[Script Info] Title: [Events] Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.25,0:00:18.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ Environment ] Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.89,0:00:25.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Let's take a look at old Siggy; Sigmund Freud, okay, who has definitely had his run. Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.00,0:00:30.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He says behavior is influenced by parents, dreams, jokes, and sex; Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.47,0:00:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not necessarily in that order. Okay, but, what does that say? Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.10,0:00:37.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This Is the environment camp once again, right?!" Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.37,0:00:42.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many scientific researches have shown an obvious fact, Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.58,0:00:46.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the behavior of a human being is created by the environment. Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.78,0:00:51.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If genes predispose a certain behaviour but the environment doesn't support it, Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.95,0:01:00.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then that behaviour won't manifest, so in this case, genes aren't important. Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.70,0:01:06.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"We live in a remarkable time Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.87,0:01:08.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the age of genomics Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.14,0:01:12.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Your genome is the entire sequence of your DNA Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.30,0:01:15.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Your sequence and mine are slightly different. Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.70,0:01:18.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's why we look different. Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.64,0:01:20.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've got brown eyes Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.44,0:01:22.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you might have blue, or gray; Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.72,0:01:24.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's not just skin-deep. Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.58,0:01:26.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The headlines tell us Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.52,0:01:29.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that genes can give us scary diseases, Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.16,0:01:32.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe even shape our personality, Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.07,0:01:34.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or give us mental disorders. Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.85,0:01:37.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our genes seem to have Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.43,0:01:40.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,awesome power over our destinies; Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.75,0:01:45.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And yet, I would like to think that Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.90,0:01:49.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am more than my genes. Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.10,0:01:59.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Likewise, every connectome Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.40,0:02:02.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,changes over time. Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.50,0:02:05.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What kind of changes happen? Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.35,0:02:06.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, neurons, like trees, Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.45,0:02:08.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can grew new branches, Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.65,0:02:10.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the can lose old ones. Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.48,0:02:14.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Synapses can be created, Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.40,0:02:17.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the can be eliminated; Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.40,0:02:19.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And synapses can grow larger, Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.20,0:02:21.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they can grow smaller. Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.30,0:02:24.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Second question: Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.84,0:02:26.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What causes these changes? Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.78,0:02:29.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, it's true; Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.10,0:02:32.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to some extent, they are programmed by your genes. Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.02,0:02:34.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that's not the whole story, Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.60,0:02:37.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because there are signals: electrical signals, Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.58,0:02:39.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that travel along the branches of neurons, Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.40,0:02:40.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and chemical signals, Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.63,0:02:42.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that jump across from branch to branch. Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.95,0:02:45.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These signals are called neural activity. Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.20,0:02:47.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there's a lot of evidence Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.55,0:02:48.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that neural activity Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.20,0:02:54.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is encoding our thoughts, feelings, and perceptions, Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.20,0:02:55.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our mental experiences. Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.48,0:02:58.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there's a lot of evidence that neural activity Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.90,0:03:01.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can cause your connections to change. Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.50,0:03:04.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you put those two facts together, Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.00,0:03:06.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it means that your experiences Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.00,0:03:09.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can change your connectome. Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.85,0:03:11.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's why every connectome is unique, Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.12,0:03:14.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even those of genetically identical twins. Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.86,0:03:18.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The connectome is where nature meets nurture. Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.00,0:03:21.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it might be true Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.90,0:03:23.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that just the mere act of thinking Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.90,0:03:25.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can change your connectome; Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.25,0:03:28.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an idea that you may find Empowering." Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.33,0:03:32.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Did you all hear that question about, Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.91,0:03:39.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the issue about gender being socially created, versus being biological and hormonal? Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.52,0:03:42.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of course, I come down a bit more on the biological side, obviously, but.. Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.72,0:03:49.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I now believe, having come full circle after studying biology for many years, Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.30,0:03:56.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and really believing in the way, that the nature nurture debate, in a lot of ways, I think...is dead, Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.78,0:03:59.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at this point, for the following reason: Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.00,0:04:01.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The brain is very, very malleable; Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.20,0:04:06.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're all born with male or female predispositions, Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.92,0:04:10.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then we'll have hormones that increase that circuitry Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.46,0:04:12.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for behavior, which is what a hormone is supposed to do. Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.86,0:04:17.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A hormone's job is to make us predisposed to certain behaviors. Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.85,0:04:22.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, the way we're raised, for example, little boys: Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.92,0:04:27.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Studies have shown that little boys who were told they're not supposed to touch something, Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.23,0:04:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they often will grab it and touch it, whereas a little girl can be given a verbal demand not to touch it. Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.05,0:04:37.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Little boys world-wide are punished more frequently, for, transgressions. Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.90,0:04:45.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Little boys are told not to cry...that they're supposed to, 'Man-Up,' right? Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.48,0:04:51.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even at a young age, dads sometimes are very very scared if their little boy is... Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.30,0:04:54.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,any version of effeminate..behaviors. Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.82,0:04:58.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, I remember flying coast to coast with a guy who sat next to me. Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.57,0:05:07.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,..He said..his 18 year old son, when he saw his sister open a present, earlier that week; Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.58,0:05:09.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was a purse, she'd gotten a purse. Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.08,0:05:13.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She was four years old. And he said, 'Oh, can I have a purse too?' Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.00,0:05:19.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he said he found himself, like someone had kicked him in the stomach, Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.32,0:05:24.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he just yelled at his eighteen month old son, 'No, boys don't have purses!' Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.86,0:05:31.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he was reporting to me this event..and he felt so ashamed and embarrassed afterwards; Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.50,0:05:38.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because he realized that his little boy wasn't expressing anything..about being effeminate or not. Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.70,0:05:42.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, these things: the way we raise little boys, and we raise little girls, Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.80,0:05:48.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our brain circuits are so malleable. For example..we weren't born learning to play the piano, right? Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.90,0:05:50.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You do practice, practice, practice. Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.99,0:05:55.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can retrain brain circuits, to do a variety of things. Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.17,0:06:01.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And..all of our life, we are trained, gender trained, to be more one way or the other. Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.60,0:06:07.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Males: facial expressions for example, when they measure them and put electrodes on them, Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.75,0:06:14.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and show them a grizzly photograph that is supposed to make you cringe and emotional, Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.10,0:06:20.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their facial expressions, versus females, actually showed More emotional response Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.46,0:06:26.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the time Before it becomes conscious. (Then) right After the one second level when it becomes conscious, Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.90,0:06:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they start to freeze down, their facial muscles, for frowning or smiling; Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.02,0:06:37.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in females, facial muscles actually Amplify, and the males' go down. Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.14,0:06:43.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Scientists believe, the hypothesis is, that the males have been trained to suppress, an emotional feeling. Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.20,0:06:48.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, thanks for the question; it's..a moving target for a lot of our lives. Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.23,0:06:52.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the ways we're raised, and what we're allowed to do, what boys are (and are not) allowed to do, Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.65,0:06:56.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has a lot to do with how they grow up to be men." Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.73,0:07:01.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think about the way you act, your facial expression, Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.72,0:07:05.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the values accepted by you, the way you talk, everything, Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.06,0:07:09.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and remember that they are a result of your environment. Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.27,0:07:14.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The human brain has no mechanism to recognise what is relevant or not. Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.77,0:07:24.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CHANTING starts to emanate from background, then intensifies. Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.80,0:08:59.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CHANTING fades, and light ♪orchestral♫ MUSIC begins. Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.71,0:09:29.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ I’m painting myself, Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.80,0:09:33.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because I want to win a girl. ] Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.23,0:09:43.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♪orchestral♫ MUSIC continues, no voices. Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.70,0:10:59.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ That guy’s really handsome. ] Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.60,0:12:36.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ When we drink blood, it makes us tough. ] Dialogue: 0,0:14:33.23,0:14:37.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ Tribe meets a white man for the first time... ] Dialogue: 0,0:18:15.38,0:18:20.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♪orchestral♫ MUSIC slightly fades. Dialogue: 0,0:18:21.100,0:18:27.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is no such thing as: bad, criminal, lazy, Dialogue: 0,0:18:27.44,0:18:32.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,brilliant people, thieves, or racists. Dialogue: 0,0:18:32.65,0:18:35.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Only people predisposed to such behavior; Dialogue: 0,0:18:36.16,0:18:39.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but if the environment doesn't trigger them, Dialogue: 0,0:18:39.04,0:18:41.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the behaviour never manifests. Dialogue: 0,0:18:51.00,0:18:52.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Remember: Dialogue: 0,0:18:52.80,0:18:57.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the human brain has no mechanism to recognise what is relevant or not. Dialogue: 0,0:19:03.68,0:19:08.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♪orchestral♫ MUSIC resumes. Dialogue: 0,0:19:57.52,0:20:01.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The most extreme case is represented by feral Children. Dialogue: 0,0:20:01.27,0:20:05.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A feral child is a human child who has lived isolated Dialogue: 0,0:20:05.56,0:20:08.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from human contact from a very young age, Dialogue: 0,0:20:08.98,0:20:12.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and has no (or little) experience of human care, Dialogue: 0,0:20:12.80,0:20:18.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,loving or social behavior, and, crucially, of human language. Dialogue: 0,0:20:18.51,0:20:21.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Feral children lack the basic social skills Dialogue: 0,0:20:21.72,0:20:25.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which are normally learned in the process of enculturation. Dialogue: 0,0:20:25.39,0:20:29.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, they may be unable to learn to use a toilet, Dialogue: 0,0:20:29.98,0:20:32.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have trouble learning to walk upright Dialogue: 0,0:20:32.82,0:20:37.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and display a complete lack of interest in human activity around them. Dialogue: 0,0:20:43.82,0:20:47.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'Oxana Malaya began her life living with dogs, Dialogue: 0,0:20:47.40,0:20:51.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rejected by her mother and father, she somehow survived for six years, Dialogue: 0,0:20:51.25,0:20:53.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,living wild, before being taken into care. Dialogue: 0,0:20:54.10,0:20:57.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are few cases of feral children who've been able to fully compensate Dialogue: 0,0:20:57.55,0:20:58.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the neglect they've suffered. Dialogue: 0,0:20:58.99,0:21:00.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oxana is now 22, Dialogue: 0,0:21:00.60,0:21:03.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but her future still hangs in the balance. Dialogue: 0,0:21:03.21,0:21:07.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Have scientists learned enough from previous cases to rehabilitate? Dialogue: 0,0:21:07.80,0:21:13.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For six years, Oxana Malaya spent her life, living in a kennel, with dogs. Dialogue: 0,0:21:14.36,0:21:16.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Totally abandoned by her mother and father, Dialogue: 0,0:21:16.95,0:21:19.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she was discovered, behaving more like an animal, Dialogue: 0,0:21:19.60,0:21:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than a human child. Dialogue: 0,0:21:22.18,0:21:26.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For two centuries, wild children have been the object of fascinating study. Dialogue: 0,0:21:26.60,0:21:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Raised without love, or social interaction, Dialogue: 0,0:21:29.24,0:21:31.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wild (or feral) children pose the question: Dialogue: 0,0:21:32.00,0:21:34.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is it that makes us human? Dialogue: 0,0:21:34.10,0:21:36.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oxana was born in November, 1983.' Dialogue: 0,0:21:37.100,0:21:39.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(female voice) Dialogue: 0,0:21:39.97,0:21:45.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"When the baby girl was born, she weighed 5 lbs., 11 ounces, and didn't have Any abnormalities." Dialogue: 0,0:22:02.00,0:22:05.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Genie had spent 13 years, isolated, Dialogue: 0,0:22:05.98,0:22:09.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a nearly empty room, devoid of any social contact. Dialogue: 0,0:22:10.46,0:22:14.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Although, not suffering from any mental illness, Dialogue: 0,0:22:14.66,0:22:19.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because of that environment, she behaved like a mentally ill person. Dialogue: 0,0:22:19.61,0:22:22.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She could not create social connections, Dialogue: 0,0:22:22.58,0:22:27.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she could not speak; even her walking was strange. Dialogue: 0,0:22:29.15,0:22:33.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After a while, due to the insistence of others to rehabilitate her, Dialogue: 0,0:22:34.05,0:22:36.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Genie began to express herself through sign language Dialogue: 0,0:22:36.95,0:22:38.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and socialize with people. Dialogue: 0,0:22:42.34,0:22:45.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'They also took responsibility for Genie's therapy, Dialogue: 0,0:22:45.78,0:22:49.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,attempts to help her grapple with the horror of her childhood.' Dialogue: 0,0:22:49.30,0:22:51.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Okay baby, open your mouth!" Dialogue: 0,0:22:51.75,0:22:54.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'In this primitive role playing exercise, Dialogue: 0,0:22:54.30,0:22:56.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Marilyn pretends to be Genie's mother.' Dialogue: 0,0:22:56.60,0:23:01.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Hurry up! Hurry up, because there isn't any time. Dialogue: 0,0:23:01.05,0:23:03.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Father's going to be angry." Dialogue: 0,0:23:03.85,0:23:07.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'Marilyn tries to ellicit memories of Genie's past.' Dialogue: 0,0:23:08.42,0:23:13.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Marilyn) "I wonder what you're thinking." (Genie) UNCLEAR RESPONSE. Dialogue: 0,0:23:25.69,0:23:29.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Genie is the extreme evidence of environmental influence. Dialogue: 0,0:23:36.70,0:23:38.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'Despite all she'd been through, Genie's troubles were not over. Dialogue: 0,0:23:40.41,0:23:44.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In her first foster home, Genie was severely punished for vomiting. Dialogue: 0,0:23:45.34,0:23:51.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The experience was so traumatizing, Genie ended up back in children's hospital, Dialogue: 0,0:23:51.03,0:23:54.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the Rigler's offered assistance.' Dialogue: 0,0:23:55.97,0:23:58.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"You couldn't help it." Dialogue: 0,0:24:00.48,0:24:05.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"So now you're keeping you're mouth closed so you won't vomit." Dialogue: 0,0:24:05.58,0:24:08.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'Genie was afraid to open her mouth. Dialogue: 0,0:24:28.68,0:24:29.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you do not expose a human being to murder, Dialogue: 0,0:24:29.52,0:24:32.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rape, pedophilia, zoophilia, necrophilia, weapons, racism, Dialogue: 0,0:24:32.49,0:24:35.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then he will not know what they are. Dialogue: 0,0:24:35.02,0:24:36.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's like trying to imagine Dialogue: 0,0:24:36.61,0:24:39.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a color you’ve never seen before.