[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.13,0:00:04.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My first love was for the night sky.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.43,0:00:05.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Love is complicated.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.100,0:00:10.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're looking at a fly-through of the \NHubble Space Telescope Ultra-Deep Field,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.53,0:00:14.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of the most distant images\Nof our universe ever observed.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.64,0:00:17.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everything you see here is a galaxy,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.15,0:00:20.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,comprised of billions of stars each.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.16,0:00:24.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the farthest galaxy is \Na trillion, trillion kilometers away.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.88,0:00:28.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As an astrophysicist, I have\Nthe awesome privilege of studying
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.80,0:00:32.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some of the most exotic objects \Nin our universe.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.25,0:00:36.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The objects that have captivated me \Nfrom first crush throughout my career
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.06,0:00:40.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are supermassive, \Nhyperactive black holes.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.81,0:00:45.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Weighing one to 10 billion times \Nthe mass of our own sun,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.93,0:00:48.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these galactic black holes \Nare devouring material,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.82,0:00:52.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at a rate of upwards of \N1,000 times more
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.14,0:00:55.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than your "average" \Nsupermassive black hole.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.51,0:00:57.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.64,0:00:59.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These two characteristics,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.33,0:01:02.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a few others, make them quasars.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.55,0:01:05.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the same time, the objects I study
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.46,0:01:08.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are producing some of the most\Npowerful particle streams
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.24,0:01:09.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ever observed.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.94,0:01:12.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These narrow streams, called jets,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.78,0:01:17.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are moving at 99.99 percent \Nof the speed of light,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.38,0:01:21.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and are pointed directly at the Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.37,0:01:27.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These jetted, Earth-pointed, hyperactive\Nand supermassive black holes
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.26,0:01:31.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are called blazars, or blazing quasars.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.80,0:01:35.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What makes blazars so special\Nis that they're some of the universe's
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.28,0:01:37.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most efficient particle accelerators,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.80,0:01:42.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,transporting incredible amounts\Nof energy throughout a galaxy.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.72,0:01:45.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here, I'm showing an\Nartist's conception of a blazar.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.47,0:01:48.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The dinner plate by which \Nmaterial falls onto the black hole
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.67,0:01:50.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is called the accretion disc,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.26,0:01:52.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,shown here in blue.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.08,0:01:55.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some of that material is slingshotted\Naround the black hole
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.06,0:01:57.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and accelerated to insanely high speeds\N
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.08,0:01:59.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the jet, shown here in white.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.91,0:02:02.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Although the blazar system is rare,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.60,0:02:05.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the process by which nature\Npulls in material via a disk,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.61,0:02:08.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then flings some of it out via a jet,\Nis more common.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.65,0:02:12.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We'll eventually zoom out of \Nthe blazar system
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.09,0:02:17.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to show its approximate relationship\Nto the larger galactic context.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.89,0:02:26.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Beyond the cosmic accounting\Nof what goes in to what goes out,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.30,0:02:29.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of the hot topics in \Nblazar astrophysics right now
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.34,0:02:33.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is where the highest-energy \Njet emission comes from.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.05,0:02:36.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this image, I'm interested\Nin where this white blob forms
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.97,0:02:40.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if, as a result, there's any \Nrelationship between the jet
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.62,0:02:43.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the accretion disc material.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.48,0:02:45.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Clear answers to this question
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.29,0:02:48.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were almost completely\Ninaccessible until 2008,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.40,0:02:52.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when NASA launched a new telescope\Nthat better detects gamma ray light --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.68,0:02:55.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is, light with energies\Na million times higher
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.39,0:02:58.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than your standard x-ray scan.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.93,0:03:02.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I simultaneously compare variations\Nbetween the gamma ray light data
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.82,0:03:06.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the visible light data from\Nday to day and year to year,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.49,0:03:09.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to better localize these gamma ray blobs.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.77,0:03:12.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My research shows that in some instances,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.45,0:03:15.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these blobs form much closer\Nto the black hole
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.51,0:03:17.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than we initially thought.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.87,0:03:19.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As we more confidently localize
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.76,0:03:22.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where these gamma ray \Nblobs are forming,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.06,0:03:25.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can better understand how jets\Nare being accelerated,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.58,0:03:28.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and ultimately reveal \Nthe dynamic processes
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.19,0:03:32.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by which some of the most fascinating\Nobjects in our universe are formed.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.89,0:03:37.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This all started as a love story.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.50,0:03:39.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it still is.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.41,0:03:43.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This love transformed me from \Na curious, stargazing young girl
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.62,0:03:45.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a professional astrophysicist,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.44,0:03:48.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hot on the heels of celestial discovery.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.78,0:03:51.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Who knew that chasing after the universe
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.20,0:03:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would ground me so deeply\Nto my mission here on Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.00,0:03:58.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then again, when do we ever know\Nwhere love's first flutter
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.47,0:03:59.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will truly take us.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.94,0:04:01.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.17,0:04:04.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)