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I thought I would start
with a very brief history of cities.

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Settlements typically began
with people clustered around a well,

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and the size of that settlement
was roughly the distance you could walk

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with a pot of water on your head.

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In fact, if you fly
over Germany, for example,

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and you look down and you see
these hundreds of little villages,

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they're all about a mile apart.

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You needed easy access to the fields.

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And for hundreds, even thousands of years,

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the home was really the center of life.

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Life was very small for most people.

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It was a center of entertainment,
of energy production, of work,

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a center of health care.

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That's where babies were born
and people died.

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Then, with industrialization,
everything started to become centralized.

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You had dirty factories that were moved
to the outskirts of cities.

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Production was centralized
in assembly plants.

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You had centralized energy production.

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Learning took place in schools.

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Health care took place in hospitals.

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And then you had networks that developed.

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You had water, sewer networks

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that allowed for this
kind of unchecked expansion.

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You had separated functions, increasingly.

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You had rail networks

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that connected residential,
industrial, commercial areas.

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You had auto networks.

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In fact, the model was really,
give everybody a car,

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build roads to everything,

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and give people a place to park
when they get there.

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It was not a very functional model.

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And we still live in that world,

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and this is what we end up with.

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So you have the sprawl of LA,

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the sprawl of Mexico City.

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You have these unbelievable
new cities in China,

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which you might call tower sprawl.

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They're all building cities

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on the model that we invented
in the '50s and '60s,

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which is really obsolete, I would argue,

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and there are hundreds
and hundreds of new cities

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that are being planned all over the world.

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In China alone, 300 million people,
some say 400 million people,

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will move to the city
over the next 15 years.

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That means building the equivalent

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of the entire built infrastructure
of the US in 15 years.

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Imagine that.

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And we should all care about this
whether you live in cities or not.

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Cities will account for 90 percent
of the population growth,

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80 percent of the global CO2,
75 percent of energy use,

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but at the same time
it's where people want to be,

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increasingly.

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More than half the people
now in the world live in cities,

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and that will just continue to escalate.

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Cities are places of celebration,
personal expression.

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You have the flash mobs
of pillow fights that --

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I've been to a couple. They're quite fun.

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You have --

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(Laughter)

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Cities are where most
of the wealth is created,

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and particularly in the developing world,
it's where women find opportunities.

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That's a lot of the reason
why cities are growing very quickly.

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Now there's some trends
that will impact cities.

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First of all, work is becoming
distributed and mobile.

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The office building is basically obsolete
for doing private work.

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The home, once again,
because of distributed computation --

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Communication is becoming
a center of life,

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so it's a center of production
and learning and shopping and health care

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and all of these things
that we used to think of

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as taking place outside of the home.

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And increasingly,
everything that people buy,

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every consumer product,

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in one way or another,
can be personalized.

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And that's a very important
trend to think about.

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So this is my image
of the city of the future.

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(Laughter)

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In that it's a place for people, you know.

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Maybe not the way people dress, but --

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You know, the question now is,

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how can we have all the good things
that we identify with cities

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without all the bad things?

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This is Bangalore.

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It took me a couple of hours
to get a few miles in Bangalore last year.

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So with cities, you also have
congestion and pollution

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and disease and all these negative things.

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How can we have the good stuff
without the bad?

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So we went back and started looking
at the great cities

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that evolved before the cars.

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Paris was a series of these
little villages that came together,

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and you still see that structure today.

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The 20 arrondissements of Paris
are these little neighborhoods.

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Most of what people need in life
can be within a five- or 10-minute walk.

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And if you look at the data,
when you have that kind of a structure,

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you get a very even distribution

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of the shops and the physicians
and the pharmacies

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and the cafes in Paris.

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And then you look at cities
that evolved after the automobile,

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and it's not that kind of a pattern.

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There's very little
that's within a five-minute walk

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of most areas of places like Pittsburgh.

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Not to pick on Pittsburgh,

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but most American cities
really have evolved this way.

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So we said, well,
let's look at new cities,

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and we're involved in a couple
of new city projects in China.

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So we said, let's start
with that neighborhood cell.

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We think of it as a compact urban cell.

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So provide most of what most people want
within that 20-minute walk.

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This can also be
a resilient electrical microgrid,

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community heating, power,
communication networks, etc.

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can be concentrated there.

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Stewart Brand would put
a micronuclear reactor

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right in the center, probably.

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And he might be right.

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And then we can form,
in effect, a mesh network.

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It's something of an Internet
typology pattern,

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so you can have a series
of these neighborhoods.

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You can dial up the density --

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about 20,000 people per cell,
if it's Cambridge.

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Go up to 50,000 if it's Manhattan density.

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You connect everything with mass transit

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and you provide most of what most people
need within that neighborhood.

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You can begin to develop
a whole typology of streetscapes

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and the vehicles that can go on them.

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I won't go through all of them.
I'll just show one.

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This is Boulder. It's a great example
of kind of a mobility parkway,

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a superhighway for joggers and bicyclists,

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where you can go from one end
of the city to the other

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without crossing the street,

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and they also have bike-sharing,
which I'll get into in a minute.

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This is even a more interesting solution

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in Seoul, Korea.

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They took the elevated highway,
they got rid of it,

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they reclaimed the street,
the river down below,

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below the street,

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and you can go from one end
of Seoul to the other

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without crossing a pathway for cars.

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The High Line in Manhattan
is very similar.

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You have these rapidly emerging
bike lanes all over the world.

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I lived in Manhattan for 15 years.

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I went back a couple of weekends ago,

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took this photograph of these fabulous
new bike lanes that they have installed.

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They're still not to where Copenhagen is,

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where something like 42 percent
of the trips within the city

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are by bicycle.

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It's mostly just because they have
fantastic infrastructure there.

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We actually did exactly
the wrong thing in Boston.

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The Big Dig --

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(Laughter)

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So we got rid of the highway
but we created a traffic island,

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and it's certainly not a mobility pathway
for anything other than cars.

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Mobility on demand is something
we've been thinking about,

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so we think we need an ecosystem
of these shared-use vehicles

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connected to mass transit.

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These are some of the vehicles
that we've been working on.

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But shared use is really key.

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If you share a vehicle, you can have
at least four people use one vehicle,

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as opposed to one.

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We have Hubway here in Boston,
the Vélib' system in Paris.

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We've been developing,
at the Media Lab, this little city car

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that is optimized
for shared use in cities.

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We got rid of all the useless things
like engines and transmissions.

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We moved everything to the wheels,

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so you have the drive motor,

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the steering motor, the breaking --
all in the wheel.

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That left the chassis unencumbered,
so you can do things like fold,

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so you can fold this little vehicle up
to occupy a tiny little footprint.

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This was a video that was
on European television last week

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showing the Spanish Minister of Industry
driving this little vehicle,

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and when it's folded, it can spin.

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You don't need reverse.
You don't need parallel parking.

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You just spin and go directly in.

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(Laughter)

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So we've been working
with a company to commercialize this.

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My PhD student Ryan Chin
presented these early ideas

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two years ago at a TEDx conference.

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So what's interesting is,

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then if you begin to add
new things to it, like autonomy,

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you get out of the car,
you park at your destination,

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you pat it on the butt, it goes
and it parks itself, it charges itself,

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and you can get something
like seven times as many vehicles

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in a given area as conventional cars,

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and we think this is the future.

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Actually, we could do this today.
It's not really a problem.

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We can combine shared use
and folding and autonomy

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and we get something
like 28 times the land utilization

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with that kind of strategy.

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One of our graduate students then says,

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well, how does a driverless car
communicate with pedestrians?

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You have nobody to make eye contact with.

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You don't know
if it's going to run you over.

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So he's developing strategies

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so the vehicle can communicate
with pedestrians, so --

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(Laughter)

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So the headlights are eyeballs,
the pupils can dilate,

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we have directional audio,
we can throw sound directly at people.

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What I love about this project

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is he solved a problem
that doesn't exist yet, so --

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(Laughter)

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We also think that we can
democratize access to bike lanes.

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You know, bike lanes are mostly used
by young guys in stretchy pants. So --

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(Laughter)

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We think we can develop a vehicle
that operates on bike lanes,

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accessible to elderly and disabled,
women in skirts, businesspeople,

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and address the issues
of energy congestion, mobility,

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aging and obesity simultaneously.

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That's our challenge.

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This is an early design
for this little three-wheel.

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It's an electronic bike.

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You have to pedal
to operate it in a bike lane,

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but if you're an older person,
that's a switch.

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If you're a healthy person, you might
have to work really hard to go fast.

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You can dial in 40 calories
going into work

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and 500 going home,
when you can take a shower.

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We hope to have that built this fall.

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Housing is another area
where we can really improve.

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Mayor Menino in Boston says

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lack of affordable housing
for young people

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is one of the biggest
problems the city faces.

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Developers say, OK,
we'll build little teeny apartments.

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People say, we don't really want to live
in a little teeny conventional apartment.

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So we're saying, let's build
a standardized chassis,

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much like our car.

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Let's bring advanced technology
into the apartment,

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technology-enabled infill,

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give people the tools
within this open-loft chassis

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to go through a process of defining

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what their needs
and values and activities are,

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and then a matching algorithm
will match a unique assembly

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of integrated infill components,

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furniture, and cabinetry,
that are personalized to that individual,

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and they give them the tools

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to go through the process
and to refine it,

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and it's something like working
with an architect,

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where the dialogue starts

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when you give an alternative
to a person to react to.

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Now, the most interesting
implementation of that for us

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is when you can begin
to have robotic walls,

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so your space can convert
from exercise to a workplace,

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if you run a virtual company.

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You have guests over,

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you have two guest rooms
that are developed.

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You have a conventional
one-bedroom arrangement

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when you need it.

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Maybe that's most of the time.

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You have a dinner party.

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The table folds out to fit 16 people
in otherwise a conventional one-bedroom,

247
00:11:52,000 --> 00:11:53,616
or maybe you want a dance studio.

248
00:11:53,640 --> 00:11:57,056
I mean, architects have been thinking
about these ideas for a long time.

249
00:11:57,080 --> 00:11:59,296
What we need to do now,

250
00:11:59,320 --> 00:12:04,816
develop things that can scale
to those 300 million Chinese people

251
00:12:04,840 --> 00:12:08,976
that would like to live in the city,
and very comfortably.

252
00:12:09,000 --> 00:12:11,296
We think we can make
a very small apartment

253
00:12:11,320 --> 00:12:16,656
that functions as if it's twice as big
by utilizing these strategies.

254
00:12:16,680 --> 00:12:20,216
I don't believe in smart homes.
That's sort of a bogus concept.

255
00:12:20,240 --> 00:12:23,456
I think you have to build dumb homes
and put smart stuff in it.

256
00:12:23,480 --> 00:12:25,736
(Laughter)

257
00:12:25,760 --> 00:12:31,176
And so we've been working
on a chassis of the wall itself.

258
00:12:31,200 --> 00:12:32,736
You know, standardized platform

259
00:12:32,760 --> 00:12:35,536
with the motors and the battery
when it operates,

260
00:12:35,560 --> 00:12:40,096
little solenoids that will lock it
in place and get low-voltage power.

261
00:12:40,120 --> 00:12:41,936
We think this can all be standardized,

262
00:12:41,960 --> 00:12:45,896
and then people can personalize the stuff
that goes into that wall,

263
00:12:45,920 --> 00:12:48,616
and like the car, we can integrate
all kinds of sensing

264
00:12:48,640 --> 00:12:51,016
to be aware of human activity,

265
00:12:51,040 --> 00:12:54,336
so if there's a baby
or a puppy in the way,

266
00:12:54,360 --> 00:12:55,576
you won't have a problem.

267
00:12:55,600 --> 00:12:56,616
(Laughter)

268
00:12:56,640 --> 00:12:59,376
So the developers say,
well, this is great.

269
00:12:59,400 --> 00:13:03,456
OK, so if we have a conventional building,
we have a fixed envelope,

270
00:13:03,480 --> 00:13:05,536
maybe we can put in 14 units.

271
00:13:05,560 --> 00:13:07,656
If they function
as if they're twice as big,

272
00:13:07,680 --> 00:13:09,216
we can get 28 units in.

273
00:13:09,240 --> 00:13:11,265
That means twice as much parking, though.

274
00:13:11,289 --> 00:13:12,596
Parking's really expensive.

275
00:13:12,620 --> 00:13:15,256
It's about 70,000 dollars per space

276
00:13:15,280 --> 00:13:19,056
to build a conventional parking spot
inside a building.

277
00:13:19,080 --> 00:13:22,656
So if you can have folding and autonomy,

278
00:13:22,680 --> 00:13:25,096
you can do that
in one-seventh of the space.

279
00:13:25,120 --> 00:13:27,296
That goes down to 10,000 dollars per car,

280
00:13:27,320 --> 00:13:28,896
just for the cost of the parking.

281
00:13:28,920 --> 00:13:32,856
You add shared use,
and you can even go further.

282
00:13:32,880 --> 00:13:35,936
We can also integrate
all kinds of advanced technology

283
00:13:35,960 --> 00:13:37,176
through this process.

284
00:13:37,200 --> 00:13:40,336
There's a path to market
for innovative companies

285
00:13:40,360 --> 00:13:42,016
to bring technology into the home.

286
00:13:42,040 --> 00:13:44,616
In this case, a project
we're doing with Siemens.

287
00:13:44,640 --> 00:13:47,216
We have sensors on all
the furniture, all the infill,

288
00:13:47,240 --> 00:13:49,936
that understands where people are
and what they're doing.

289
00:13:49,960 --> 00:13:51,656
Blue light is very efficient,

290
00:13:51,680 --> 00:13:55,816
so we have these tunable
24-bit LED lighting fixtures.

291
00:13:55,840 --> 00:13:59,976
It recognizes where the person is,
what they're doing,

292
00:14:00,000 --> 00:14:04,216
fills out the light when necessary
to full spectrum white light,

293
00:14:04,240 --> 00:14:10,456
and saves maybe 30, 40 percent
in energy consumption, we think,

294
00:14:10,480 --> 00:14:15,936
over even conventional
state-of-the-art lighting systems.

295
00:14:15,960 --> 00:14:19,376
This just shows you the data
that comes from the sensors

296
00:14:19,400 --> 00:14:21,096
that are embedded in the furniture.

297
00:14:21,120 --> 00:14:23,936
We don't really believe in cameras
to do things in homes.

298
00:14:23,960 --> 00:14:27,936
We think these little wireless sensors
are more effective.

299
00:14:27,960 --> 00:14:30,216
We think we can also personalize sunlight.

300
00:14:30,240 --> 00:14:32,907
That's sort of the ultimate
personalization in some ways.

301
00:14:32,931 --> 00:14:35,896
So we've looked at articulating
mirrors of the facade

302
00:14:35,920 --> 00:14:39,816
that can throw shafts of sunlight
anywhere into the space,

303
00:14:39,840 --> 00:14:42,216
therefore allowing you
to shade most of the glass

304
00:14:42,240 --> 00:14:44,456
on a hot day like today.

305
00:14:44,480 --> 00:14:46,336
In this case, she picks up her phone,

306
00:14:46,360 --> 00:14:50,936
she can map food preparation
at the kitchen island

307
00:14:50,960 --> 00:14:53,376
to a particular location of sunlight.

308
00:14:53,400 --> 00:14:58,576
An algorithm will keep it in that location
as long as she's engaged in that activity.

309
00:14:58,600 --> 00:15:01,517
This can be combined
with LED lighting as well.

310
00:15:02,760 --> 00:15:04,856
We think workplaces should be shared.

311
00:15:04,880 --> 00:15:07,690
I mean, this is really
the workplace of the future, I think.

312
00:15:07,714 --> 00:15:09,210
This is Starbucks, you know.

313
00:15:09,234 --> 00:15:10,416
Maybe a third --

314
00:15:10,440 --> 00:15:12,696
And you see everybody
has their back to the wall

315
00:15:12,720 --> 00:15:14,720
and they have food and coffee down the way

316
00:15:14,744 --> 00:15:17,176
and they're in their own
little personal bubble.

317
00:15:17,200 --> 00:15:19,896
We need shared spaces
for interaction and collaboration.

318
00:15:19,920 --> 00:15:22,136
We're not doing a very good job with that.

319
00:15:22,160 --> 00:15:26,216
At the Cambridge Innovation Center,
you can have shared desks.

320
00:15:26,240 --> 00:15:30,936
I've spent a lot of time in Finland
at the design factory of Aalto University,

321
00:15:30,960 --> 00:15:35,656
where the they have a shared shop
and shared fab lab, shared quiet spaces,

322
00:15:35,680 --> 00:15:39,816
electronics spaces, recreation places.

323
00:15:39,840 --> 00:15:43,296
We think ultimately,
all of this stuff can come together,

324
00:15:43,320 --> 00:15:47,016
a new model for mobility,
a new model for housing,

325
00:15:47,040 --> 00:15:49,336
a new model for how we live and work,

326
00:15:49,360 --> 00:15:52,176
a path to market
for advanced technologies.

327
00:15:52,200 --> 00:15:55,105
But in the end, the main thing
we need to focus on are people.

328
00:15:55,129 --> 00:15:56,696
Cities are all about people.

329
00:15:56,720 --> 00:15:58,736
They're places for people.

330
00:15:58,760 --> 00:16:01,216
There's no reason
why we can't dramatically improve

331
00:16:01,240 --> 00:16:03,536
the livability and creativity of cities

332
00:16:03,560 --> 00:16:07,456
like they've done in Melbourne
with the laneways

333
00:16:07,480 --> 00:16:12,056
while at the same time
dramatically reducing CO2 and energy.

334
00:16:12,080 --> 00:16:15,416
It's a global imperative.
We have to get this right.

335
00:16:15,440 --> 00:16:16,656
Thank you.

336
00:16:16,680 --> 00:16:21,200
(Applause)