[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.92,0:00:21.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.09,0:00:23.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The last talk was about
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.56,0:00:27.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,electronic technology\Nand enhancing the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.31,0:00:31.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My talk's about an old technology\Nenhancing the brain;
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.93,0:00:34.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an old technology\Nthat of course, you all know and love,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.80,0:00:36.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's called drugs.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.52,0:00:38.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I'll come to that in a minute.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.18,0:00:39.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to start with the brain
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.77,0:00:43.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it's the most complex\Nand evolved element
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.18,0:00:44.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the whole universe.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.67,0:00:48.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's what got you here today,\Nand hopefully, will get you home tonight.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.83,0:00:51.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A single mouse brain has\Nmore computing power
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.79,0:00:54.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than all the computers on Earth today.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.27,0:00:58.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Your brains are at least\Na million times more powerful.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.62,0:01:02.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But unfortunately, it can go wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.33,0:01:04.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Over the last few years,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.44,0:01:09.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we've discovered the scale of problems\Nthat brain disorders produce.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.04,0:01:16.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The sum total of illness and cost\Nto society from brain disorders
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.95,0:01:19.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is greater than that from cancer,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.96,0:01:22.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cardio-vascular disease,\Nand diabetes put together.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.84,0:01:24.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You see on the graph there
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.49,0:01:28.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's the equivalent each year\Nto nearly 800 billion euros.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.61,0:01:31.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is if we're paying off\Nthe Greek debt every year
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.72,0:01:35.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the burden of illness\Nproduced by brain disorders.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.97,0:01:42.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We know that investment in these disorders\Nis not matching the enormous burden.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.06,0:01:46.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here, you can see\Non the left hand graph, the red circle;
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.55,0:01:52.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'brain disorders' are way outside\Nthe predicted line of investment.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.30,0:01:54.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're the largest disability,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.39,0:01:57.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the investment is\Ndisproportionately low.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.29,0:02:00.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the right-hand side, you can see\None of the reasons for this.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.35,0:02:03.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see the attrition rate for drugs
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.28,0:02:06.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that go through discovery\Ninto development.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.55,0:02:09.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Look at the second cylinder there.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.27,0:02:14.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see that from \N200 Alzheimer's drugs in development,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.61,0:02:17.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,only one reaches the clinic.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.62,0:02:21.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The brain is\Na very difficult organ to treat.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.66,0:02:24.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why does the brain go wrong?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.33,0:02:26.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It goes wrong\Nbecause of external influences:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.71,0:02:29.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,malnutrition, still a big problem;
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.38,0:02:33.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,parental and other abuse\N- psychological and physical -;
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.19,0:02:35.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,toxins - particularly alcohol.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.68,0:02:39.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are images of my own research\Nshowing a normal brain at the top
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.63,0:02:43.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a brain severely damaged\Nby alcohol misuse lower down.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.38,0:02:47.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Infections such as meningitis,\Nencephalitis are still common,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.43,0:02:49.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and trauma is a massive problem
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.89,0:02:53.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in terms of leading\Nto long-term brain damage
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.22,0:02:55.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,particularly in young men.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.18,0:02:58.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then, there are internal aspects\Nof the brain development
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.36,0:03:01.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can go wrong:\Nrelated conditions like autism.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.01,0:03:04.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can have acquired\Nabnormalities like epilepsy
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.18,0:03:07.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there are age-related changes\Nsuch as dementia.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.08,0:03:14.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the real focus of my talk today\Nis how the brain limits itself
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.06,0:03:19.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how we can perhaps expand its capacity\Nor take away the limit it puts on itself.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.16,0:03:22.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Your brain is most flexible\Nwhen you're a baby.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.43,0:03:24.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some people would argue
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.08,0:03:28.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the whole process of education\Nis about taking away flexibility
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.38,0:03:33.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and forcing every one of you\Nto think and behave in the same way.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.07,0:03:35.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's about getting conformity of process
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.16,0:03:36.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which of course is useful
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.74,0:03:39.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you're trying to speak a language\Nthe same way as other people,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.97,0:03:41.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but may not be useful
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.61,0:03:46.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if it limits how you can deal with\Nother things such as problems.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.19,0:03:49.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And also, the constraining of the brain\Nin itself can lead to problems;
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.98,0:03:52.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if there is not enough of it\Nin the right place,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.29,0:03:55.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you get disorders\Nsuch as ADHD and schizophrenia.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.79,0:03:57.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you get excessive constraints,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.79,0:04:01.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can end up with disorders\Nlike OCD and addiction.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.38,0:04:05.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And also the resilience\Nin the brain can be impaired,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.50,0:04:09.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that will lead to disorders\Nsuch as anxiety and depression.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.40,0:04:15.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The core of my talk really is showing you\Nhow we can now understand
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.84,0:04:19.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the limitations that the brain\Nconstrains the mind with
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.91,0:04:21.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through using drugs.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.62,0:04:24.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This research really goes back\Nto the 1950s
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.83,0:04:28.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the personal experience\Nof this man, Aldous Huxley,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.54,0:04:31.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who used peyote and used\NLSD, psychedelic drugs,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.82,0:04:33.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to understand his mind.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.83,0:04:36.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He wrote about it in the book\N"The Doors of Perception,"
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.74,0:04:40.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he used this quote from William Blake
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.20,0:04:43.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to explain how these drugs\Nchanged his mind.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.69,0:04:46.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He said, "If the doors\Nof perception were cleansed,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.75,0:04:50.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,everything would appear\Nto man as it is, Infinite.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.09,0:04:52.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For man has closed himself up
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.08,0:04:56.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,till he sees all things through\Nnarrow chinks of his cavern."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.25,0:05:00.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Huxley realized\Nthat what psychedelics do
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.57,0:05:04.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is take away this phenomenon\Nthat he inferred
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.44,0:05:09.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is that "the brain is\Nan instrument for focusing the mind."
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.16,0:05:12.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Modern neuroscience\Nhas shown they were right.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.44,0:05:14.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because, what we now know
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.90,0:05:18.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that the brain creates\Nwhat the mind thinks it's doing.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.99,0:05:20.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here is an example of vision.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.85,0:05:23.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You might be looking out\Nat a glorious sunset,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.67,0:05:27.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in reality, the light rays\Ngo into your retina
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.91,0:05:31.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and are transformed\Ninto a series of electrical impulses
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.15,0:05:33.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which pass into parts in your brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.84,0:05:37.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And those parts of the brain\Nreconstruct an image
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.13,0:05:40.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they think you're seeing.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.95,0:05:43.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that image, in the words of Blake,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.65,0:05:47.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is seeing through the constraints,\Nthe chinks of the cavern
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.35,0:05:49.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that your brain puts on it.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.48,0:05:55.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you have mental illness\N- for instance, depression or addiction -
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.47,0:05:59.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then what you see is also\Nconstrained by your brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.01,0:06:02.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So depressed people don't see\Neven the brightness of the sky.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.21,0:06:04.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They see a dull grey.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.28,0:06:07.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And of course, people with addiction
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.15,0:06:09.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they see through\Nthe chinks of their cavern,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.52,0:06:13.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they simply see the drugs\Nthat they're addicted to.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.14,0:06:18.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Psychedelic drugs\Ntake away that limitation.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.99,0:06:23.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They allow the mind to work\Nin a much more flexible way.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.04,0:06:26.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is our research using psilocybin\Nin magic mushroom juice.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.34,0:06:29.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those two images contain\Nthe same number of connections.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.69,0:06:32.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But on the left-hand image, under placebo,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.08,0:06:35.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you see that most of the connections\Nare around the edge.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.83,0:06:40.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The brain talks to itself\Nin regional ways.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.05,0:06:41.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But under psilocybin,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.22,0:06:44.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's a massive cross-talk,\Nmuch more integration;
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.64,0:06:48.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,parts of the brain which haven't talk\Nto each other since you were children
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.30,0:06:49.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are able to engage.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.57,0:06:51.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's how people can get new insights
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.77,0:06:57.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and also, potentially overcome damage\Nof dysfunction of the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.15,0:07:01.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here is another study using LSD\Nshowing essentially the same thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.43,0:07:03.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the left-hand side,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.12,0:07:07.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you see the visual cortex is\Nnormally very local in how it works.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.99,0:07:11.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But under LSD,\Nwhen people have their eyes closed,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.11,0:07:15.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they can see enormously vivid,\Ninteresting sets of images.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.52,0:07:19.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's because the brain is\Nmuch more interconnected under LSD
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.48,0:07:20.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than normal.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.50,0:07:23.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here you see that the visual cortex
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.66,0:07:27.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,connects to most of the rest\Nof the brain in that state.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.28,0:07:33.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've been able to utilize this liberation\Nof processing of the brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.73,0:07:35.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,produced by psychedelics,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.42,0:07:37.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to treat people with depression.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.04,0:07:39.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here is a study published last year
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.30,0:07:41.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we took people with depression
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.52,0:07:44.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who failed two previous\Nanti-depressive treatments,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.29,0:07:46.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and also had failed psychotherapy.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.70,0:07:49.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were given\Na single dose of psilocybin,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.13,0:07:52.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can see there, that a week later,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.18,0:07:54.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all of them had recovered to some extend,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.37,0:07:57.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and half of them were now\Nin a state of remission.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.50,0:07:59.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were in the yellow bar there,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.20,0:08:02.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which shows that their depression\Nhas actually gone away.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.16,0:08:03.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's not the first evidence
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.91,0:08:07.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that psychedelics have therapy\Nor have therapeutic uses.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.59,0:08:10.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We also have evidence\Nfrom around the world
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.34,0:08:14.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that psilocybin can be useful in helping\Npeople deal with alcohol dependence,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.46,0:08:18.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with smoking dependence,\Nwith obsessive compulsive disorder.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.33,0:08:19.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And most recently,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.63,0:08:23.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two major studies showing\Nit can help people come to terms
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.12,0:08:25.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the anxiety and the depression
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.30,0:08:29.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which almost always accompany\Na diagnosis of a terminal illness.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.81,0:08:33.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, these drugs can have\Npotentially enormous opportunities
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.45,0:08:36.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for helping people deal\Nwith mental distress.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.46,0:08:40.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not just psychedelics\Nthat can have that potential.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.48,0:08:43.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many illegal drugs have medical uses.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.54,0:08:46.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So for non-psychedelics\Nsuch as MDMA, ecstasy,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.76,0:08:50.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where there is good evidence\Nin post-traumatic stress disorder
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.18,0:08:52.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and also some studies\Ngoing on in addiction.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.94,0:08:54.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And of course, there is cannabis
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.66,0:08:57.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we have a range\Nof different disorders
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.38,0:09:00.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from pain, spasticity, cancer, epilepsy,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.59,0:09:03.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,inflammatory diseases,\Nand also sleep disorders.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.77,0:09:08.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All of these, potentially, are amenable\Nto treatment with cannabis.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.63,0:09:11.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, why don't we use these drugs?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.36,0:09:17.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's because the WHL and the UN\Nhave said they are too dangerous,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.60,0:09:19.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is certainly untrue.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.32,0:09:20.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can tell you categorically
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.71,0:09:23.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,none of our patients died\Nin the experiments we did on them.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.70,0:09:27.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most of our governments\Nperpetuate this lie.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.07,0:09:32.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And many of us - hopefully, not you -\Nhave closed minds.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.28,0:09:36.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We do not want to believe\Nthat these might have therapeutic utility.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.05,0:09:39.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I want to say to you now,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.42,0:09:42.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,surely now: you, if not everyone,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.86,0:09:45.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,should accept the fact
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.46,0:09:50.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that these drugs potentially\Ncould be very important medicines.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.39,0:09:53.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For the sake of the millions of people\Nin the world who could be helped,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.91,0:09:56.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's time to say there should be no limits
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.50,0:10:00.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the therapeutic research\Nwe do with these drugs.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.51,0:10:01.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.85,0:10:03.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)