was pretty big[br]for China because it saw 0:00:26.439,0:00:28.179 not one but two revolutions. 0:00:28.179,0:00:32.099 China’s 1911 revolution might be a bigger[br]deal from a world historical perspective 0:00:32.099,0:00:34.660 than the more famous[br]communist revolution of 1949, 0:00:34.660,0:00:36.489 but you wouldn’t know it because 0:00:36.489,0:00:39.680 1. china’s communism became a really big[br]deal during the cold war, 0:00:39.680,0:00:42.629 and 2. Mao Zedong,[br]the father of communist China, 0:00:42.629,0:00:44.170 was really good at self-promotion. 0:00:44.170,0:00:46.680 Like, you know his famous book of sayings? 0:00:46.680,0:00:49.199 Pretty much everyone in China[br]just had to own it. 0:00:49.199,0:00:52.609 And I mean, HAD TO. [makes sense; staff only[br]allowed to read John Green books] 0:00:52.609,0:00:53.199 [best] 0:00:53.199,0:00:54.390 [intro music] 0:00:54.390,0:00:55.570 [intro music] 0:00:55.570,0:00:56.760 [intro music] 0:00:56.760,0:00:57.949 [intro music] 0:00:57.949,0:00:59.129 [intro music] 0:00:59.129,0:00:59.730 [ever] 0:00:59.730,0:01:02.019 So as you know doubt recall from[br]past episodes of Crash Course, 0:01:02.019,0:01:04.280 China lost the Opium wars[br]in the 19th century, 0:01:04.280,0:01:07.260 resulting in European domination,[br]spheres of influence, et cetera, 0:01:07.260,0:01:09.520 all of which was deeply embarrassing[br]to the Qing dynasty 0:01:09.520,0:01:10.970 and led to calls for reform. 0:01:10.970,0:01:12.690 One strand of reform that called[br]for China to adopt 0:01:12.690,0:01:15.370 European military technology[br]and education systems 0:01:15.370,0:01:16.550 was called self strengthening, 0:01:16.550,0:01:19.000 and it was probably would have[br]been a great idea, 0:01:19.000,0:01:20.590 considering how well[br]that worked for Japan. 0:01:20.590,0:01:21.610 But it never happened in China-- 0:01:21.610,0:01:23.650 well, at least not until recently. 0:01:23.650,0:01:24.260 Instead, 0:01:24.260,0:01:28.170 China experienced the disastrous[br]anti-Western Boxer Rebellion of 1900, 0:01:28.170,0:01:31.960 which helped spur some young liberals,[br]including one named Sun Yat Sen, 0:01:31.960,0:01:33.500 to plot the overthrow of the dynasty. 0:01:33.500,0:01:33.730 Oh, 0:01:33.730,0:01:38.650 it’s already time for the Open Letter...[br][unscoffingly skids across unscoured set] 0:01:38.650,0:01:40.030 An open letter to Sun Yat Sen. 0:01:40.030,0:01:40.480 Oh, but first, 0:01:40.480,0:01:43.010 let’s see what’s in[br]the secret compartment today. 0:01:43.010,0:01:45.160 Oh, more champagne poppers?[br][seriously, more champagne poppers?] 0:01:45.160,0:01:47.100 Stan, at this point aren’t we[br]sort of belaboring the fact 0:01:47.100,0:01:50.130 that China invented fireworks? 0:01:50.130,0:01:52.320 Wow! 0:01:52.320,0:01:54.390 That is innovation at work right there. 0:01:54.390,0:01:56.540 We used to not be able to[br]fire off one of these, 0:01:56.540,0:01:59.860 and now we can fire off six at a time[br]if you count the two secret ones 0:01:59.860,0:02:00.780 from behind me.[br][strangest. job. ever.] 0:02:00.780,0:02:01.650 Dear Sun Yat Sen, 0:02:01.650,0:02:02.430 you were amazing! 0:02:02.430,0:02:05.000 I mean the Republic of China calls[br]you the father of the nation, 0:02:05.000,0:02:06.600 the People’s Republic of China calls you 0:02:06.600,0:02:08.789 the forerunner of[br]the democratic revolution. 0:02:08.789,0:02:11.350 You’re the only thing they can agree on. 0:02:11.350,0:02:13.630 You lived in China, Japan,[br]the United States, 0:02:13.630,0:02:17.410 you converted to Christianity, you were a[br]doctor, you were the godfather of 0:02:17.410,0:02:19.050 an important science fiction writer. 0:02:19.050,0:02:19.300 [not important enough to help "Cordwainer"[br]catch on as a popular baby name, however] 0:02:19.300,0:02:20.330 But the infuriating thing is that 0:02:20.330,0:02:23.230 you never actually got much[br]of a chance to rule China, 0:02:23.230,0:02:24.750 and you would have been great at it. 0:02:24.750,0:02:25.130 I mean, 0:02:25.130,0:02:27.030 your three principles of the people, 0:02:27.030,0:02:29.560 Nationalism, Democracy, and[br]the People’s Livelihood, 0:02:29.560,0:02:31.100 are three really great principles. 0:02:31.100,0:02:33.080 I mean the problem,[br]aside from you not living long enough 0:02:33.080,0:02:35.000 is that you just didn’t[br]have a face for Warhol portraits. 0:02:35.000,0:02:37.120 [Warhol thought anyone who had $25k had a[br]face for his portraits, but point taken] 0:02:37.120,0:02:37.690 Huh, it’s too bad. 0:02:37.690,0:02:38.590 Best wishes,[br]John Green. 0:02:38.590,0:02:42.580 So the 1911 revolution that led to the[br]end of the Qing started when a bomb 0:02:42.580,0:02:45.920 accidentally exploded, at which point the[br]revolutionaries were like, 0:02:45.920,0:02:49.380 “we’re probably going to be outed, so[br]we should just start the uprising now.” 0:02:49.380,0:02:52.360 The uprising probably would’ve been[br]quelled like many before it except 0:02:52.360,0:02:56.600 this time the army joined the rebellion,[br]because they wanted to become more modern. 0:02:56.600,0:02:57.820 The Qing emperor abdicated, 0:02:57.820,0:03:00.580 and the rebels chose a general,[br]Yuan Shikai, as leader, 0:03:00.580,0:03:05.020 while Sun Yat Sen was declared president[br]of a provisional republic on Jan 1, 1912. 0:03:05.020,0:03:07.830 A new government was created with a[br]Senate and a Lower House, 0:03:07.830,0:03:09.450 and it was supposed to write[br]a new constitution. 0:03:09.450,0:03:10.890 And after the first elections, 0:03:10.890,0:03:12.569 Sun Yat Sen’s party, the Guomindang 0:03:12.569,0:03:14.790 were the largest, but they[br]weren’t the majority. 0:03:14.790,0:03:16.390 So Sun Yat Sen deferred to Yuan, 0:03:16.390,0:03:19.250 which turned out to be a huge mistake[br]because he then outlawed the 0:03:19.250,0:03:21.290 Guomindang party and ruled as dictator. 0:03:21.290,0:03:23.370 But when Yuan Shikai died in 1916, 0:03:23.370,0:03:28.150 China’s first non-dynastic government[br]in over 3000 years completely fell apart. 0:03:28.150,0:03:30.540 Localism reasserted itself with[br]large-scale landlords 0:03:30.540,0:03:33.569 with small-scale armies ruling[br]all the parts of China 0:03:33.569,0:03:34.900 that weren’t controlled by foreigners. 0:03:34.900,0:03:37.670 You might remember this phenomenon[br]from earlier in Chinese history, 0:03:37.670,0:03:41.050 first during the Warring States period[br]and then again for three hundred years 0:03:41.050,0:03:43.660 between the end of the Han[br]and the rise of the Sui. 0:03:43.660,0:03:46.600 So the period in Chinese history[br]between 1912 and 1949 0:03:46.600,0:03:48.880 is sometimes called the Chinese Republic, 0:03:48.880,0:03:51.010 although that gives the government[br]a bit too much credit. 0:03:51.010,0:03:54.290 The leading group trying to re-form China[br]into a nation state was the Guomindang, 0:03:54.290,0:03:58.340 but after 1920 the Chinese[br]Communist Party was also in the mix. 0:03:58.340,0:04:01.660 And for the Guomindang to regain power[br]from those big landlords and 0:04:01.660,0:04:04.360 reunify China,[br]they needed some help from the CCP. 0:04:04.360,0:04:07.430 Now if an alliance between[br]Communists and Nationalists 0:04:07.430,0:04:09.310 sounds like a match made in hell, 0:04:09.310,0:04:10.880 well, yes. It was. 0:04:10.880,0:04:11.190 That said, 0:04:11.190,0:04:14.180 the two did manage to patch things up[br]for a while in the early 1920s, 0:04:14.180,0:04:15.260 you know, for the sake of the kids. 0:04:15.260,0:04:20.150 But then Sun Yat Sen died in 1925[br]and the alliance fell apart in 1927 0:04:20.150,0:04:23.090 when Guomindang leader Chaing Kai Shek[br]got mad at the communists 0:04:23.090,0:04:26.490 for trying to foment socialist revolution,[br]to which the communists were like, 0:04:26.490,0:04:29.389 “But that’s what we do, man.[br]We’re communists.” 0:04:29.389,0:04:32.220 Anyway, this turned out to be a[br]bad break up for a bunch of reasons, 0:04:32.220,0:04:34.310 but mainly because it started a[br]civil war between 0:04:34.310,0:04:35.480 the Communists and the Nationalists. 0:04:35.480,0:04:39.410 We’re not going to get into exhausting[br]detail on the civil war but Spoiler alert: 0:04:39.410,0:04:40.340 the Communists won. 0:04:40.340,0:04:41.620 But there are a few things to point out: 0:04:41.620,0:04:43.190 First, even though Mao [pronounced like[br]Maori] emerged victorious, 0:04:43.190,0:04:46.210 he and the communists were[br]almost wiped out in 1934 0:04:46.210,0:04:48.720 except that they made a miraculous[br]and harrowing escape, 0:04:48.720,0:04:51.340 trekking from southern China[br]to the mountains in the north 0:04:51.340,0:04:54.220 in what has become famously known[br]as the Long March, 0:04:54.220,0:04:57.310 a great example of historians[br]missing an opportunity 0:04:57.310,0:05:00.190 since it could easily have been called[br]the Long Ass March, 0:05:00.190,0:05:01.530 as it featured donkeys. 0:05:01.530,0:05:01.960 Second, 0:05:01.960,0:05:04.770 for much of the time the Gomindang was[br]trying to crush the CCP, 0:05:04.770,0:05:09.460 significant portions of China were[br]being occupied and/or invaded by Japan. 0:05:09.460,0:05:09.840 Thirdly, 0:05:09.840,0:05:12.270 the Communists were just better[br]at fighting the Japanese 0:05:12.270,0:05:13.430 than the Nationalists were. 0:05:13.430,0:05:16.310 In spite of the fact that Chiang Kai Shek[br]had extensive support from the U.S. 0:05:16.310,0:05:18.520 And each time the Nationalists[br]failed against the Japanese, 0:05:18.520,0:05:20.910 their prestige among their[br]fellow Chinese diminished. 0:05:20.910,0:05:22.710 It wasn’t helped by[br]Nationalist corruption, 0:05:22.710,0:05:25.370 or their collecting onerous taxes[br]from Chinese peasants, 0:05:25.370,0:05:27.930 or stories about Nationalist troops[br]putting on civilian clothes 0:05:27.930,0:05:31.180 and abandoning the city of Nanking[br]during its awful destruction 0:05:31.180,0:05:33.160 by the Japanese army in 1937. 0:05:33.160,0:05:33.590 Meanwhile, 0:05:33.590,0:05:36.370 the Communists were winning over the[br]peasants in their northwestern enclave 0:05:36.370,0:05:39.080 by making sure that troops didn’t[br]pillage local land 0:05:39.080,0:05:41.460 and by giving peasants a[br]greater say in local government. 0:05:41.460,0:05:44.900 Now, that isn’t to say everything was rosy[br]under Mao’s communist leadership, 0:05:44.900,0:05:46.139 even at its earliest stages. 0:05:46.139,0:05:46.460 By the way, 0:05:46.460,0:05:50.790 That is an actual chalk illustration.[br]Very impressed. [thanks, boss.] 0:05:50.790,0:05:55.190 In a preview of things to come, in 1942[br]Mao initiated a “rectification” program. 0:05:55.190,0:05:57.190 Which basically meant students and[br]intellectuals were sent 0:05:57.190,0:06:00.710 down into the countryside to give them[br]a taste of what “real China” was like 0:06:00.710,0:06:02.240 in an effort to re-educate them. 0:06:02.240,0:06:04.160 We try to be politically neutral[br]here on Crash Course, 0:06:04.160,0:06:07.669 but we are always opposed to[br]intellectuals doing hard labor. [lolzer] 0:06:07.669,0:06:08.050 But anyway, 0:06:08.050,0:06:10.680 within four years of the end of[br]World War II the Communists routed 0:06:10.680,0:06:12.780 Chiang Kai Shek’s armies and[br]sent them off to Taiwan. 0:06:12.780,0:06:15.350 and these military victories paved the way[br]for Mao to declare 0:06:15.350,0:06:19.169 the People’s Republic of China[br]on October 1, 1949. 0:06:19.169,0:06:19.820 so once in power, 0:06:19.820,0:06:23.530 Mao and the PRC were faced with the task[br]of creating a new, socialist state. 0:06:23.530,0:06:25.720 And Mao declared early on that[br]the working class in China 0:06:25.720,0:06:29.290 would be the leaders of a[br]“people’s democratic dictatorship.” 0:06:29.290,0:06:31.960 Oh democratic dictatorships.[br]You’re the BEST. 0:06:31.960,0:06:35.360 It’s all the best parts of democracy,[br]and all the best parts of dictatorship. 0:06:35.360,0:06:38.190 You get to vote,[br]but there’s only one choice. 0:06:38.190,0:06:40.290 It takes all the pesky thinking out it. 0:06:40.290,0:06:44.840 The PRC promised equal rights for women,[br]rent reduction, land redistribution, 0:06:44.840,0:06:48.160 new heavy industry and lots of freedoms. 0:06:48.160,0:06:48.820 Including freedoms of 0:06:48.820,0:06:53.669 “thought, speech, publication, assembly,[br]association, correspondence, person, 0:06:53.669,0:06:57.509 domicile, moving from one place to[br]another, religious belief, and 0:06:57.509,0:07:01.000 the freedom to hold[br]processions and demonstrations.” 0:07:01.000,0:07:01.400 Yeah, NO. 0:07:01.400,0:07:04.490 Even putting aside the PRC’s failure[br]to protect any of those rights, 0:07:04.490,0:07:06.030 Mao’s China wasn’t much fun if you were 0:07:06.030,0:07:08.940 a landlord or even if you were[br]a peasant who’d done well. 0:07:08.940,0:07:12.680 Land redistribution and reform meant[br]destroying the power of landlords, 0:07:12.680,0:07:13.169 often violently. 0:07:13.169,0:07:15.620 But centralizing power and[br]checking individual ambition 0:07:15.620,0:07:16.930 proved difficult for the government, 0:07:16.930,0:07:20.190 and it was made harder by China’s[br]involvement in the Korean War, 0:07:20.190,0:07:23.520 which helped spur the first mass campaign[br]of Mao’s democratic dictatorship. 0:07:23.520,0:07:25.350 Designed to encourage support for the War, 0:07:25.350,0:07:26.330 the campaign was called the 0:07:26.330,0:07:29.190 “Resist America and Aid Korea campaign,”[br][name's a bit clunky, innit?] 0:07:29.190,0:07:32.100 and it resulted in almost[br]all foreigners leaving China. 0:07:32.100,0:07:35.570 A second campaign, against[br]“counterrevolutionaries” was much worse. 0:07:35.570,0:07:37.759 People suspected of sympathizing[br]with the Guomindang, 0:07:37.759,0:07:42.070 or anyone insufficiently communist,[br]was subject to humiliation and violence. 0:07:42.070,0:07:46.479 Between October 1950 and August 1951 0:07:46.479,0:07:50.690 28,332 people accused of[br]being spies or counterrevolutionaries 0:07:50.690,0:07:52.919 were executed in Guandong city alone. 0:07:52.919,0:07:55.259 A third mass campaign,[br]the “Three Anti Campaign” w 0:07:55.259,0:07:57.330 as aimed at reforming the[br]Communist party itself. 0:07:57.330,0:07:59.960 And the final mass campaign,[br]the Five Anti Campaign 0:07:59.960,0:08:02.639 was an assault on[br]all bourgeois capitalism, 0:08:02.639,0:08:05.210 which effectively killed[br]private business in China. 0:08:05.210,0:08:07.949 Very few of the victims of[br]this last campaign actually died, 0:08:07.949,0:08:10.560 but capitalism was weakened[br]and state control bolstered. 0:08:10.560,0:08:11.919 OK, let’s go to the Thought Bubble. 0:08:11.919,0:08:15.780 Mao and the CCP set out to turn China into[br]an industrial powerhouse by following the 0:08:15.780,0:08:16.500 Soviet model. 0:08:16.500,0:08:19.169 We haven’t really talked about this,[br]but under the Soviet system, 0:08:19.169,0:08:22.120 Russia was able to accomplish[br]massive industrialization-- 0:08:22.120,0:08:24.970 not to mention tens of millions[br]of deaths from starvation-- 0:08:24.970,0:08:28.160 through centralized planning and[br]collectivization of agriculture, 0:08:28.160,0:08:31.210 following what were known as[br]Five Year Plans. 0:08:31.210,0:08:34.889 The Chinese adopted the model of[br]Five Year Plans beginning in 1953 0:08:34.889,0:08:35.919 and the first one worked, 0:08:35.919,0:08:38.179 at least as far as[br]industrialization was concerned. 0:08:38.179,0:08:40.369 In fact, the plan worked[br]even better than expected, 0:08:40.369,0:08:44.069 with industry increasing 121%[br]more than projected. 0:08:44.069,0:08:45.249 In order for this to work though, 0:08:45.249,0:08:49.339 the peasants had to grow lots of grain[br]and sell it at extremely low prices. 0:08:49.339,0:08:52.709 This kept inflation in check, and saving[br]was encouraged by the fact that... 0:08:52.709,0:08:55.189 ...the Five Year Plan didn’t[br]have many consumer goods, 0:08:55.189,0:08:56.809 so there was nothing to buy. 0:08:56.809,0:08:57.699 For urban workers, 0:08:57.699,0:09:01.860 living standards improved and[br]China’s population grew to 646 million. 0:09:01.860,0:09:03.879 So far, Mao’s plan seemed to be working, 0:09:03.879,0:09:06.069 but there was no way that China could[br]keep up that growth, 0:09:06.069,0:09:09.040 especially without some[br]backsliding into capitalism. 0:09:09.040,0:09:12.499 So Mao came up with a terrible idea[br]called the Great Leap Forward. 0:09:12.499,0:09:13.600 Mao essentially decided that 0:09:13.600,0:09:16.939 the nation could be psyched up[br]into more industrial productivity. 0:09:16.939,0:09:17.980 Among many other bad ideas, 0:09:17.980,0:09:21.040 he famously ordered that individuals[br]build small steel furnaces 0:09:21.040,0:09:23.619 in their backyard to increase[br]steel production. 0:09:23.619,0:09:24.749 This was not a good idea. 0:09:24.749,0:09:27.860 First off, it didn’t actually[br]increase steel production much. 0:09:27.860,0:09:30.839 Secondly, it turns out that people[br]making steel in their backyard 0:09:30.839,0:09:34.129 who know nothing about making steel…[br]Make Bad Steel. 0:09:34.129,0:09:34.800 But the worst idea was 0:09:34.800,0:09:38.449 to pay for heavy machinery from[br]the USSR with exported grain. 0:09:38.449,0:09:40.449 This meant there was less[br]for peasants to eat— 0:09:40.449,0:09:46.290 and as a result, between 1959 and 1962,[br]20 million people died, 0:09:46.290,0:09:49.740 probably half of whom were[br]under the age of 10. 0:09:49.740,0:09:50.589 Jeez,Thought Bubble, that was sad. 0:09:50.589,0:09:52.509 And then in happier news came[br]the Cultural Revolution! 0:09:52.509,0:09:53.550 Just kidding, it sucked. 0:09:53.550,0:09:54.769 By the middle of the sixties, 0:09:54.769,0:09:57.449 Mao was afraid that China’s revolution[br]was running out of steam, 0:09:57.449,0:10:01.350 and he didn’t want China to end up just[br]a bureaucratized police state like, 0:10:01.350,0:10:02.910 you know, most of the Soviet bloc. 0:10:02.910,0:10:03.779 and The Cultural Revolution 0:10:03.779,0:10:07.939 was an attempt to capture the glory days[br]of the revolution and fire up the masses, 0:10:07.939,0:10:11.050 and what better way to do that[br]than to empower the kids. 0:10:11.050,0:10:13.959 Frustrated students who were unable[br]find decent, fulfilling jobs 0:10:13.959,0:10:16.559 jumped at the chance to denounce[br]their teachers, employers, 0:10:16.559,0:10:19.970 and sometimes even their parents[br]and to tear down tradition, 0:10:19.970,0:10:22.019 which often meant demolishing[br]buildings and art. 0:10:22.019,0:10:23.689 The ranks of these “Red Guards” swelled 0:10:23.689,0:10:25.860 and anyone representing the[br]so-called “four olds” 0:10:25.860,0:10:30.399 —old culture, old habits, old ideas,[br]and old customs— 0:10:30.399,0:10:32.699 was subject to humiliation and violence. 0:10:32.699,0:10:35.660 Intellectuals were again sent to the[br]countryside as they were in 1942; 0:10:35.660,0:10:36.879 millions were persecuted; 0:10:36.879,0:10:39.959 and countless historical and[br]religious artifacts were destroyed. 0:10:39.959,0:10:41.739 But the real aim of[br]the Cultural Revolution was 0:10:41.739,0:10:43.949 to consolidate Mao’s revolution, 0:10:43.949,0:10:46.059 and while his image still looms large, 0:10:46.059,0:10:49.239 it’s hard to say that China these days[br]is a socialist state. 0:10:49.239,0:10:52.040 Many would argue that Mao’s revolution[br]was extremely short-lived, 0:10:52.040,0:10:54.379 and that the real change in China[br]happened in 1911. 0:10:54.379,0:10:58.379 That’s when the Chinese Republic[br]ended 3,000 years of dynastic history 0:10:58.379,0:11:02.579 and forever broke the cyclical pattern the[br]Chinese had used to understand their past. 0:11:02.579,0:11:03.959 I mean at least in some senses, 0:11:03.959,0:11:07.779 those Nationalist revolutionaries[br]literally put an end to history. 0:11:07.779,0:11:09.829 That sense of living in a truly New World 0:11:09.829,0:11:12.999 has made many great and terrible things[br]possible for China 0:11:12.999,0:11:16.239 but the legacy of China’s[br]two revolutions is mixed at best. 0:11:16.239,0:11:19.999 China, for instance, made most of[br]the camera we use to film this video. 0:11:19.999,0:11:19.999 And 0:11:19.999,0:11:22.610 China made most of the computers we use to[br]edit. [i see what you did there, Stanny] 0:11:22.610,0:11:23.179 But no one in 0:11:23.179,0:11:26.779 the People’s Republic of China will[br]legally be able to watch this video, 0:11:26.779,0:11:28.550 because the government blocks YouTube. 0:11:28.550,0:11:29.239 Thanks for watching. 0:11:29.239,0:11:31.179 I’ll see you next week. 0:11:31.179,0:11:31.679 Crash Course is 0:11:31.679,0:11:33.519 produced and directed[br]by Stan Muller. 0:11:33.519,0:11:35.389 Our script supervisor[br]is Meredith Danko. 0:11:35.389,0:11:37.220 Our associate producer[br]is Danica Johnson. 0:11:37.220,0:11:39.100 The show is written[br]by my high school history teacher 0:11:39.100,0:11:40.149 Raoul Meyer and myself, 0:11:40.149,0:11:42.619 and our graphics team is[br][not Secretly Canadian] Thought Bubble. 0:11:42.619,0:11:43.869 Last week’s phrase of the week was 0:11:43.869,0:11:44.050 "Disco Golf Ball." 0:11:44.050,0:11:46.119 If you want to guess at this week’s[br]phrase of the week or suggest future ones, 0:11:46.119,0:11:47.170 you can do so in comments, 0:11:47.170,0:11:49.019 where you can also ask questions[br]about today's videos 0:11:49.019,0:11:50.879 that will be answered by[br]our team of historians. 0:11:50.879,0:11:53.089 If you like Crash Course,[br]make sure you’ve subscribed. 0:11:53.089,0:11:53.980 Thanks for watching, 0:11:53.980,0:11:55.139 and as we say in my hometown, 0:11:55.139,9:59:59.000 Don’tForget The easiest time to add insult[br]to injury is when signing somebody's cast.