[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.55,0:00:04.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No matter who you are or where you live,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.09,0:00:06.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm guessing that you have\Nat least one relative
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.47,0:00:08.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that likes to forward those emails.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.21,0:00:10.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know the ones I'm talking about,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.99,0:00:13.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the ones with dubious claims\Nor conspiracy videos.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.32,0:00:16.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you've probably\Nalready muted them on Facebook
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.01,0:00:19.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for sharing social posts like this one.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.38,0:00:20.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's an image of a banana
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.81,0:00:23.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a strange red cross\Nrunning through the center.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.50,0:00:25.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the text around it is warning people
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.66,0:00:27.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not to eat fruits that look like this,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.84,0:00:29.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,suggesting they've been\Ninjected with blood
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.90,0:00:32.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,contaminated with the HIV virus.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.05,0:00:34.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the social share message\Nabove it simply says,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.68,0:00:36.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Please forward to save lives."
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.67,0:00:40.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, fact-checkers have been debunking\Nthis one for years,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.99,0:00:43.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's one of those rumors\Nthat just won't die.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.82,0:00:44.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A zombie rumor.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.51,0:00:47.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And of course, it's entirely false.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.18,0:00:51.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It might be tempting to laugh\Nan example like this, to say,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.16,0:00:53.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Well, who would believe this, anyway?"
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.42,0:00:55.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the reason it's a zombie rumor
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.07,0:00:58.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is because it taps into people's\Ndeepest fears about their own safety
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.98,0:01:01.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that of the people that they love.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.78,0:01:05.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you spend as enough time\Nas I have looking at misinformation,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.08,0:01:07.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know that this is just\None example of many
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.52,0:01:10.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that taps into people's deepest\Nfears and vulnerabilities.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.21,0:01:13.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every day, across the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.07,0:01:15.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we see scores of new memes on Instagram
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.61,0:01:18.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,encouraging parents\Nnot to vaccinate their children.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.67,0:01:20.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We see new videos on YouTube
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.60,0:01:23.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,explaining that climate change is a hoax.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.23,0:01:27.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And across all platforms we see\Nendless posts designed to demonize others
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.55,0:01:30.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the basis of their race,\Nreligion or sexuality.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.31,0:01:35.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Welcome to one of the central\Nchallenges of our time.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.65,0:01:37.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How can we maintain an internet
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.58,0:01:39.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with freedom of expression at the core,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.70,0:01:41.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while also ensuring
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.37,0:01:44.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the content that's being disseminated\Ndoesn't cause irreparable harms
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.89,0:01:46.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to our democracies, our communities
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.93,0:01:49.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to our physical and mental well-being?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.100,0:01:52.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because we live in the information age,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.11,0:01:55.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,yet the central currency\Nupon which we all depend, information,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.68,0:01:58.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is no longer deemed entirely trustworthy,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.06,0:02:00.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and at times can appear\Ndownright dangerous.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.81,0:02:03.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is thanks in part\Nto the runaway growth
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.10,0:02:06.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of social-sharing platforms\Nthat allow us to scroll through
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.44,0:02:08.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where lies and facts sit side by side,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.68,0:02:11.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but with none of the traditional\Nsignals of trustworthiness.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.27,0:02:15.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And goodness, our language around this\Nis horribly muddled.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.91,0:02:19.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People are still obsessed\Nwith the phrase fake news,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.04,0:02:21.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,despite the fact that\Nit's extraordinarily unhelpful,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.59,0:02:25.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and used to describe a number of things\Nthat are actually very different:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.08,0:02:28.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lies, rumors, hoaxes,\Nconspiracies, propaganda.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.91,0:02:31.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I really wish\Nwe could stop using a phrase
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.85,0:02:34.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's been co-opted by politicians\Nright around the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.73,0:02:36.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the left and the right,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.23,0:02:39.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,used as a weapon to attack\Na free and independent press.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.31,0:02:45.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.03,0:02:48.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because we need our professional\Nnews media now more than ever.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.88,0:02:52.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And besides, most of this content\Ndoesn't even masquerade as news.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.28,0:02:54.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's memes, videos, social posts.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.94,0:02:58.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And most of it is not fake,\Nit's misleading.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.42,0:03:01.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We tend to fixate on what's true or false.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.46,0:03:05.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the biggest concern is actually\Nthe weaponization of context.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.86,0:03:08.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because the most effective disinformation
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.85,0:03:11.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has always been that\Nwhich has a kernel of truth to it.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.92,0:03:15.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's take this example\Nfrom London, from March 2017,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.42,0:03:16.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a tweet that circulated widely
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.98,0:03:20.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the aftermath of a terrorist incident\Non Westminster Bridge.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.57,0:03:23.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a genuine image, not fake.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.05,0:03:26.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The woman who appears in the photograph\Nwas interviewed afterwards
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.20,0:03:28.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she explained that\Nshe was utterly traumatized.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.62,0:03:30.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She was on the phone to a loved one
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.38,0:03:33.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she wasn't looking\Nat the victim out of respect.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.08,0:03:37.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it still was circulated widely\Nwith this Islamophobic framing,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.06,0:03:40.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with multiple hashtags,\Nincluding one#banIslam.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.42,0:03:42.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, if you worked at Twitter,\Nwhat would you do?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.85,0:03:45.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Would you take that down\Nor would you leave it up?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.55,0:03:49.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My gut reaction, my emotional reaction\Nis to take this down.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.01,0:03:52.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I hate the framing of this image.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.58,0:03:54.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But freedom of expression\Nis a human right,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.100,0:03:58.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if we start taking down speech\Nthat makes us feel uncomfortable,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.25,0:03:59.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're in trouble.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.50,0:04:01.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this might look like a clear-cut case,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.82,0:04:03.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but actually most speech isn't.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.54,0:04:05.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These lines are incredibly\Ndifficult to draw.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.00,0:04:08.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's a well-meaning\Ndecision by one person
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.30,0:04:10.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is outright censorship to the next.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.76,0:04:13.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we now know is that\Nthis account, Texas Lone Star,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.71,0:04:16.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was part of a wider Russian\Ndisinformation campaign.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.97,0:04:19.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One that has since been taken down.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.14,0:04:21.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Would that change your view?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.32,0:04:22.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It would mine,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.50,0:04:24.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because now it's a case\Nof a coordinated campaign
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.83,0:04:26.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to sow discord.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.07,0:04:27.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And for those of you who like to think
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.92,0:04:30.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that artificial intelligence\Nwill solve all of our problems,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.79,0:04:33.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think we can agree\Nthat we are a long way away
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.08,0:04:35.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from AI that's able to make sense\Nof posts like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.86,0:04:39.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I'd like to explain\Nthree interlocking issues
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.39,0:04:41.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that make this so complex,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.78,0:04:44.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then think about some ways\Nwe can consider these challenges.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.35,0:04:49.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First, we just don't have\Na rational relationship to information,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.26,0:04:50.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have an emotional one.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.75,0:04:54.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's just not true that more facts\Nwill make everything OK.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.57,0:04:57.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because the algorithms that determine\Nwhat content we see,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.70,0:05:00.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well they're designed to reward\Nour emotional responses.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.85,0:05:02.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when we're fearful,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.25,0:05:05.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,oversimplifies narratives,\Nconspiratorial explanations,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.45,0:05:08.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and language that demonizes others\Nis far more effective.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.54,0:05:11.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And besides, many of these companies,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.44,0:05:13.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their business model\Nis attached to attention,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.01,0:05:17.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which means these algorithms\Nwill always be skewed towards emotion.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.37,0:05:22.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Second, most of the speech\NI'm talking about here is legal.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.08,0:05:25.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It would be a different matter\Nif I was talking about
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.60,0:05:26.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,child sexual abuse imagery
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.93,0:05:28.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or content that incites violence.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.87,0:05:32.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It can be perfectly legal\Nto post an outright lie.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.13,0:05:35.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But people keep\Ntaking about talking down
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.10,0:05:37.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"problematic" or "harmful content,"
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.19,0:05:39.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but with no clear definition\Nof what they mean by that,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.82,0:05:41.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including Mark Zuckerberg,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.11,0:05:44.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who recently called for global\Nregulation to moderate speech.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.87,0:05:47.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And my concern is that\Nwe're seeing governments
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.11,0:05:48.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right around the world
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.42,0:05:51.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rolling out hasty policy decisions
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.12,0:05:53.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that might actually trigger\Nmuch more serious consequences
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.90,0:05:55.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when it comes to our speech.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.01,0:05:59.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And even if we could decide\Nwhich speech to take up or take down,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.74,0:06:01.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we've never had so much speech.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.93,0:06:04.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every second, millions\Nof pieces of content
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.09,0:06:06.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are uploaded by people\Nright around the world
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.22,0:06:07.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in different languages,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.41,0:06:10.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,drawing on thousands\Nof different cultural contexts.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.20,0:06:12.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've simply never had\Neffective mechanisms
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.76,0:06:14.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to moderate speech at this scale,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.52,0:06:17.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether powered by humans\Nor by technology.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.28,0:06:20.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And third, these companies,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.16,0:06:22.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Google, Twitter, Facebook, WhatsApp,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.25,0:06:25.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're part of a wider\Ninformation ecosystem.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.12,0:06:27.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We like to lay all the blame\Nat their feet,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.66,0:06:30.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the truth is, the mass media\Nand elected officials
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.53,0:06:32.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can also play an equal role
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.35,0:06:35.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in amplifying rumors\Nand conspiracies when they want to.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.80,0:06:40.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As can we, when we mindlessly forward\Ndivisive or misleading content
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.77,0:06:42.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without trying.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.08,0:06:44.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're adding to the pollution.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.24,0:06:47.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I know we're all looking for an east fix.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.88,0:06:49.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there just isn't one.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.95,0:06:54.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Any solution will have to be rolled out\Nat a massive scale, internet scale,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.42,0:06:57.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and yes, the platforms,\Nthey're used to operating at that level.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.70,0:07:01.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But can and should we allow them\Nto fix these problems?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.67,0:07:02.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're certainly trying,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.92,0:07:04.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but most of us would agree
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.47,0:07:07.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that actually we don't want\Nglobal corporations
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.03,0:07:09.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be the guardians of truth\Nand fairness online,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.39,0:07:11.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I also think the platforms\Nwould agree with that.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.26,0:07:15.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And at the moment,\Nthey're marking their own homework.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.16,0:07:16.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They like to tell us
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.38,0:07:18.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the interventions\Nthey're rolling out are working,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.99,0:07:21.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but because they write\Ntheir own transparency reports,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.55,0:07:25.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's no way for us to independently\Nverify what's actually happening.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.43,0:07:29.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.80,0:07:32.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And let's also be clear\Nthat most of the changes we see
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.77,0:07:35.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,only happen after journalists\Nundertake an investigation
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.79,0:07:37.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and find evidence of bias
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.43,0:07:40.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or content that breaks\Ntheir community guidelines.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.82,0:07:45.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So yes, these companies have to play\Na really important role in this process,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.43,0:07:47.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they can't control it.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.86,0:07:49.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what about governments?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.86,0:07:51.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many people believe
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.07,0:07:52.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that global regulation is our last hope
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.98,0:07:55.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in terms of cleaning up\Nour information ecosystem.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.89,0:07:59.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what I see are lawmakers\Nwho are struggling to keep up to date
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.08,0:08:01.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the rapid changes in technology.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.44,0:08:03.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And worse, they're working in the dark
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.32,0:08:05.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they don't have access to data
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.22,0:08:08.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to understand what's happening\Non these platforms.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.26,0:08:11.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And anyway, which governments\Nwould we trust to do this?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.36,0:08:14.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need a global response,\Nnot a national one.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.42,0:08:17.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the missing link is us.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.72,0:08:20.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's those people who use\Nthese technologies every day.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.26,0:08:23.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can we design a new infrastructure
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.78,0:08:25.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to support quality information?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.37,0:08:27.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, I believe we can,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.62,0:08:30.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I've got a few ideas about\Nwhat we might be able to actually do.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.01,0:08:34.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So firstly, if we're serious\Nabout bringing the public into this,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.13,0:08:36.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can we take some inspiration\Nfrom Wikipedia?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.54,0:08:38.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They've shown us what's possible.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.39,0:08:39.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes, it's not perfect,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.56,0:08:42.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they've demonstrated\Nthat with the right structures,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.22,0:08:44.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a global outlook\Nand lots and lots of transparency,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.88,0:08:47.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can build something\Nthat will earn the trust of most people.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.100,0:08:51.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because we have to find a way\Nto tap into the collective wisdom
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.18,0:08:53.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and experience of all users.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.52,0:08:55.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is particularly the case for women,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.48,0:08:57.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people of color and\Nunderrepresented groups.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.56,0:08:58.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because guess what,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.75,0:09:01.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they are experts when it comes\Nto hate and disinformation,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.51,0:09:05.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they have been the targets\Nof these campaigns for so long.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.05,0:09:07.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And over the years, they've raising flags
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.42,0:09:09.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they haven't been listened to.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.11,0:09:10.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This has got to change.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.81,0:09:15.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So could we build a Wikipedia for trust?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.16,0:09:16.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Could we find a way
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.50,0:09:19.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that users can actually provide insights?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.37,0:09:23.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They could offer insights around\Ndifficult content-moderation decisions.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.09,0:09:24.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They could provide feedback
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.58,0:09:28.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when platforms decide\Nthey want to roll out new changes.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.24,0:09:32.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Second, people's experiences\Nwith the information is personalized.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.43,0:09:35.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My Facebook news feed\Nis very different to yours.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.09,0:09:37.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Your YouTube recommendations\Nare very different to mine.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.86,0:09:39.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That makes it impossible for us
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.37,0:09:42.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to actually examine\Nwhat information people are seeing.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.82,0:09:44.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So could we imagine
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.23,0:09:49.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,developing some kind of centralized\Nopen repository for anonymized data,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.03,0:09:51.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with privacy and ethical\Nconcerns built in?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.22,0:09:53.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because imagine what we would learn
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.02,0:09:57.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we built out a global network\Nof concerned citizens
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.31,0:10:00.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who wanted to donate\Ntheir social data to science.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.14,0:10:02.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because we actually know very little
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.89,0:10:05.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about the long-term consequences\Nof hate and disinformation
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.79,0:10:08.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on people's attitudes and behaviors.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.24,0:10:09.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what we do know,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.43,0:10:11.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most of that has been\Ncarried out in the US,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.64,0:10:14.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,despite the fact that\Nthis is a global problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.05,0:10:16.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need to work on that too.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.19,0:10:17.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And third,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.37,0:10:19.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can we find a way to connect the dots?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.70,0:10:23.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No one sector, let alone nonprofit,\Nstart-up or government
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.09,0:10:24.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is going to solve this.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.61,0:10:27.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there are very smart people\Nright around the world
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.20,0:10:28.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,working on these challenges,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.60,0:10:32.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from newsrooms, civil society,\Nacademia, activist groups.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.20,0:10:34.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you can see some of them here.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.12,0:10:37.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some are building out indicators\Nof content credibility.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.07,0:10:38.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Others are fact-checking,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.34,0:10:41.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that false claims, videos and images\Ncan be down-ranked by the platforms.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.96,0:10:44.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A nonprofit I helped\Nto found, First Draft,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.20,0:10:47.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is working with normally competitive\Nnewsrooms around the world
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.19,0:10:50.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to help them build out investigative,\Ncollaborative programs.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.23,0:10:53.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Danny Hillis, a software architect,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.56,0:10:55.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is designing a new system\Ncalled The Underlay,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.97,0:10:58.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which will be a record\Nof all public statements of fact
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.77,0:11:00.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,connected to their sources,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.12,0:11:03.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that people and algorithms\Ncan better judge what is credible.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.80,0:11:08.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And educators around the world\Nare testing different techniques
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.18,0:11:11.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for finding ways to make people\Ncritical of the content they consume.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.63,0:11:14.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All of these efforts are wonderful,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.34,0:11:15.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they're working in silos
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.80,0:11:18.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and many of them are woefully underfunded.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.50,0:11:20.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are also hundreds\Nof very smart people
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.58,0:11:22.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,working inside these companies,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.26,0:11:24.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but again, these efforts\Ncan feel disjointed,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.60,0:11:28.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they're actually developing\Ndifferent solutions to the same problems.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.39,0:11:31.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the new project I'm working on, Civic,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.44,0:11:34.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is designed to amplify and connect\Nthese different efforts.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.52,0:11:35.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's just one example
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.00,0:11:38.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a way that we need\Nto coordinate the lessons
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.24,0:11:40.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,coming from these different organizations
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.27,0:11:43.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and actually connect them back\Nto the people around the world
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.18,0:11:44.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who care so much about these issues,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.97,0:11:47.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who desperately want to build\Nan infrastructure
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.28,0:11:48.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to support quality information.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.88,0:11:51.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I'm not talking\Nabout more email [unclear].
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.43,0:11:53.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How can we find a way\Nto bring people together
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.72,0:11:56.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in one physical location\Nfor days or weeks at a time,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.02,0:11:59.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so they can actually\Ntackle these problems together
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.44,0:12:01.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but from their different perspectives?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.28,0:12:02.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So can we do this?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.65,0:12:05.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can we build out a coordinated\Nambitious response,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.91,0:12:09.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one that matches the scale\Nand the complexity of the problem?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.04,0:12:11.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I really think we can.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.44,0:12:14.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Together, let's rebuild\Nour information commons.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.04,0:12:16.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.26,0:12:19.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)