[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.00,0:00:19.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,YEHUDA KATZ: So it's been ten years.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.19,0:00:20.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unlike DHH I can't get up here and
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.71,0:00:22.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tell you I've been doing Rails for ten years.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.89,0:00:24.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've been doing Rails for nine or eight or\Nsomething
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.68,0:00:26.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like that. But, Rails has been around
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.52,0:00:29.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for ten years, and so it's not surprising
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.02,0:00:30.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that a bunch of people are gonna get up here
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.32,0:00:33.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and do a little bit of a retrospective.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.36,0:00:36.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is sort of my feeling. Oh my god,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.45,0:00:39.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I remember sort of thinking back in 2008,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.23,0:00:43.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when DHH was, was giving his talk about sort\Nof
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.34,0:00:46.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a look back around the same year that Merb
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.15,0:00:48.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was becoming a thing, and DHH, and we were
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.93,0:00:51.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,eventually gonna, you know, merge a little\Nbit later.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.90,0:00:54.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in 2008, when DHH gave the great surplus
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.40,0:00:57.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,talk, that was sort of a retrospective year\Ntoo,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.37,0:00:58.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we had gotten to the point
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.69,0:01:00.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where Rails was big enough that it couldn't
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.70,0:01:02.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually host a competitor.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.45,0:01:04.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think it's really great that we ended
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.36,0:01:06.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,up merging in and we ended up getting another
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.46,0:01:09.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,five, six years of, of, of great, a great
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.58,0:01:12.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,framework community. But now it's another\Nopportunity to look
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.73,0:01:15.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,back and think about sort of what, what the
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.42,0:01:17.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rails community is and how you should think\Nabout
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.72,0:01:21.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,taking the lessons of Rails to other environments.\NAnd
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.22,0:01:22.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's sort of what my talk is about today.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.96,0:01:25.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, I'm gonna start by saying, I think, if
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.97,0:01:27.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you think about one thing about Rails, if\Nyou
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.66,0:01:31.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,want to think about what Rails is above anything
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.68,0:01:35.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,else, I think Rails popularized the idea of\Nconvention
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.64,0:01:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over configuration. And you've been hearing\Nthe term convention
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.00,0:01:41.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over configuration for ten years now. So probably\Nit's
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.94,0:01:43.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sort of, it's a meaningless term. It's sort\Nof
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.93,0:01:45.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like when you hear the same word over and
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.22,0:01:47.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over and over again, eventually you reach\Nsemantic saturation.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.61,0:01:50.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think we've all reached semantic saturation\Nof the
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.30,0:01:51.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,term convention over configuration.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.84,0:01:55.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want to unpack it a little bit. I
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.19,0:01:58.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,think one way of thinking about it is, is
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.42,0:02:00.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this other term called the paradox of choice.\NThis
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.22,0:02:03.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,idea that people, well I'll let DHH say what
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.44,0:02:05.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is, people like choices a lot more than
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.52,0:02:08.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they like having to actually choose. Right,\Nso there's
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.12,0:02:10.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this, I think this sort of narrow point, but
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.81,0:02:12.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's still a very important point, which is\Nthat
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.55,0:02:17.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people go into environments, they go into\Nprogramming environments
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.01,0:02:20.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or groceries or whatever, and they like the\Nidea
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.50,0:02:22.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of having a whole lot of choices, a lot
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.41,0:02:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more than they like having to actually choose\Nwhat
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.00,0:02:25.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to do.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.39,0:02:26.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is sort of the state of the
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.79,0:02:29.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,art, this is what we knew in 2008 when
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.08,0:02:32.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,David gave the great surplus talk back then.\NAnd
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.80,0:02:34.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what I want to do is go a little
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.39,0:02:38.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bit beyond sort of these, these pithy points\Nand
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.26,0:02:41.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,talk a little bit about what, what's happening,\Nwhat
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.02,0:02:44.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is actually going on that's causing this idea\Nto
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.99,0:02:47.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,occur. What's hap- causing the paradox of\Nchoice? And
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.73,0:02:49.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually there's been a lot of science, even\Nin
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.88,0:02:53.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,2008 there was science, but in between 2008\Nand
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.17,0:02:55.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now, or certainly 2004 and now, there's been\Na
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.07,0:02:59.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tremendous amount of science about what is\Ncausing the
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.87,0:03:03.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,paradox of choice. What is causing convention\Nover configuration
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.21,0:03:05.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be effective.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.02,0:03:06.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you want to Google it, if you
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.26,0:03:08.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,want to go find something, more information\Nabout this
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.64,0:03:13.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on Wikipedia, the term is called ego depletion.\NSometimes
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.01,0:03:15.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the idea of cognitive depletion. And in order\Nto
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.99,0:03:18.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,understand what's happening here, you first\Nneed to understand,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.92,0:03:20.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you first need to think about sort of, like,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.49,0:03:24.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your everyday, your everyday job, your, how\Nyou feel
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.27,0:03:24.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,during the day.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.95,0:03:28.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you wake up in the morning. You get
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.18,0:03:30.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,out, you go out of the house, and you're
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.74,0:03:33.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pretty much fully charged. You're ready to\Nattack the
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.22,0:03:35.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,world, you, hopefully it's sunny and you can\Nskip
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.58,0:03:37.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,down the street. And you're, you're ready\Nto do
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.96,0:03:40.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,anything. You're ready. You have all the,\Nthe, the
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.23,0:03:42.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cognitive resources in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.74,0:03:45.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then, you know, you get to your desk.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.19,0:03:48.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I find it amusing that, that character is\Na
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.86,0:03:52.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,programmer. It's so perfect. So you get to\Nyour
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.59,0:03:54.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,desk and you know you've, you've done a little
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.47,0:03:57.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bit of work, and you're cognitive resources\Nstart to
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.29,0:03:58.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,deplete a little bit. You got a little bit
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.78,0:04:02.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fewer cognitive resources. You know, eventually\Nsomething happens during
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.03,0:04:05.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the day that you might not, that might not
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.59,0:04:09.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,be so pleasant, and your cognitive resources\Ndeplete and
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.86,0:04:11.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then you reach a point, at some point during
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.87,0:04:13.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the day - this is a Van Gogh painting
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.01,0:04:15.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- you reach a point some time during the
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.20,0:04:17.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,day where you're really flagging. You're feeling\Nlike you
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.47,0:04:18.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,don't have a lot of capacity to left to,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.96,0:04:21.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to do anything or to think hard. And eventually
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.35,0:04:23.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you totally run out. You run out of cognitive
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.55,0:04:26.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,resources entirely and you're done.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.25,0:04:28.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so the idea here is the concept of
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.05,0:04:30.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cognitive depletion or ego depletion, you\Nhave a certain
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.72,0:04:32.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,amount of resources and they run out. And\NI
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.94,0:04:34.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,think most people think about this in terms\Nof,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.69,0:04:36.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like, you're day job. Right, so you wake up
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.56,0:04:39.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the morning. Throughout the day your resources\Ndeplete.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.69,0:04:40.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You get to the end of the day, you're
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.53,0:04:42.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,out of resources. Rinse and repeat. I think\Nthat's
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.63,0:04:43.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how most people think about it and that's\Nsort
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.94,0:04:45.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of how I framed it here.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.68,0:04:48.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the really interesting thing about ego\Ndepletion or
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.10,0:04:51.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cognitive depletion is that what actually\Nturns out to
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.24,0:04:52.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,be the case is that there's sort of this
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.65,0:04:57.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one, there's this one big pool of resources,\Nthis
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.14,0:04:59.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one battery, that's actually used for a lot\Nof
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.53,0:05:02.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,different things. And so there's a lot of\Nstudies
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.10,0:05:05.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about things like grocery stores, right. So\Nwhy is
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.85,0:05:07.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it that when you go to a grocery store,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.84,0:05:10.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why do you find yourself so willing to buy
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.07,0:05:12.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something at the impulse, at the impulse aisle?\NRight,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.63,0:05:13.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the end of the, at the end of
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.95,0:05:15.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the grocery trip.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.75,0:05:17.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the reason is that you spent all this
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.24,0:05:20.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,time in the grocery store doing not very difficult
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.06,0:05:22.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,activities, but you're making a lot of choices.\NSo
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.62,0:05:24.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're making choices the entire time, as\Nyou're walking
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.66,0:05:27.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,around the grocery store. And eventually your\Nbrain just
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.72,0:05:29.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,runs out of resources to do anything else,\Nand
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.81,0:05:32.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's actually drawing from the same pool of\Nresources
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.55,0:05:34.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that will power comes from. So even though\Nchoice
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.83,0:05:37.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,making and will power feel like two totally\Ndifferent
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.02,0:05:39.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,things, when you get to the end of the
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.05,0:05:40.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,grocery trip and you've used all of your resources
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.98,0:05:44.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on choice making, you're out of resources\Nto not
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.02,0:05:46.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,buy the candy bar at the, at the impulse,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.73,0:05:49.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the impulse aisle.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.24,0:05:50.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the same thing is true about a lot
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.60,0:05:52.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of things. They've done studies where they'll\Njust take
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.80,0:05:54.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two halves of a room, like this one, and
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.41,0:05:57.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they'll say, you guys memorize two numbers,\Nyou guys
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.78,0:06:00.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,memorize seven numbers, and then when they're\Ntotally done
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.57,0:06:02.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you've done the memorization, they'll\Ntake you into
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.76,0:06:06.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a processing room and they'll say, OK. You\Nhave,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.14,0:06:08.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know, cookies, and you have some fruit.\NAnd
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.77,0:06:11.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you get to basically decide which one to eat.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.71,0:06:13.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it turns out that the people who did
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.44,0:06:15.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the not much more difficult job of memorizing\Nseven
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.74,0:06:18.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,numbers are far more likely to eat the cookies.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.72,0:06:20.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the same thing is true in the other
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.06,0:06:22.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,direction. If you have people eat cookies\Nfirst, and
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.43,0:06:25.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then go and do a cognitively difficult task,\Nso
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.30,0:06:27.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a task that requires. One of the most famous
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.51,0:06:29.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,experiments has to do with an impossible task.\NHow
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.53,0:06:31.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,long can people persevere doing a task that\Nyou
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.81,0:06:34.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can literally never finish? And it turns out\Nthat
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.90,0:06:38.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people who eat the cookies first actually\Nhave, spend
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.42,0:06:40.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a lot more time trying to do the impossible
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.16,0:06:42.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,task than the people that, that were, had,\Nhad
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.88,0:06:44.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to sit in front of a tray of cookies
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.20,0:06:45.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and were told not to eat it.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.76,0:06:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so there's, there's all these experiments,\Nthere's, by
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.00,0:06:50.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now in 2014 there is a ton of them,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.18,0:06:52.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and basically what they show in aggregate\Nis that
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.81,0:06:55.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there is this pool of resources that we have
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.33,0:06:59.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to do our job, challenging tasks, to do cognitive
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.27,0:07:01.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dissonance. So there's studies around, if\Nyou just tell
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.74,0:07:03.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people, you need to get up and give a
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.14,0:07:05.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,speech about something that's different than\Nwhat you actually
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.39,0:07:08.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,believe, people who do that actually have\Nless will
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.74,0:07:10.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,power afterwards. They have less ability to\Ndo challenging
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.70,0:07:14.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tasks. They have less general cognitive resources\Nthan people
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.44,0:07:15.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who are asked to give a speech about something
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.65,0:07:17.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they do believe. Even if the actual act of
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.86,0:07:22.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,giving the speech is equally, is equally difficult.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.30,0:07:24.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so I think what's kind of interesting\Nabout
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.41,0:07:26.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is that, really what we want in programming
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.16,0:07:28.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is we want to be doing, having as much
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.24,0:07:30.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,time as we can for the challenging tasks,\Nright.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.34,0:07:32.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We want to be spending all of our time
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.61,0:07:35.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on challenging tasks and as little of those\Nvery
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.01,0:07:38.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,scarce resources as we can on things like\Nthe
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.29,0:07:40.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will power to write your code in exactly the
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.11,0:07:44.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right way, or making a lot of choices.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.08,0:07:45.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here are some terms that you might have
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.94,0:07:49.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,heard, basically, about this paradox of choice\Nor ego
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.56,0:07:52.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,depletion or the concept of decision fatigue.\NThese are
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.88,0:07:54.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all ways that you've heard that describe this\Ngeneral
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.91,0:07:58.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,concept, this general concept of you just\Nhave this
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.12,0:08:00.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,battery, and it runs out at some point, and
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.31,0:08:03.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's all these really counter-intuitive\Nthings that don't seem
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.54,0:08:05.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like they're very hard but are taking away\Nresources
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.70,0:08:08.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you need to work on hard problems.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.07,0:08:12.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, how do we, how do we solve this?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.27,0:08:14.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do we actually solve this problem? Because\Nobviously
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.97,0:08:16.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's the case that you, if you want to
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.52,0:08:19.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,be spending a lot of time on your challenging
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.30,0:08:21.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,problems, if you just ignore the problem of\Nwill
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.67,0:08:24.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,power or the problem of, of choices, you're\Njust
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.67,0:08:26.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gonna end up making a lot of mindless choices
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.73,0:08:29.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all day. And, so what we need to do
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.30,0:08:31.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is we need to find some psychological hacks\Nthat
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.39,0:08:33.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can apply that will keep us doing the
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.94,0:08:36.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right thing, basically all the time. Keep\Nus from
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.98,0:08:39.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wasting cognitive resources.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.20,0:08:42.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think my favorite study about, about\Nthis,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.96,0:08:46.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about the kinds of cognitive hacks that work\Neffectively,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.50,0:08:51.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the idea of what happens to organ donation
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.27,0:08:53.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if the organ donation requirement is opt in,\Nin
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.94,0:08:55.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,other words, you go to the DMV and there's
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.26,0:08:57.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a form that says, yes, I agree to donate
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.85,0:08:59.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my organs and here are the ones I agree
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.25,0:09:02.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to donate. And when the organ donation is\Nopt
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.18,0:09:04.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,out, in other words, you have to explicitly\Nsay,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.27,0:09:06.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I do not want, I, I do not want
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.23,0:09:08.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my organs to be donated. And what you can
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.19,0:09:10.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,see is that, in the countries where it's opt
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.73,0:09:15.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in, it's actually a very, very low rate and
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.47,0:09:16.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the countries where it's opt out, it's\Na
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.87,0:09:20.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,surprisingly high rate. It's basically almost\Nuniversal.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.15,0:09:21.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I, and I think to, to some degree
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.81,0:09:23.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you might expect that this is the case. But
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.86,0:09:27.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think this difference is really counter-intuitive,\Nbecause you
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.84,0:09:30.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would expect that if somebody, you know, goes\Nand
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.49,0:09:32.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're sitting at a form and the form says,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.37,0:09:33.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do you want to donate your organs? And the
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.74,0:09:35.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,excuse that they're telling themselves in\Ntheir head for
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.83,0:09:38.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not checking the check box is, you know, my
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.34,0:09:39.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mom would be super angry if she found out
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.99,0:09:42.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or my religion tells me that I shouldn't do
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.18,0:09:44.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this or, you know, growing up, I heard people
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.93,0:09:46.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,say negative things or whatever, whatever\Nthe excuse is
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.98,0:09:49.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you tell yourself to not check the check box,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.02,0:09:52.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you would think that some of those people,\Nmore
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.05,0:09:54.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than, you know, zero point one percent of\Nthose
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.16,0:09:56.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people, would pick up the pen and opt out.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.93,0:10:00.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the interesting thing is that, by just\Nchanging
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.89,0:10:03.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the default from yes to no, all of the
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.93,0:10:05.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sudden, all those excuses, all those things\Nthat people
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.81,0:10:08.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tell themselves about the reasons that they\Nreally shouldn't
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.61,0:10:11.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,check the check box, suddenly go away.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.17,0:10:13.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what's, I think even more interesting\Nabout this
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.19,0:10:16.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that, these choices are actually made on,\Non
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.52,0:10:18.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,really big DMV forms. So you basically what\Nyou
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.58,0:10:20.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can see is that people have already gone through
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.83,0:10:26.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this really complicated, somewhat trivial\Nbut very choice-heavy process
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.65,0:10:28.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of filling out this DMV form, and by the
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.51,0:10:30.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,time they get to the bottom and are asked
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.53,0:10:33.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about organ donation, they're so cognitively\Ndepleted that they
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.42,0:10:35.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have no energy left to even really think about
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.33,0:10:37.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it. They basically just do the defaults.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.92,0:10:41.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I think, honestly, defaults are our most\Npowerful
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.46,0:10:44.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,psychological hack, our most powerful weapon\Nin trying to
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.90,0:10:46.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,deal with the pro- the fact that we have
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.65,0:10:50.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this limited source of cognitive capacity\Nthat we want
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.23,0:10:53.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make good use of when we're programming.\NAnd
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.34,0:10:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the really cool thing about defaults in general\Nis
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.00,0:10:59.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that defaults are actually really effective\Non both sides
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.31,0:11:01.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the spectrum. So some days, you get to
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.32,0:11:03.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,work, you're ready to go, you're like, in\Nan
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.85,0:11:09.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,amazing mood. Everything is perfect. Everything\Nis awesome.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.76,0:11:12.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And on those days, the defaults, you have\Na
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.07,0:11:15.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,big store of cognitive resources, and the\Ndefaults keep
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.04,0:11:17.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you high up. They keep you in the charge
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.60,0:11:19.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,state of a longer time. You don't have to
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.10,0:11:21.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,make choices that would go deplete, and remember\Nthe
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.43,0:11:24.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,choice-making doesn't deplete per minute.\NIt's not every minute
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.16,0:11:27.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of choices depletes. It's every choice depletes\Nyour cognitive
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.16,0:11:29.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,resources. So, having a set of defaults that\Ntells
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.60,0:11:31.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you, here is what you're gonna do in general
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.47,0:11:33.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, you have to, you know, you have to
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.18,0:11:35.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,think hard to opt out. That's really great\Nwhen
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.78,0:11:37.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're in a good mood, when things are charged.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.76,0:11:39.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's actually also really great when you're\Nin
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.33,0:11:41.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a bad moon. When you're really depleted and\Nyou
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.25,0:11:42.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,still have to go to work and do your
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.48,0:11:44.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,job, because the default keeps you on the\Nstraight
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.41,0:11:46.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and narrow, right. You don't have enough energy\Nleft
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.43,0:11:48.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to really think about what you're doing, and\Nso
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.66,0:11:51.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,everybody has bad days. Everybody works on\Nteams with
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.40,0:11:57.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,developers who aren't great. Let me say it\Na
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.85,0:11:59.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,different way. Everyone has at some point\Nworked on
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.37,0:12:01.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a team, hopefully not. But you have junior\Ndevelopers.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.74,0:12:03.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, you hire people who are, who are
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.86,0:12:06.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,new to whatever it is that you're doing, or
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.17,0:12:08.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have a bad day, or you're stressed out
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.91,0:12:10.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because your mom gave you a call at lunch
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.71,0:12:12.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and now you're in a bad mood.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.53,0:12:14.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right, so everybody gets to a point where\Nthey
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.14,0:12:21.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have cognitively, my mother's gonna be so\Nangry now.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:22.05,0:12:27.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's say, an ex-girlfriend or whatever. So\Neveryone has
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.52,0:12:33.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,days where they're cognitively depleted. And\Non those days,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.04,0:12:35.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,defaults are also really powerful, because\Nthey keep you,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.20,0:12:37.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when. Instead of having you be sort of in
Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.32,0:12:39.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a bad mood and you'll just sort of do
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.24,0:12:41.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whatever, you know, you feel like, you're\Nbasically kept
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.61,0:12:42.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the straight and narrow. You're kept on\Nthe
Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.73,0:12:43.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right path.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.27,0:12:45.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think this actually helps to explain\Nwhy
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.83,0:12:49.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,yak-shaving doesn't feel as good as you might\Nthink.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:49.53,0:12:52.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, yak-shaving isn't the most terrible activity\Nin the
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.16,0:12:54.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,world. I think sometimes you need to yak-shave.\NBut
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.18,0:12:55.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think if you think about doing, like, four
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.84,0:12:58.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hours of yak-shaving in an eight hour day,\Npretty
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.41,0:13:00.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,much after four hours, if you, you know, let
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.24,0:13:02.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,me set up my, you know, my vagrant box,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.68,0:13:04.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or let me go set up my testing environment.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.96,0:13:07.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After like four hours of that, you're totally\Ncognitively
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.95,0:13:10.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,depleted. Doesn't matter that you only spent\Nfour hours
Dialogue: 0,0:13:10.08,0:13:11.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,out of an eight hour day. Basically you have
Dialogue: 0,0:13:11.95,0:13:14.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no more cognitive resources left. And I think\Nthis,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.30,0:13:17.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this means we should be very careful about\Nyak-shaving.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:17.05,0:13:19.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because yak-shaving may feel good and it may\Nbe
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.16,0:13:20.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,important in a lot of cases, but we need
Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.79,0:13:22.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be very honest about the fact that there
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.78,0:13:26.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is, there's a certain amount of cognitive\Nresources that
Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.03,0:13:28.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have and yak-shaving takes up more of them
Dialogue: 0,0:13:28.42,0:13:31.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than you would expect. And they don't leave\Nus
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.05,0:13:33.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,time after, even two hours or three hours,\Nthey
Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.57,0:13:35.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,don't leave us a lot of cognitive resources\Nto
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.34,0:13:37.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually do the task that we were yak-shaving\Ntowards.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:37.58,0:13:40.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, obviously, occasionally you know you need\Nto refactor
Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.78,0:13:43.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, and do all kinds of these kinds of
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.82,0:13:45.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tasks, but you should be careful about thinking\Nthat
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.84,0:13:47.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'll get a lot done afterwards.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.58,0:13:49.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, I think this is sort of the unpacking.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:49.85,0:13:52.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a scientific unpacking of what it\Nis
Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.34,0:13:55.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we're talking about. But, and I think\Neveryone
Dialogue: 0,0:13:55.82,0:13:57.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in this room can nod their heads along with
Dialogue: 0,0:13:57.73,0:13:59.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what I'm saying. They can agree with what\NI'm
Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.91,0:14:03.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,saying. Makes sense. But what ends up happening\Nin
Dialogue: 0,0:14:03.72,0:14:06.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the rest of the world, and also there's usually
Dialogue: 0,0:14:06.88,0:14:10.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a devil on your shoulder, is that people find
Dialogue: 0,0:14:10.76,0:14:13.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all kinds of excuses to argue against the\Nthing
Dialogue: 0,0:14:13.41,0:14:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I just said.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:14.00,0:14:16.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I just outlined sort of an unpacking of
Dialogue: 0,0:14:16.61,0:14:23.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sort of the conventional reconfiguration story,\Nand somehow, we,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:23.98,0:14:26.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a human race, actually find a lot of
Dialogue: 0,0:14:26.34,0:14:30.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ways to, to argue against these things. And\None
Dialogue: 0,0:14:30.24,0:14:32.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of these, one of these ways that we find
Dialogue: 0,0:14:32.42,0:14:35.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to argue against it is to tell ourselves that
Dialogue: 0,0:14:35.49,0:14:38.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're unique and we're special, and I'll just\Nlet
Dialogue: 0,0:14:38.74,0:14:44.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,David from 2008 talk about this for a second.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:44.58,0:14:48.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,DHH: One point I keep coming back to, over
Dialogue: 0,0:14:48.53,0:14:51.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and over again when I talk about Ruby and
Dialogue: 0,0:14:51.28,0:14:56.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rails, is that we confessed commonality. We\Nconfessed the
Dialogue: 0,0:14:56.38,0:14:59.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fact that we're not as special as we like
Dialogue: 0,0:14:59.16,0:15:02.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to believe. We confessed that we're not the\Nonly
Dialogue: 0,0:15:02.24,0:15:06.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ones trying to climb the same mountain. And\NI
Dialogue: 0,0:15:06.71,0:15:08.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,think this is a real important point because\Nit's
Dialogue: 0,0:15:08.98,0:15:11.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,somewhat counter intuitive, I think, for a\Nlot of
Dialogue: 0,0:15:11.44,0:15:14.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,developers to think that they're not that\Nspecial. I
Dialogue: 0,0:15:14.09,0:15:16.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,think it's counter intuitive for humans in\Ngeneral to
Dialogue: 0,0:15:16.52,0:15:18.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,think they're not that special.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:18.40,0:15:21.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, when they do think that they're special,\Nwhen
Dialogue: 0,0:15:21.01,0:15:22.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they do think that they're the only ones climbing
Dialogue: 0,0:15:22.86,0:15:25.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that mountain, they kind of get these assumptions\Nthat
Dialogue: 0,0:15:25.82,0:15:28.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they need very unique and special tools that\Nwill
Dialogue: 0,0:15:28.56,0:15:31.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,only work for them. And I think that's a
Dialogue: 0,0:15:31.50,0:15:36.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,really bad way to approach getting greater\Nproductivity. Because
Dialogue: 0,0:15:36.62,0:15:39.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think what really makes this special and\Nmakes
Dialogue: 0,0:15:39.98,0:15:42.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it work is all the points where we recognize
Dialogue: 0,0:15:42.93,0:15:44.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we're exactly the same.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:44.74,0:15:47.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Y.K.: And I think that's really the point,\Nis
Dialogue: 0,0:15:47.89,0:15:51.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the way we gain better productivity is\Nby
Dialogue: 0,0:15:51.27,0:15:54.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pushing back against this impulse. I think,\Nwe have
Dialogue: 0,0:15:54.44,0:15:56.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it in the Rails community to some degree.\NI
Dialogue: 0,0:15:56.35,0:15:59.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,think it's especially significant outside\Nof the Rails community,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:59.07,0:16:01.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where people didn't already come together\Naround the idea
Dialogue: 0,0:16:01.55,0:16:04.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we're gonna build shared tools and shared\Nsolutions.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:04.29,0:16:05.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I think we really do have to push
Dialogue: 0,0:16:05.60,0:16:07.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,back against this idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:07.23,0:16:09.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think my favorite example of this sort
Dialogue: 0,0:16:09.21,0:16:15.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of, taken to an absurdist extreme, is sort\Nof
Dialogue: 0,0:16:15.75,0:16:17.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,famous interview. What is your most surprising\Napp on
Dialogue: 0,0:16:17.92,0:16:20.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the home screen? Well, it's Operator. It's\Na custom-designed,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:20.04,0:16:23.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one-of-a-kind bespoke app I had built for\Nmy assistant
Dialogue: 0,0:16:23.25,0:16:25.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I to communicate and collaborate. Did\Nthis person
Dialogue: 0,0:16:25.63,0:16:29.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,need a custom bespoke one-of-a-kind application\Nto communicate with
Dialogue: 0,0:16:29.41,0:16:31.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their assistant? No. Almost certainly not.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:31.64,0:16:34.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But they decided they were so special, they\Nwere
Dialogue: 0,0:16:34.16,0:16:37.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so, they themselves were so one-of-a-kind,\Nsuch a unique
Dialogue: 0,0:16:37.25,0:16:40.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,snowflake, that they needed a special tool\Nto communicate
Dialogue: 0,0:16:40.64,0:16:42.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with their assistant. And I think this is\Nsort
Dialogue: 0,0:16:42.78,0:16:44.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of how, this is how we act. This is
Dialogue: 0,0:16:44.62,0:16:46.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how we behave. And if you look at, sort
Dialogue: 0,0:16:46.61,0:16:48.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of, how people talk about software, you see\Nthings
Dialogue: 0,0:16:48.79,0:16:50.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like, this is a tool set for building the
Dialogue: 0,0:16:50.89,0:16:54.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,framework most suited to your application\Ndevelopment. Your application,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:54.53,0:16:58.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your company, your industry is so special,\Nthat you
Dialogue: 0,0:16:58.36,0:17:00.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can't use general-purpose tools. You need\Nto use a
Dialogue: 0,0:17:00.62,0:17:03.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tool set to build your own framework.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:03.11,0:17:07.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or, in an ecosystem where overarching, decides-everything-for-you\Nframeworks are
Dialogue: 0,0:17:07.64,0:17:09.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,commonplace, and many libraries require your\Nsite to be
Dialogue: 0,0:17:09.69,0:17:12.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reorganized to suit their look, feel, and\Ndefault behavior
Dialogue: 0,0:17:12.29,0:17:13.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- we should continue to be a tool that
Dialogue: 0,0:17:13.38,0:17:15.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gives you the freedom to design the full experience
Dialogue: 0,0:17:15.51,0:17:16.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of your web application.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:16.44,0:17:20.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, who could be against freedom? Right?\NFreedom is
Dialogue: 0,0:17:20.24,0:17:24.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a really effective thing to put on the wall
Dialogue: 0,0:17:24.82,0:17:26.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to say, this is the thing that we're arguing
Dialogue: 0,0:17:26.33,0:17:28.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for. We're arguing for freedom. But this is\Njust
Dialogue: 0,0:17:28.99,0:17:32.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,another way, it's just another way that you,\Nthat
Dialogue: 0,0:17:32.10,0:17:37.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,peoples' brains sneak in arguments against\Nthat, that helped
Dialogue: 0,0:17:37.08,0:17:38.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,us create the paradox of choice in the first
Dialogue: 0,0:17:38.97,0:17:43.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,place, right. People say, you know, I'm special.\NI
Dialogue: 0,0:17:43.35,0:17:45.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can't use these shared tools. I can't use\Nthese
Dialogue: 0,0:17:45.02,0:17:46.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tools that were built for everybody. I need\Nto
Dialogue: 0,0:17:46.88,0:17:51.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,use special tools. I need to use small libraries
Dialogue: 0,0:17:51.31,0:17:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that help me build my own abstractions. I\Ncan't
Dialogue: 0,0:17:54.00,0:17:56.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,share with the community.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:56.47,0:17:59.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then, even if people come to the conclusion
Dialogue: 0,0:17:59.40,0:18:02.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that maybe abstractions, maybe shared solutions\Nare a good
Dialogue: 0,0:18:02.53,0:18:05.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,idea, then you get another argument. The devil\Non
Dialogue: 0,0:18:05.35,0:18:07.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your shoulder or the devil in your community.\NIt
Dialogue: 0,0:18:07.80,0:18:10.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,makes another argument, which is the law of\Nleaky
Dialogue: 0,0:18:10.49,0:18:12.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,abstractions. And this is not, this is sort\Nof
Dialogue: 0,0:18:12.15,0:18:15.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like the law of Demeter. It's not a suggestion,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:15.55,0:18:20.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or an observation. It's a law. The law of
Dialogue: 0,0:18:20.11,0:18:21.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,leaky abstractions.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:21.32,0:18:24.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think any time somebody couches an observation
Dialogue: 0,0:18:24.50,0:18:28.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about software development as a law, you know\Nsomething
Dialogue: 0,0:18:28.04,0:18:31.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fishy is going on. You know that something's\Nnot
Dialogue: 0,0:18:31.38,0:18:35.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right. Because software development isn't\Na science. You, basically
Dialogue: 0,0:18:35.46,0:18:38.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people want you to put on your science hat,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:38.09,0:18:40.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and say, aha! It's a law! It's like the
Dialogue: 0,0:18:40.71,0:18:43.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,law of gravity. I can derive some conclusions\Nfrom
Dialogue: 0,0:18:43.85,0:18:46.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this law. What, what, what conclusions do\Nthey want
Dialogue: 0,0:18:46.48,0:18:49.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you to derive? Abstractions are bad. You should\Nnever
Dialogue: 0,0:18:49.02,0:18:51.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,use abstractions. You should do everything\Nyourself.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:51.52,0:18:54.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, so this law of leaky abstractions was\Noriginally
Dialogue: 0,0:18:54.73,0:18:59.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,built by, or written by Joel Spolsky, and\NJeff
Dialogue: 0,0:18:59.11,0:19:01.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Atwood, who was his partner at Stack Overflow,\Nactually
Dialogue: 0,0:19:01.79,0:19:04.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,responded, I think, kind of brilliantly to\Nthis. And
Dialogue: 0,0:19:04.72,0:19:07.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he said, you know, I'd argue, that virtually\Nall
Dialogue: 0,0:19:07.20,0:19:09.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,good programming abstractions are failed abstractions.\NI don't think
Dialogue: 0,0:19:09.61,0:19:11.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've ever used one that didn't leak like a
Dialogue: 0,0:19:11.06,0:19:13.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sieve. But I think that's an awfully architecture\Nastronaut
Dialogue: 0,0:19:13.79,0:19:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,way of looking at things. Instead, let's ask\Nourselves
Dialogue: 0,0:19:17.00,0:19:19.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a more programatic question: does this abstraction\Nmake our
Dialogue: 0,0:19:19.70,0:19:21.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,code at least a little easier to write? To
Dialogue: 0,0:19:21.78,0:19:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,understand? To troubleshoot? Are we better\Noff with this
Dialogue: 0,0:19:24.00,0:19:26.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,abstraction than we were without it?
Dialogue: 0,0:19:26.24,0:19:28.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's out job as modern programmers not to\Nabandon
Dialogue: 0,0:19:28.41,0:19:31.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,abstractions due to these deficiencies, but\Nto embrace the
Dialogue: 0,0:19:31.23,0:19:33.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,useful elements of them. To adapt the working\Nparts
Dialogue: 0,0:19:33.51,0:19:36.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and construct ever so slightly less leaky\Nand broken
Dialogue: 0,0:19:36.05,0:19:37.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,abstractions over time.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:37.83,0:19:42.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think people use this idea, these excuses,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:42.17,0:19:44.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,things like the law of leaky abstractions,\Nto give
Dialogue: 0,0:19:44.83,0:19:48.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an excuse for themselves to not share solutions.\NAnd
Dialogue: 0,0:19:48.77,0:19:50.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think sort of the hilarious thing, and this
Dialogue: 0,0:19:50.82,0:19:54.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is sort of a compressed super conflated set\Nof
Dialogue: 0,0:19:54.42,0:19:56.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,abstractions. Every single one of us is sitting\Non
Dialogue: 0,0:19:56.61,0:20:01.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,top of abstractions that maybe occasionally\Nleak, but really,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:01.19,0:20:02.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how many people ever have to drop down into
Dialogue: 0,0:20:02.85,0:20:05.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the X86 or the arm level? Or even the
Dialogue: 0,0:20:05.39,0:20:09.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,C level? Right. People. We can build higher\Nand
Dialogue: 0,0:20:09.59,0:20:12.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,higher sets of abstractions, and we can keep,\Nwe
Dialogue: 0,0:20:12.38,0:20:15.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can keep building on top of these abstractions,\Nand
Dialogue: 0,0:20:15.26,0:20:17.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,build, and, and allow us to sort of eliminate
Dialogue: 0,0:20:17.88,0:20:20.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more and more code that we had to write
Dialogue: 0,0:20:20.37,0:20:22.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before. That we had to write in 1960, 1970,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:22.49,0:20:24.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,1980. Sort of every year is another set of
Dialogue: 0,0:20:24.98,0:20:27.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,things that we have discovered as a community\Nthat
Dialogue: 0,0:20:27.46,0:20:29.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we don't have to worry about, that were shared.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:29.15,0:20:30.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think, sort of, people look at us
Dialogue: 0,0:20:30.52,0:20:31.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they say, oh my god it's a pile
Dialogue: 0,0:20:31.73,0:20:34.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of hacks. It's hacks on hacks on hacks on
Dialogue: 0,0:20:34.06,0:20:35.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hacks. But actually it's not. Actually what's\Ngoing on
Dialogue: 0,0:20:35.97,0:20:39.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here is that every single time you start off
Dialogue: 0,0:20:39.14,0:20:41.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with this sort of experimental playground,\Npeople are building,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:41.68,0:20:43.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know, at the bottom layer, people were\Nbuilding
Dialogue: 0,0:20:43.21,0:20:45.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their own hardware. And eventually people\Ncame to the
Dialogue: 0,0:20:45.63,0:20:47.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,conclusion that you don't have to build your\Nown
Dialogue: 0,0:20:47.55,0:20:50.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hardware. We can standardize around things\Nlike X86.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:50.91,0:20:53.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then we standardized around it and people\Nstopped
Dialogue: 0,0:20:53.65,0:20:55.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,worrying about all the craziness that was\Nunderneath. And
Dialogue: 0,0:20:55.98,0:20:58.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then people said, we can build C, and if
Dialogue: 0,0:20:58.58,0:21:01.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we build C, people can stop worrying, most\Nof
Dialogue: 0,0:21:01.45,0:21:03.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the time, about what's below it. So really\Nevery
Dialogue: 0,0:21:03.76,0:21:05.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of these layers is not a pile of
Dialogue: 0,0:21:05.09,0:21:07.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hacks built on a pile of hacks. It's us,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:07.24,0:21:10.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a group of people, as a community of
Dialogue: 0,0:21:10.13,0:21:12.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,programmers, deciding that 90% of the things\Nthat we're
Dialogue: 0,0:21:12.48,0:21:14.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doing, we've figured out we don't actually\Nneed to,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:14.92,0:21:16.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to worry about.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:16.09,0:21:19.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, I think, fundamentally, this is about,\Nsort of
Dialogue: 0,0:21:19.21,0:21:21.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the history of programming is that we have\Nshared
Dialogue: 0,0:21:21.58,0:21:25.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,solutions. We make progress by building up\Nthe stack.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:25.84,0:21:27.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By eliminating code that we didn't have to\Nwrite.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:27.73,0:21:30.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Steve Jobs actually talked about this\Nin 1995.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:30.78,0:21:32.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sort of exactly the same thing. So let me
Dialogue: 0,0:21:32.94,0:21:33.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let him talk.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:33.90,0:21:37.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,STEVE JOBS: Because it's all about managing\Ncomplexity, right.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:37.06,0:21:39.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're developers. You know that. It's all\Nabout managing
Dialogue: 0,0:21:39.73,0:21:44.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,complexity. It's, like, scaffolding, right.\NYou erect some scaffolding,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:44.10,0:21:46.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if you keep going up and up and
Dialogue: 0,0:21:46.01,0:21:49.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,up, eventually the scaffolding collapses of\Nits own weight,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:49.77,0:21:53.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right. That's what building software is. It's,\Nhow much
Dialogue: 0,0:21:53.59,0:21:56.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,scaffolding can you erect before the whole\Nthing collapses
Dialogue: 0,0:21:56.77,0:21:57.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of its own weight.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:57.32,0:21:58.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Doesn't matter how many people you have working\Non
Dialogue: 0,0:21:58.75,0:22:01.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it. Doesn't matter if you're Microsoft with\Nthree, four
Dialogue: 0,0:22:01.30,0:22:03.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hundred people, five hundred people on the\Nteam. It
Dialogue: 0,0:22:03.71,0:22:06.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will collapse under its own weight. You've\Nread the
Dialogue: 0,0:22:06.47,0:22:09.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mythical Man Month, right. Basic premise of\Nthis is,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:09.38,0:22:11.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a software development project gets to a certain\Nsize
Dialogue: 0,0:22:11.89,0:22:13.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where if you add one more person, the amount
Dialogue: 0,0:22:13.89,0:22:16.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of energy to communicate with that person\Nis actually
Dialogue: 0,0:22:16.19,0:22:18.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,greater than their net contribution to the\Nproject, so
Dialogue: 0,0:22:18.87,0:22:19.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it slows down.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:19.69,0:22:22.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you have local maximum and then it comes
Dialogue: 0,0:22:22.31,0:22:25.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,down. We all know that about software. It's\Nabout
Dialogue: 0,0:22:25.28,0:22:29.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,managing complexity. These tools allow you\Nto not have
Dialogue: 0,0:22:29.90,0:22:32.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to worry about ninety percent of the stuff\Nyou
Dialogue: 0,0:22:32.71,0:22:35.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,worry about, so that you can erect your five
Dialogue: 0,0:22:35.70,0:22:39.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stories of scaffolding, but starting at story\Nnumber twenty-three
Dialogue: 0,0:22:39.80,0:22:43.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,instead of starting at story number six. You\Nget
Dialogue: 0,0:22:43.18,0:22:45.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a lot higher.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:45.10,0:22:47.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Y.K.: And I think that's fundamentally what\Nwe do
Dialogue: 0,0:22:47.51,0:22:49.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as software people. For all of the complaints\Nthat
Dialogue: 0,0:22:49.78,0:22:53.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people make about, you know, oh my god, every
Dialogue: 0,0:22:53.17,0:22:57.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,abstraction leaks. All we've ever done, even\Nin, even
Dialogue: 0,0:22:57.88,0:23:00.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as far back as, you know, in the 60s,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:00.30,0:23:03.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but even in 1995, Steve Jobs was already talking
Dialogue: 0,0:23:03.54,0:23:05.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about this idea that we can build higher by
Dialogue: 0,0:23:05.83,0:23:08.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,building shared solutions. And I'm gonna let\Nhim speak
Dialogue: 0,0:23:08.40,0:23:12.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one more time, because I think, really, it's\Nreally
Dialogue: 0,0:23:12.35,0:23:14.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fascinating how much this idea of how you\Nget
Dialogue: 0,0:23:14.82,0:23:18.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,better programmer productivity hasn't really\Nchanged, fundamentally, since that
Dialogue: 0,0:23:18.64,0:23:19.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,time.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:19.04,0:23:22.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,STEVE JOBS: But, on top of that, we're gonna
Dialogue: 0,0:23:22.21,0:23:29.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,put something called open step. And open step\Nlets
Dialogue: 0,0:23:34.17,0:23:38.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you start developing your apps on the twentieth\Nfloor.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:38.40,0:23:40.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the kinds of apps you can deliver are
Dialogue: 0,0:23:40.43,0:23:44.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,phenomenal. But there's another hidden advantage.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:44.25,0:23:47.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most of the great break through, the page\Nmakers,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:47.76,0:23:52.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the illustrators, et cetera, the directors,\Ncome from smaller
Dialogue: 0,0:23:52.20,0:23:54.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,software companies. That's been said a few\Ntimes today.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:54.57,0:23:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They don't come from the large software companies.\NThey
Dialogue: 0,0:23:57.00,0:23:59.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,come from the smaller ones. And one of the
Dialogue: 0,0:23:59.21,0:24:03.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,greatest things is that using this new technology,\Ntwo
Dialogue: 0,0:24:03.37,0:24:06.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people or three people in a garage can build
Dialogue: 0,0:24:06.54,0:24:09.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an app and get it from concept to market
Dialogue: 0,0:24:09.29,0:24:11.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in six to nine months, that is every bit
Dialogue: 0,0:24:11.59,0:24:15.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as feature-rich, every bit as reliable, and\Nevery bit
Dialogue: 0,0:24:15.75,0:24:18.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as exciting as a giant software company can\Ndo
Dialogue: 0,0:24:18.29,0:24:20.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a hundred fifty person team.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:20.99,0:24:22.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's phenomenal.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:22.04,0:24:26.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Y.K.: So, I think what's kind of cool about
Dialogue: 0,0:24:26.14,0:24:31.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is that, this idea that we can take
Dialogue: 0,0:24:31.64,0:24:35.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,shared problems that everyone has, shared\Nproblems that a
Dialogue: 0,0:24:35.05,0:24:37.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,community of people have, solving the same\Nproblem, and
Dialogue: 0,0:24:37.78,0:24:40.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can build up shared solutions. This is\Nnot
Dialogue: 0,0:24:40.26,0:24:43.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,new. It's not, it shouldn't be controversial.\NIt's kind
Dialogue: 0,0:24:43.82,0:24:47.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of fundamental to what we do as software developers.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:47.10,0:24:50.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And yet, if someone isn't up here telling\Nyou
Dialogue: 0,0:24:50.07,0:24:52.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this, it's so easy to forget. There are so
Dialogue: 0,0:24:52.41,0:24:55.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,many excuses that people tell themselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:55.11,0:24:56.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sort of what happens in reality is you have
Dialogue: 0,0:24:56.77,0:24:58.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this bulk of shared solutions, you have an\Narea
Dialogue: 0,0:24:58.76,0:25:01.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of experimentation - sort of the wild west\N-
Dialogue: 0,0:25:01.49,0:25:03.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you let the area of experimentation fold\Nback
Dialogue: 0,0:25:03.75,0:25:05.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into shared solutions. This is sort of how\NRails
Dialogue: 0,0:25:05.65,0:25:08.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,works, right. So you build higher and higher\Nand
Dialogue: 0,0:25:08.02,0:25:10.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,higher stacks. You get to a point where you,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:10.89,0:25:12.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know, you could build something like Devise\Nin
Dialogue: 0,0:25:12.59,0:25:15.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Rails community, because there's so much\Nof what
Dialogue: 0,0:25:15.07,0:25:18.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,underpins Devise, you know, everybody uses\Nthe same set
Dialogue: 0,0:25:18.93,0:25:22.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of model abstractions, everyone has similar\Nways of talking
Dialogue: 0,0:25:22.31,0:25:25.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about users, right. So you can build an abstraction
Dialogue: 0,0:25:25.24,0:25:27.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on top of that because everyone has sort of
Dialogue: 0,0:25:27.06,0:25:28.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,built up this shared understanding of what\Nit is
Dialogue: 0,0:25:28.87,0:25:30.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we're doing.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:30.06,0:25:33.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, it's so easy to let yourself be confused
Dialogue: 0,0:25:33.17,0:25:35.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the fact that the area of experimentation\Nis
Dialogue: 0,0:25:35.63,0:25:38.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the wild west, and forget that that area of
Dialogue: 0,0:25:38.40,0:25:41.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,experimentation is sitting on top of huge,\Na huge
Dialogue: 0,0:25:41.82,0:25:43.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stack of abstractions. And this is sort of,\NI
Dialogue: 0,0:25:43.80,0:25:45.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,think, to me, the answer to why the node
Dialogue: 0,0:25:45.91,0:25:49.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,community seems, they're sitting on top of\Nmaybe, you
Dialogue: 0,0:25:49.78,0:25:53.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,know, the most advanced dynamic language git\Nin the
Dialogue: 0,0:25:53.34,0:25:57.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,world, on top of all kinds of abstractions.\NAnd
Dialogue: 0,0:25:57.48,0:25:58.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they sit on top and they say, oh my
Dialogue: 0,0:25:58.63,0:26:00.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,god, we need to build a lot of tiny
Dialogue: 0,0:26:00.92,0:26:02.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,modules, because if we don't build tiny modules,\Nthis,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:02.75,0:26:04.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the abstraction's gonna kill us.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:04.29,0:26:06.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, for me, this has always been a paradox.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:06.83,0:26:08.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're sitting on top of a stack of abstractions
Dialogue: 0,0:26:08.65,0:26:10.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's far higher than anything that you're\Nclaiming to
Dialogue: 0,0:26:10.85,0:26:12.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,be afraid of. So, why are you so afraid?
Dialogue: 0,0:26:12.35,0:26:13.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think it's because of this area of
Dialogue: 0,0:26:13.90,0:26:16.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,experimentation, right. When you're in an\Narea of experimentation,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:16.60,0:26:18.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of course abstractions are gonna leak. You're\Nstill figuring
Dialogue: 0,0:26:18.64,0:26:20.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,out what it is that you're doing.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:20.65,0:26:22.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the goal of a good community that's gonna
Dialogue: 0,0:26:22.49,0:26:25.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,help people be more productive is to eventually\Nnotice
Dialogue: 0,0:26:25.16,0:26:28.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the area of experimentation is over.\NAnd move
Dialogue: 0,0:26:28.60,0:26:31.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into a conventional system where you can say,\Nwe
Dialogue: 0,0:26:31.60,0:26:33.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,don't need to argue about this anymore. It\Nwas
Dialogue: 0,0:26:33.06,0:26:34.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a worthy thing for us to discuss when we
Dialogue: 0,0:26:34.97,0:26:37.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were thinking about the problem, but we can\Ntake
Dialogue: 0,0:26:37.18,0:26:38.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that and we can roll it in, into our
Dialogue: 0,0:26:38.82,0:26:40.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,set of shared defaults, and we can climb up
Dialogue: 0,0:26:40.29,0:26:41.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the ladder, right.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:41.07,0:26:42.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is what, this is what Steve was
Dialogue: 0,0:26:42.80,0:26:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,saying. He was saying, you know, instead of\Nhaving
Dialogue: 0,0:26:46.00,0:26:48.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,everybody start from some, some floor, sort\Nof this
Dialogue: 0,0:26:48.45,0:26:52.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is how iOS programming works today, right.\NIronically. Is
Dialogue: 0,0:26:52.70,0:26:55.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,everyone starts from the same base. There\Nis not
Dialogue: 0,0:26:55.23,0:26:57.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a lot of shared programming. A lot of shared
Dialogue: 0,0:26:57.39,0:27:01.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,solutions. And I think, fundamentally, open\Nsource has been
Dialogue: 0,0:27:01.19,0:27:04.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something that has really kick started this\Nidea of
Dialogue: 0,0:27:04.64,0:27:06.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,experimentation merging through the shared\Nsolutions.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:06.83,0:27:09.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because trying to essentially plan it the\Nway big
Dialogue: 0,0:27:09.35,0:27:11.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,companies like Apple or Microsoft do it, is\Njust
Dialogue: 0,0:27:11.59,0:27:14.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not gonna get the job done across the board.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:14.12,0:27:16.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It'll, it'll solve some problems, but getting\Nthe open
Dialogue: 0,0:27:16.90,0:27:19.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,source communities, the power of the open\Nsource community,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:19.06,0:27:21.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,means that you can have all these little verticals,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:21.34,0:27:23.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all these little areas where people are trying\Nto
Dialogue: 0,0:27:23.61,0:27:27.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,build higher abstractions for shared communities.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:27.16,0:27:30.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And interestingly, it's not enough to make\Nthese abstractions
Dialogue: 0,0:27:30.80,0:27:33.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cheap. I think when you think about how people
Dialogue: 0,0:27:33.41,0:27:35.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually go and they build on top of these
Dialogue: 0,0:27:35.75,0:27:38.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stacks, it's not enough, if every layer in\Nthe
Dialogue: 0,0:27:38.34,0:27:41.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,abstraction, in fact, if x86 and then C and,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:41.17,0:27:42.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know, Linux, and Posits. If every one\Nof
Dialogue: 0,0:27:42.72,0:27:44.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those things cost a little, by the time you
Dialogue: 0,0:27:44.77,0:27:46.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually got to build software, you would\Nbe so
Dialogue: 0,0:27:46.68,0:27:48.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,overwhelmed with the weight of the abstraction\Nthat you
Dialogue: 0,0:27:48.65,0:27:49.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would never be able to do anything.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:49.72,0:27:53.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, it's really fundamental that the abstractions\Nthat we
Dialogue: 0,0:27:53.27,0:27:56.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,build eventually get to the point where they're\Nbasically
Dialogue: 0,0:27:56.03,0:27:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,free. Where they have no cognitive capacity.\NSo that
Dialogue: 0,0:27:58.00,0:27:59.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can keep building higher and higher and\Nhigher,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:59.86,0:28:03.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right. And the Rails philosophy is basically,\Nhow do
Dialogue: 0,0:28:03.02,0:28:04.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you do that? How do you, how do, how
Dialogue: 0,0:28:04.21,0:28:05.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,do you say, you know, we're gonna experiment\Nfor
Dialogue: 0,0:28:05.30,0:28:07.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a little bit, but eventually we're gonna work\Nreally
Dialogue: 0,0:28:07.80,0:28:10.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hard, we're gonna push really hard at making\Nthe
Dialogue: 0,0:28:10.39,0:28:12.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cost of that thing that everyone was just\Nexperimenting
Dialogue: 0,0:28:12.24,0:28:14.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a minute, a little, a minute ago free,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:14.18,0:28:15.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that we can go build another level up
Dialogue: 0,0:28:15.65,0:28:16.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and another level up.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:16.96,0:28:19.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, I have a few sort of closing points
Dialogue: 0,0:28:19.83,0:28:23.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make about the ecosystem. So, first of\Nall,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:23.45,0:28:24.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rails is not the only way that we have
Dialogue: 0,0:28:24.73,0:28:28.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to share. I think I was pretty sad when
Dialogue: 0,0:28:28.16,0:28:31.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the queue abstraction didn't end up in Rails,\Nbut
Dialogue: 0,0:28:31.53,0:28:33.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I kind of am sad that we didn't get
Dialogue: 0,0:28:33.85,0:28:35.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to see sort of what you can build up
Dialogue: 0,0:28:35.87,0:28:38.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on top of the queue abstraction, there's really\Nno
Dialogue: 0,0:28:38.49,0:28:41.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reason that all the queue guys didn't get\Ntogether
Dialogue: 0,0:28:41.03,0:28:44.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and say, you know, we're gonna build some\Nabstraction
Dialogue: 0,0:28:44.36,0:28:45.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on top of that. And once you build the
Dialogue: 0,0:28:45.80,0:28:47.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,abstraction on top of that, then you can see
Dialogue: 0,0:28:47.49,0:28:49.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how high you can go, right.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:49.27,0:28:50.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And a sort of similar thing happened in the
Dialogue: 0,0:28:50.57,0:28:52.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,JavaScript community. In the JavaScript community\Nthere were a
Dialogue: 0,0:28:52.36,0:28:57.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lot of different promise implementations,\Nand what happened over
Dialogue: 0,0:28:57.60,0:28:59.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,time is that people realized that not having\Na
Dialogue: 0,0:28:59.29,0:29:01.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,standard way to talk about this was actually\Nmaking
Dialogue: 0,0:29:01.19,0:29:02.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it hard to build up.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:02.94,0:29:05.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we said, let's actually get together and\Nlet's
Dialogue: 0,0:29:05.27,0:29:06.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,decide that we're gonna have a standard way\Nof
Dialogue: 0,0:29:06.74,0:29:09.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,talking about that. We'll call it PromisesA+.\NAnd now
Dialogue: 0,0:29:09.76,0:29:12.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Promises are in the DOM. And now, you know,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:12.45,0:29:14.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can build up another level and make asynchronous
Dialogue: 0,0:29:14.79,0:29:16.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,things look synchronous. And then we can build\Nup
Dialogue: 0,0:29:16.88,0:29:19.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,another level, and we can put that idea into
Dialogue: 0,0:29:19.03,0:29:20.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the language.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:20.16,0:29:22.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, you know, I don't know where we're gonna
Dialogue: 0,0:29:22.39,0:29:24.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,go from there. But we can start building higher
Dialogue: 0,0:29:24.21,0:29:26.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and higher abstractions. But it requires taking\Nthe first
Dialogue: 0,0:29:26.57,0:29:30.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,step. So I, I guess what I'm saying is,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:30.35,0:29:32.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,getting something into Rails core is not the\Nonly
Dialogue: 0,0:29:32.28,0:29:34.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,way that you can build these abstractions.\NIt, it
Dialogue: 0,0:29:34.31,0:29:36.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,requires some discipline to actually get to\Nthe point
Dialogue: 0,0:29:36.83,0:29:38.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we're agreeing on something, but I think\Nif
Dialogue: 0,0:29:38.95,0:29:41.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you find that there is some topic, like, for
Dialogue: 0,0:29:41.22,0:29:45.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,example, jobs or, you know, queuing or jobs,\Nand
Dialogue: 0,0:29:45.93,0:29:47.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,everybody does them or a lot of people do
Dialogue: 0,0:29:47.45,0:29:48.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,them but we don't have a good way of
Dialogue: 0,0:29:48.62,0:29:51.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,building on top of them, that's a good opportunity
Dialogue: 0,0:29:51.04,0:29:52.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for someone to go and say, I'm gonna do
Dialogue: 0,0:29:52.62,0:29:54.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the hard work to say, let's create a shared
Dialogue: 0,0:29:54.57,0:29:55.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,idea of what it is that we're doing.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:55.96,0:29:58.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And sometimes it's via an inter-op player\Nand sometimes
Dialogue: 0,0:29:58.13,0:30:00.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's via standardizing around one solution.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:00.81,0:30:04.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, another part of this is, when I started
Dialogue: 0,0:30:04.06,0:30:06.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,working on Ember in the JavaScript community,\NI thought
Dialogue: 0,0:30:06.53,0:30:08.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a lot of these ideas were obvious. I thought
Dialogue: 0,0:30:08.66,0:30:10.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was gonna be, you know, a slam dunk.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:10.84,0:30:12.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everybody should agree that building a shared\Nset of
Dialogue: 0,0:30:12.73,0:30:15.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,solutions is the right thing. And what I found
Dialogue: 0,0:30:15.69,0:30:20.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was that, what I found instead is how powerful
Dialogue: 0,0:30:20.06,0:30:23.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the unique snowflake bias is, and how powerful\Nthe
Dialogue: 0,0:30:23.57,0:30:27.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,leaky abstraction fallacy can be in communities\Nthat don't
Dialogue: 0,0:30:27.22,0:30:28.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,place a high value on shared solutions.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:28.75,0:30:31.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, if you don't see the power of shared
Dialogue: 0,0:30:31.13,0:30:33.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,solutions, if you're not familiar with the\Nidea, with
Dialogue: 0,0:30:33.81,0:30:36.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the wins, it's really easy to pull out those
Dialogue: 0,0:30:36.04,0:30:38.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,olds canards, the I am a unique snow flake,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:38.43,0:30:41.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can't use a tool like Ember, because I
Dialogue: 0,0:30:41.39,0:30:44.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have special needs. I need to use a toolkit
Dialogue: 0,0:30:44.25,0:30:46.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that lets me build my own framework, because\Nmy
Dialogue: 0,0:30:46.39,0:30:47.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,needs are oh-so-special.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:47.15,0:30:51.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or, you know, you know, I looked at Ember
Dialogue: 0,0:30:51.08,0:30:52.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when it was new, and Ember leaked all over
Dialogue: 0,0:30:52.92,0:30:54.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the place. So the law of leaky abstractions\Nmeans
Dialogue: 0,0:30:54.78,0:30:57.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can't build in JavaScript a shared solution.\NBut,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:57.21,0:30:58.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of course these things are not true. And I
Dialogue: 0,0:30:58.45,0:31:01.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,think, what I want to say is, I think
Dialogue: 0,0:31:01.27,0:31:03.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rails, ten years on, has basically proved\Nthat these
Dialogue: 0,0:31:03.86,0:31:06.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,things are not true.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:06.68,0:31:08.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Before Rails, people spent a lot of time working
Dialogue: 0,0:31:08.84,0:31:11.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on their own bespoke solutions, convinced\Nthat their problem
Dialogue: 0,0:31:11.33,0:31:14.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was just too special for shared solutions.\NAn when
Dialogue: 0,0:31:14.59,0:31:16.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rails came out, they looked at the very idea
Dialogue: 0,0:31:16.97,0:31:20.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of convention over configuration as a joke.\NAnd then,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:20.28,0:31:22.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one day, Rails developers started beating\Nthe pants off
Dialogue: 0,0:31:22.97,0:31:27.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those people. And I think, in closing, if\Nyou
Dialogue: 0,0:31:27.20,0:31:29.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,find yourself in an ecosystem where developers\Nstill start
Dialogue: 0,0:31:29.84,0:31:32.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from floor one every time, learn the lessons\Nof
Dialogue: 0,0:31:32.58,0:31:34.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rails.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:34.02,0:31:37.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everybody should band together, push back,\Nboth in your
Dialogue: 0,0:31:37.63,0:31:40.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,own brain and on other people, on the excuses
Dialogue: 0,0:31:40.37,0:31:42.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that drive us apart instead of the things\Nthat
Dialogue: 0,0:31:42.54,0:31:46.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bind us together. The legacy of Rails isn't\NMVC
Dialogue: 0,0:31:46.58,0:31:49.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or even Ruby. It's powerful ten years of evidence
Dialogue: 0,0:31:49.77,0:31:52.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that by sticking to our guns, we can build
Dialogue: 0,0:31:52.10,0:31:54.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,far higher than anyone ever imagined.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:54.22,0:31:56.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you very much.