[Script Info] Title: [Events] Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.82,0:00:21.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nano materials and nanostructures\Nexist everywhere in our natural world. Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.32,0:00:24.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Take a look at the wing of a dragonfly. Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.67,0:00:28.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we zoom in 100,000 times Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.34,0:00:31.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and look at the transparent membrane, Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.51,0:00:34.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can see the nanostructures Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.05,0:00:37.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which are invisible to the naked eye. Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.67,0:00:40.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Graphene is transparent. Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.99,0:00:46.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a molecular model of graphene. Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.09,0:00:48.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To make it visible, it has been magnified Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.40,0:00:52.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over 280 million times. Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.50,0:00:56.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Graphene consists of \Nonly one single element: Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.97,0:00:58.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,carbon. Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.87,0:01:01.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's so simple. Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.69,0:01:05.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, graphene has \Nlots of special properties. Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.49,0:01:11.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the thinnest of all materials, \Nonly one atom thick. Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.66,0:01:15.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the strongest material ever measured. Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.52,0:01:19.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The in-plane carbon bond is stronger Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.59,0:01:23.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than the tetrahedral carbon bond \Nin a diamond. Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.53,0:01:28.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the same time, it is \Nflexible and stretchable. Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.19,0:01:34.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can fully bend graphene \Nand stretch it up to 20%. Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.99,0:01:40.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It has the highest thermal conductivity \Nof all materials, including copper. Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.45,0:01:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It can withstand the highest \Ncurrent density at room temperature, Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.74,0:01:49.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it has the highest intrinsic mobility, Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.88,0:01:53.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is 100 times more \Nthan that in silicon, Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.52,0:01:58.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is the most impermeable material, Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.07,0:02:02.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even the smallest helium atoms \Ncannot squeeze through. Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.50,0:02:07.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Graphene will change the world. Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.16,0:02:11.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There will be, for sure, a completely \Ndifferent intelligent society Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.78,0:02:14.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in 10 to 20 years. Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.45,0:02:18.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's spend some time \Nthinking about the future. Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.25,0:02:22.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine if all the transparent \Nglass windows Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.98,0:02:27.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could constantly generate \Nelectricity under sunlight Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.85,0:02:30.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and supply the energy \Nfor all the buildings. Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.97,0:02:36.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine if all the electrical vehicles \Nand electronic devices Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.37,0:02:40.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could be charged within 10 minutes \Nand last for a few days. Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.58,0:02:47.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine if the sea water could be \Ndesalinated with a pocket device Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.26,0:02:51.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so it turns into drinking \Nwater everywhere. Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.31,0:02:57.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine if smart electronic devices \Ncould be integrated into our clothes, Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.64,0:03:01.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and some of them \Neven implanted under our skins. Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.79,0:03:06.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine if light weight \Ncomposite materials Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.58,0:03:08.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could be stronger than ever Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.06,0:03:12.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so it turns into \Nthe main structural material Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.18,0:03:16.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the body of ships, \Nvehicles, and airplanes. Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.29,0:03:21.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine if electronic chips \Ncould do computations Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.73,0:03:24.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a thousand time faster Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.27,0:03:27.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with plasmons instead of electrons. Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.69,0:03:33.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All these dreams will one day become real \Nand revolutionize our society, Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.02,0:03:37.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I believe it will happen \Nin our lifetime, Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.19,0:03:40.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thanks to the exploration \Nof this new nanomaterial. Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.66,0:03:44.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But how to produce graphene \Nis a serious problem. Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.24,0:03:49.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Although graphene was known \Nto exist in graphite, Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.95,0:03:53.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most scientists believed \Nthat it would be impossible Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.38,0:03:56.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to isolate a stable graphene. Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.01,0:04:00.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the 1930s, Landau and Peierls predicted Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.34,0:04:04.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that 2D crystals would be \Nthermodynamically unstable Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.78,0:04:07.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and thus could not exist. Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.17,0:04:12.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,30 years later, Mermin further \Npresented the analytical results Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.12,0:04:16.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to fuller validate this hypothesis. Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.04,0:04:19.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Until 2004, when two scientists, Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.18,0:04:21.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Andre Geim and Kostya Novoselov, Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.72,0:04:25.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,used scotch tape to produce graphene. Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.45,0:04:30.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By putting tape on graphite flakes \Nmultiple times, Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.47,0:04:33.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,each time peeling off a layer, Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.33,0:04:38.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the graphite will become \Nthinner and thinner. Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.68,0:04:42.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Although most of the area consists \Nof thin graphite flakes, Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.87,0:04:46.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a few small pieces \Nof a single layer graphene Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.28,0:04:49.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were finally isolated. Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.30,0:04:53.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Since then, thousands of scientists \Nstarted to do research Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.11,0:04:56.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,based on this tiny piece \Nof single layer graphene Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.97,0:04:59.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using the scotch tape method. Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.79,0:05:04.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can you believe that \Nthe Nobel Physics Prize in 2010 Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.08,0:05:06.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was awarded to these two scientists Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.40,0:05:11.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,based on their groundbreaking \Nscotch tape experiment? (Laughter) Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.16,0:05:13.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Obviously, it is not a practical way Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.99,0:05:18.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to mass produce graphene\Nand make useful products. Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.10,0:05:21.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nowadays, tons of small flakes \Nof multilayer graphene, Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.75,0:05:25.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,strictly speaking, thin graphite flakes, Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.16,0:05:29.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can be produced using \Nthe chemical exfoliation method. Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.76,0:05:33.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It can be mixed into tennis\Nracquets or bicycle tires Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.58,0:05:38.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to enhance the strength \Nand lower the composite weight. Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.03,0:05:41.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, the material produced is black, Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.51,0:05:46.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is inconsistent \Nwith the transparent property of graphene. Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.44,0:05:51.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If the color is black, it means \Nthe flakes are too thick. Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.27,0:05:54.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the same time, the flakes are too small Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.98,0:05:59.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to do the cool things\Nwith that I was talking about. Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.40,0:06:04.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As an experimental researcher \Nworking on graphene, Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.60,0:06:08.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I need lots of large area \Nsingle layer graphene Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.13,0:06:10.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for my experiments. Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.50,0:06:13.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, I couldn't find \Nany research group Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.46,0:06:17.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which could supply me \Nwith high quality graphene Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.04,0:06:19.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the Netherlands at that moment. Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.14,0:06:24.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I traveled between Leiden University \Nand Delft University every day, Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.21,0:06:29.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and tried to figure out how I could \Ngrow large size graphene samples. Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.55,0:06:33.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With the existing facilities available, Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.29,0:06:36.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I couldn't isolate high quality graphene, Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.100,0:06:41.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,either because the equipment had \Nvery rough control of the gas flow, Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.55,0:06:45.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or because the heating area was too small Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.77,0:06:48.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to grow larger size samples of graphene. Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.21,0:06:51.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even the power of the heater \Nwas not sufficient Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.89,0:06:54.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to reach 1,000 degree Celsius. Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.02,0:07:00.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Day after day, I woke up at 6 am, Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.11,0:07:02.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and returned home at midnight. Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.49,0:07:06.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I tried all the possibilities \Nthat I could think of. Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.63,0:07:12.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, what I got, was only frustration \Nand reiteration of the problems. Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.44,0:07:15.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I thought: "If I continue in this way, Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.20,0:07:17.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I will never finish my PhD research." Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.62,0:07:22.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Four months later, I decided \Nto stop wasting time Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.59,0:07:24.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and make a furnace myself. Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.58,0:07:27.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thanks to my supervisor, and the faculty, Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.53,0:07:31.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I received extra budget \Nfor the equipment. Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.14,0:07:35.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the same time, I also won \Nthe Young Wild Idea Prize, Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.54,0:07:38.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,worth 10,000 EUR, Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.05,0:07:42.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which allowed me to spend the money \Nfreely on the material. Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.62,0:07:52.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I still remember that moment\Non Tuesday, April 17, 2012. Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.49,0:07:56.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After a whole year of working long days, Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.51,0:08:00.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I started the first testing \Nof my own setup. Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.07,0:08:03.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The vacuum pump I grabbed \Nfrom somewhere in the lab Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.55,0:08:08.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was over eight years old and had run \Nfor over 29,000 hours. Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.95,0:08:13.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not only that, but the pump \Nwill stop running Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.75,0:08:17.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,once the temperature \Nreached over 40 degree Celsius. Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.44,0:08:23.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I bought a small fan costing 30 EUR, Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.57,0:08:27.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which did a perfectly good job \Nof cooling the pump. Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.48,0:08:32.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the furnace I have built. Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.83,0:08:39.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I will explain the advantages \Nof this homemade setup. Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.61,0:08:42.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The furnace can heat up \Nthe 1 inch quartz tube Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.21,0:08:45.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to over 1,000 degree Celsius Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.28,0:08:50.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a temperature fluctuation \Nof less than one degree Celsius. Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.31,0:08:56.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is a transparent \Nbullet proof Lexan cover, Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.43,0:09:00.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which can protect against \Nany possible gas explosion Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.79,0:09:03.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and secure the safety of the researcher. Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.90,0:09:08.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is a small hand wheel which can \Nremotely control the moving of the furnace Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.97,0:09:11.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the left Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.37,0:09:13.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to the right, Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.54,0:09:17.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a gear and a chain, Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.78,0:09:21.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,similar to chain gears on a bicycle. Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.32,0:09:26.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With this design, I was able to heat \Nthe sample and cool the sample Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.55,0:09:30.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,10 times faster\Nthan any commercial equipment. Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.82,0:09:37.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The cost of this setup \Nis less than 20,000 EUR, Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.25,0:09:42.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is over seven times cheaper \Nthan any commercially available equipment. Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.41,0:09:47.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All the components can be optimized \Nand well controlled. Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.29,0:09:50.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It delivers a much better performance. Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.96,0:09:54.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I enjoyed conducting\Nthe experiment with my own setup. Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.56,0:09:58.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the graphene I have grown. Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.51,0:10:02.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The graphene crystals \Ngrow like snow crystals. Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.45,0:10:04.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Methane gas, Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.91,0:10:09.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which accounts for about 80% \Nof natural gas used for cooking, Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.84,0:10:13.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can decompose to carbon atoms Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.45,0:10:19.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on copper substrate Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.53,0:10:28.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at one 1,000 degrees Celsius \Nin an inert gas environment. Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.24,0:10:36.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The carbon atoms will attach to each other Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.38,0:10:40.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and form carbon rings \Nwith honeycomb structures, Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.29,0:10:42.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as in graphite. Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.02,0:10:47.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can use the carbon isotope \Nto mark the growth procedure. Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.09,0:10:53.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can you imagine, the size\Nof an individual graphene crystal Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.03,0:10:56.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reached over a few millimeter, Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.47,0:11:02.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is over one million times larger \Nthan the size of the carbon atom? Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.91,0:11:11.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can you believe that this sample \Nwas made six months ago, Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.96,0:11:18.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the single layer graphene can still \Nprotect the copper against any oxidation? Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.43,0:11:23.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The graphene crystals \Nwill grow larger and larger, Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.75,0:11:27.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and connect with neighboring \Ngraphene crystals, Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.60,0:11:30.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to finally form a continuous film. Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.09,0:11:33.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once there is no bare copper, Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.57,0:11:35.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the graphene growth will stop. Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.28,0:11:42.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in the end, we will have a single layer\Nhigh quality graphene film. Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.37,0:11:46.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My colleague and I proved \Nfor the first time Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.41,0:11:49.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the quality \Nof this synthetic graphene Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.61,0:11:53.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is as good as the one \Nwith the scotch tape method, Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.42,0:11:56.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,however, the size is considerably larger. Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.39,0:12:02.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To mass produce graphene, \Nand reduce the cost dramatically, Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.91,0:12:08.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a bigger and better furnace \Nwas designed and built. Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.14,0:12:11.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The furnace has a larger quartz tube, Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.47,0:12:15.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the furnace will always \Nmaintain a constant temperature. Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.93,0:12:18.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once the graphene growth has finished, Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.60,0:12:24.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the only thing I need to do is to move \Nthe furnace completely away from the tube Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.42,0:12:26.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and take out the graphene sample. Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.72,0:12:30.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Immediately, I can start \Nthe second graphene growth cycle. Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.78,0:12:34.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The efficiency of high quality \Ngraphene growth Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.48,0:12:37.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can be improved ten to twentyfold Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.18,0:12:41.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the energy consumption \Nwill become much lower. Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.46,0:12:44.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we build hundreds of bigger furnaces, Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.13,0:12:47.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the mass production of graphene \Nwill become possible soon. Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.58,0:12:56.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is a layer of graphene\Non a transparent substrate. Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.39,0:13:01.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can see you all through it. Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.69,0:13:07.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there is something special. Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.64,0:13:21.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is conductive Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.26,0:13:26.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and flexible. Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.66,0:13:31.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause) Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.65,0:13:46.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now you can imagine all kinds\Nof future applications with this graphene. Dialogue: 0,0:13:51.31,0:13:54.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Currently, the price\Nof this small piece of graphene Dialogue: 0,0:13:54.26,0:13:56.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will be around 1,000 EUR. Dialogue: 0,0:13:57.93,0:14:03.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I believe the price of this graphene \Nwill go down to less than 1 EUR Dialogue: 0,0:14:03.74,0:14:05.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,within a few years, Dialogue: 0,0:14:05.04,0:14:08.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the material we use \Nto produce graphene, Dialogue: 0,0:14:09.34,0:14:10.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.77,0:14:14.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,natural gas and copper foil, Dialogue: 0,0:14:16.24,0:14:17.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are widely accessible. Dialogue: 0,0:14:18.91,0:14:22.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All of us will have access to graphene \Nin the near future, Dialogue: 0,0:14:23.56,0:14:25.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and realize this dream. Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.60,0:14:29.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Remember that I told you\Nwe are going to have better world. Dialogue: 0,0:14:30.91,0:14:33.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I cannot show you \Nthe transparent glass windows Dialogue: 0,0:14:33.93,0:14:36.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which could generate electricity, Dialogue: 0,0:14:36.58,0:14:40.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I cannot show you \Nthe electronics in my clothes. Dialogue: 0,0:14:41.78,0:14:45.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I can show you something \Nyou have never seen before. Dialogue: 0,0:14:47.59,0:14:53.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is a transparent graphene \Npatterned into wired structures Dialogue: 0,0:14:54.22,0:14:57.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on this transparent polymer wing. Dialogue: 0,0:14:58.49,0:15:01.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The graphene is so special Dialogue: 0,0:15:01.76,0:15:05.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that once we put a tiny amount \Nof energy, it will shrink. Dialogue: 0,0:15:06.49,0:15:10.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And graphene is so strong \Nthat it can lift up Dialogue: 0,0:15:10.14,0:15:14.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this polymer wing, which is \Na thousand times heavier, Dialogue: 0,0:15:14.49,0:15:18.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and mimic the flapping\Nfunction of a bio robot. Dialogue: 0,0:15:23.62,0:15:28.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Look at what I have done \Nand achieved in these few years. Dialogue: 0,0:15:29.92,0:15:32.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With all of you involved in my endeavor Dialogue: 0,0:15:32.38,0:15:35.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to mass produce high quality \Nlarge scale graphene, Dialogue: 0,0:15:35.96,0:15:39.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I believe we can make our dream \Ncome true together. Dialogue: 0,0:15:39.96,0:15:41.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you. Dialogue: 0,0:15:41.48,0:15:42.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)