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- [Alex] Is Real GDP per capita
a good measure of the standard of living?

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People tell me all the time,

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"You economists,
you're too materialistic."

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Doesn't Real GDP per capita
just measure the things we buy?

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What about our health,
our happiness, education?

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Well, Real GDP per capita --
it's not a perfect measure.

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But I want to show you why it's probably

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the best single measure of the average
standard of living in a country.

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And that's not because material goods
are the most important goods.

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It's because Real GDP per capita

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is correlated with many
of the other things that we care about.

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Let's start with life expectancy.

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Here we show Real GDP per capita
along the horizontal axis

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and life expectancy
along the vertical axis.

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As you can see,
there's a positive correlation.

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Countries that have
a higher GDP per capita

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also have a higher life expectancy.

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Perhaps that's not too surprising.

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Let's take a look at happiness.
Maybe this is a more surprising fact.

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This chart shows GDP per capita
on the horizontal axis

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and now a measure of happiness
on the vertical axis.

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Again, we see a positive correlation.

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Countries with a higher
Real GDP per capita

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also tend to have
happier people, on average.

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Here's a data set from the United Nations.

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It's called the Human Development Index.

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It combines measures of life expectancy,
education, and standard of living.

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Overall you can see, in general,
as GDP per capita increases,

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so does human development --
at least as measured by this index.

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The basic story -- it's pretty simple.
When we have more goods and services,

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we can usually afford
more of the other good things in life.

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So the good things in life --
they tend to go together.

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However, GDP per capita 
is far from perfect.

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Here's one problem.

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GDP per capita misses
the distribution of income.

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For example, let's compare
the Real GDP per capita of Nigeria,

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Pakistan, and Honduras.

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It's actually pretty similar.

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So you might think 
that all three countries

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have similar living standards.

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And yet, in Nigeria,

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about 80% of the population
lives on less than $2 a day.

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In Pakistan, it's only 60%

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In Honduras, it's only 33%.

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How can the number of people
living in abject poverty be so different,

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when Real GDP per capita
is about the same?

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The reason is that income in Nigeria
is much more unequally distributed

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than in Pakistan or Honduras.

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Nigeria has many poor people,
but also some very rich people.

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So average income --

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it's about the same in Nigeria,
Pakistan, or Honduras,

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even though there are
more poor people in Nigeria.

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Over time, however, 
growth in Real GDP per capita,

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whether in Nigeria, 
Pakistan, or Honduras,

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usually does indicate growth
in everyone's incomes,

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including the incomes of the very poor.

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So this graph shows growth
in per capita incomes


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along the horizontal axis,

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with growth in the incomes
of the poorest 20% on the vertical axis.

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Once again you see, as average
per capita income increases,

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you also see increases
in income of the very poor.

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Overall, Real GDP and Real GDP per capita
have proven to be useful measures

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for comparing the standard of living
of two different countries,

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or for comparing the same country
at different points in time.

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Okay. So now that you know
that Real GDP per capita --

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it's a good measure
of the standard of living,

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we get to the really crucial question.

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How do we increase the standard of living?
How do we grow an economy?

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How do we increase Real GDP per capita?

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That is a big question,
the big question of development.

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We'll be tackling it
in a number of future videos.

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But before you go, take a moment
to let us know how we're doing.

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What do you think of the videos?
How can we improve?

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Drop us an email or leave us
some feedback on our website.

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Thanks.

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- [Narrator] If you want to test yourself,
click "Practice Questions."

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Or, if you're ready to move on,
you can click "Go to the Next Video."

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You can also visit MRUniversity.com

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to see our entire library
of videos and resources.

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♪ [music] ♪