1 00:00:01,972 --> 00:00:06,919 ♪ [音乐] ♪ 2 00:00:08,218 --> 00:00:11,008 需求曲线移动 3 00:00:12,467 --> 00:00:14,180 - [Tyler] 在前面的视频中 4 00:00:14,180 --> 00:00:16,560 我们已经介绍了需求曲线的基础 5 00:00:16,560 --> 00:00:20,000 现在让我们讨论因市场需求增加或减少 6 00:00:20,000 --> 00:00:23,187 而需求曲线移动时会发生什么 7 00:00:23,187 --> 00:00:26,100 首先,让我们看看需求增加 8 00:00:26,700 --> 00:00:28,057 需求增加 9 00:00:28,057 --> 00:00:31,600 意味着需求曲线向右上方移动 10 00:00:32,400 --> 00:00:34,671 以室内植物市场为例 11 00:00:35,250 --> 00:00:37,219 在原有需求曲线上 12 00:00:37,219 --> 00:00:41,193 价格为20美元时,需求量是5株植物 13 00:00:41,572 --> 00:00:44,991 在新的需求曲线上,还是 20 美元 14 00:00:44,991 --> 00:00:47,413 但需求量变成了8株植物 15 00:00:48,416 --> 00:00:52,450 对应16美元,从6株变成了9株 16 00:00:53,500 --> 00:00:57,500 对应12美元,从7株变成了10株 依此类推 17 00:00:57,900 --> 00:00:59,221 需求增加 18 00:00:59,221 --> 00:01:02,400 是指在每个价格下需求量提高 19 00:01:03,000 --> 00:01:04,813 我们还可以使用 20 00:01:04,813 --> 00:01:07,800 所谓的垂直法来描述需求增加 21 00:01:07,960 --> 00:01:10,300 这意味着对于每一需求量 22 00:01:10,300 --> 00:01:13,200 人们愿意以更高的价格购买 23 00:01:13,500 --> 00:01:15,628 例如,如果有5株植物 24 00:01:15,628 --> 00:01:19,100 原来人们愿意支付20美元/株 25 00:01:19,300 --> 00:01:20,992 现在出现了新的需求曲线 26 00:01:20,992 --> 00:01:24,393 人们愿意支付32美元/株了 27 00:01:25,100 --> 00:01:27,500 总而言之,需求增加 28 00:01:27,500 --> 00:01:31,226 意味着在每个市场价格下需求量的增加 29 00:01:32,148 --> 00:01:33,637 或者是 30 00:01:33,637 --> 00:01:38,273 对于给定需求量,最大支付意愿的增加 31 00:01:39,400 --> 00:01:40,670 需求减少 32 00:01:40,670 --> 00:01:43,427 这与需求增长正好相反 33 00:01:43,570 --> 00:01:46,000 需求曲线向左下方移动 34 00:01:46,600 --> 00:01:50,286 每一价格对应的需求量都会减少 35 00:01:50,762 --> 00:01:55,200 现在20美元的室内植物,需求量只是2个 36 00:01:56,100 --> 00:02:00,810 而16美元时,需求量从6个变到3个 依此类推 37 00:02:01,100 --> 00:02:03,624 同样,这意味着相同的需求量 38 00:02:03,624 --> 00:02:06,400 人们愿意支付的价格下降 39 00:02:06,800 --> 00:02:08,018 对于5株植物 40 00:02:08,018 --> 00:02:11,373 人们本来愿意支付20美元/株 41 00:02:11,373 --> 00:02:14,923 现在只愿意支付8美元/株 42 00:02:16,500 --> 00:02:19,790 那么什么会导致需求的变化呢? 43 00:02:20,000 --> 00:02:22,215 是什么让消费者在每一价格下 44 00:02:22,215 --> 00:02:24,360 购买多些或少些的商品? 45 00:02:24,800 --> 00:02:27,294 花点时间写下你的猜测 46 00:02:29,994 --> 00:02:32,144 我们将通过几个例子来讲解 47 00:02:32,144 --> 00:02:35,200 但真正的目标 不是要你死记硬背这些内容 48 00:02:35,200 --> 00:02:36,606 而是要你理解 49 00:02:36,606 --> 00:02:39,600 需求增加或减少的原因 50 00:02:39,900 --> 00:02:42,620 这样你就可以重编自己的内容 51 00:02:43,000 --> 00:02:45,115 现在让我们来看看 52 00:02:45,115 --> 00:02:48,057 可以增加或减少市场需求的五个因素 53 00:02:48,057 --> 00:02:51,817 即收入、人口、品味 54 00:02:51,817 --> 00:02:53,744 相关商品的价格 55 00:02:53,744 --> 00:02:55,600 最后,预期 56 00:02:56,600 --> 00:02:58,900 让我们从收入的变化开始 57 00:02:59,500 --> 00:03:02,356 收入变化对需求的影响 58 00:03:02,356 --> 00:03:05,039 取决于该商品的性质 59 00:03:05,595 --> 00:03:07,069 对于大多数商品来说 60 00:03:07,069 --> 00:03:09,992 随着收入的增加,你会需要更多的商品 61 00:03:09,992 --> 00:03:12,049 想像一下,比如高级餐厅 62 00:03:12,049 --> 00:03:14,101 你必须负担得起,对吧? 63 00:03:14,800 --> 00:03:17,973 那么需求曲线就向右上方移动 64 00:03:18,183 --> 00:03:20,400 这些商品称为普通商品 65 00:03:20,800 --> 00:03:23,900 因为当收入增加时 人们对它们的需求就会增加 66 00:03:23,900 --> 00:03:26,150 事实上,大多数商品都是普通商品 67 00:03:26,150 --> 00:03:28,300 这也就是为什么我们称之为“普通” 68 00:03:28,300 --> 00:03:30,029 同样这些商品 69 00:03:30,029 --> 00:03:33,795 当收入下降时 对它们的需求也会下降 70 00:03:34,900 --> 00:03:36,400 然而,也有一些商品 71 00:03:36,700 --> 00:03:38,822 当你的收入增加时 72 00:03:38,822 --> 00:03:41,200 对它们的需求反而下降了 73 00:03:41,700 --> 00:03:42,710 这些是异常货物 74 00:03:42,710 --> 00:03:44,800 我们称它们为劣质商品 75 00:03:45,200 --> 00:03:47,791 劣质商品的例子 76 00:03:47,791 --> 00:03:49,779 如方便面 77 00:03:49,779 --> 00:03:51,100 很便宜 78 00:03:52,000 --> 00:03:57,230 当你赚钱多了 可能会多买鱼子酱、牛排 79 00:03:57,230 --> 00:03:58,776 很少买方便面了 80 00:03:58,776 --> 00:03:59,780 - 不要,谢谢! 81 00:03:59,780 --> 00:04:02,367 - [Tyler] 因此,方便面的需求曲线 82 00:04:02,367 --> 00:04:06,260 就会随着收入的增加向左下方移动 83 00:04:06,800 --> 00:04:10,557 现在让我们讨论人口变化因素 84 00:04:10,875 --> 00:04:13,640 如果一个经济体的人口发生变化 85 00:04:13,700 --> 00:04:17,757 此商品的潜在消费者数量也会发生变化 86 00:04:18,559 --> 00:04:21,098 如果你们国家的老年人口增加了 87 00:04:21,098 --> 00:04:24,400 那么对助听器的需求会发生什么变化? 88 00:04:24,600 --> 00:04:27,900 对助听器的需求很可能会增加 89 00:04:28,300 --> 00:04:30,426 对于不同价格的助听器 90 00:04:30,426 --> 00:04:33,100 都会有更高的需求量 91 00:04:38,820 --> 00:04:41,700 如果你们国家的出生率下降了 92 00:04:41,700 --> 00:04:44,390 你能想出一种需求下降的商品吗? 93 00:04:45,200 --> 00:04:48,000 现在,我们来讨论品味的变化 94 00:04:48,300 --> 00:04:51,100 品味是主观的,并且一直在变化 95 00:04:51,400 --> 00:04:55,595 新信息、时尚和趋势都会影响品味 96 00:04:56,234 --> 00:04:57,300 举个例子 97 00:04:57,700 --> 00:04:59,990 如果低碳水化合物饮食法 98 00:04:59,990 --> 00:05:02,629 如生酮或穴居人饮食法变得更受欢迎 99 00:05:02,629 --> 00:05:05,531 对汉堡包的需求会发生什么变化? 100 00:05:06,200 --> 00:05:10,200 人们出去吃饭就想点更多的汉堡包 101 00:05:10,200 --> 00:05:13,400 所以对汉堡包的需求会增加 102 00:05:14,342 --> 00:05:15,520 或者 103 00:05:15,520 --> 00:05:20,600 对汉堡包制作过程有道德争议又会如何? 104 00:05:21,100 --> 00:05:24,100 人们对购买汉堡可能会感到难堪 105 00:05:24,100 --> 00:05:26,250 他们会减少购买汉堡包 106 00:05:26,250 --> 00:05:28,400 或者可能完全停购 107 00:05:28,900 --> 00:05:31,900 那时对汉堡包的需求就会下降 108 00:05:33,220 --> 00:05:35,329 接下来,让我们考虑 109 00:05:35,329 --> 00:05:38,549 相关商品的价格如何影响需求 110 00:05:38,549 --> 00:05:41,022 先从替代品开始 111 00:05:41,390 --> 00:05:45,126 替代品是两种大致可以互换的商品 112 00:05:45,126 --> 00:05:46,332 它们不一样 113 00:05:46,332 --> 00:05:48,982 但可以提供大致相似的功能 114 00:05:49,283 --> 00:05:51,500 举个例子,热狗和汉堡 115 00:05:51,800 --> 00:05:54,200 它们都是晚餐可以吃的东西 116 00:05:54,420 --> 00:05:55,614 现在假设 117 00:05:55,614 --> 00:05:58,000 热狗的价格上涨 118 00:05:58,500 --> 00:06:00,999 对汉堡包(热狗的替代品)的需求 119 00:06:00,999 --> 00:06:02,660 会发生什么变化? 120 00:06:03,100 --> 00:06:07,522 人们会选择相对便宜的汉堡 121 00:06:07,687 --> 00:06:11,046 而不会买现在贵了的热狗 122 00:06:13,100 --> 00:06:15,900 这意味着对汉堡包的需求增加了 123 00:06:17,000 --> 00:06:19,200 或考虑相反的情况 124 00:06:19,700 --> 00:06:23,310 如果热狗的价格下降而不是上涨呢? 125 00:06:23,661 --> 00:06:26,312 那么对汉堡包的需求会怎样呢? 126 00:06:26,684 --> 00:06:29,300 这与第一种情况正好相反 127 00:06:29,500 --> 00:06:31,004 热狗现在便宜了 128 00:06:31,004 --> 00:06:33,988 对汉堡包的需求减少 129 00:06:33,988 --> 00:06:37,300 因为现在买热狗的成本低了 130 00:06:38,000 --> 00:06:40,643 理论上讲,两种商品是替代品 131 00:06:40,643 --> 00:06:42,861 如果一种商品价格上涨 132 00:06:42,861 --> 00:06:47,440 就会导致对另一种商品需求的增加 反之亦然 133 00:06:48,300 --> 00:06:49,899 另一种相关商品 134 00:06:49,899 --> 00:06:52,200 就是经济学家所说的互补 135 00:06:52,700 --> 00:06:55,826 互补品是两种商品,经常一起使用 136 00:06:55,826 --> 00:06:57,826 使彼此更有价值 137 00:06:58,300 --> 00:07:01,000 假设汉堡包的价格上涨 138 00:07:01,600 --> 00:07:04,600 那么对汉堡包外皮的需求会发生什么 139 00:07:04,800 --> 00:07:07,280 它是汉堡包的补充品 140 00:07:07,900 --> 00:07:10,600 买汉堡包的人少了 141 00:07:11,000 --> 00:07:14,000 买汉堡包外皮的人就少了 142 00:07:14,300 --> 00:07:17,700 对汉堡包外皮的需求减少 143 00:07:18,600 --> 00:07:21,200 考虑相反的情况 144 00:07:21,500 --> 00:07:23,558 如果汉堡包的价格下降 145 00:07:23,952 --> 00:07:26,600 对汉堡包的需求将会增加 146 00:07:27,000 --> 00:07:29,570 也就是买汉堡的人多了 147 00:07:29,570 --> 00:07:32,314 那么买汉堡包外皮的人也多了 148 00:07:32,314 --> 00:07:35,176 因为汉堡包包括外皮 149 00:07:35,800 --> 00:07:37,961 理论上讲,两种商品是互补品 150 00:07:38,300 --> 00:07:40,575 如果一种商品价格上涨 151 00:07:40,575 --> 00:07:43,299 会导致对另一种商品需求减少 152 00:07:43,299 --> 00:07:44,600 反之亦然 153 00:07:45,400 --> 00:07:47,485 总而言之,汉堡生产商 154 00:07:47,485 --> 00:07:49,570 希望热狗的价格上涨 155 00:07:49,900 --> 00:07:52,250 汉堡外皮的价格下降 156 00:07:52,250 --> 00:07:54,850 低碳水化合物饮食法流行起来 157 00:07:54,900 --> 00:07:57,400 最后,让我们看看预期 158 00:07:57,800 --> 00:08:00,304 这可以是对市场价格 159 00:08:00,304 --> 00:08:01,800 或市场事件的预期 160 00:08:02,000 --> 00:08:04,000 试想视频游戏机 161 00:08:04,500 --> 00:08:05,707 如果11月 162 00:08:05,707 --> 00:08:08,331 人们预计游戏机的价格 163 00:08:08,331 --> 00:08:11,000 会在12月假期促销中下降 164 00:08:11,400 --> 00:08:14,600 他们可能会等几周再购买游戏机 165 00:08:15,000 --> 00:08:18,185 现在对该游戏机的需求减少了 166 00:08:18,185 --> 00:08:20,368 因为以后会增加 167 00:08:21,200 --> 00:08:22,600 或者想象一下电池 168 00:08:22,900 --> 00:08:26,420 假设你听说所在地将有一场大飓风 169 00:08:26,800 --> 00:08:28,000 如果飓风来袭 170 00:08:28,200 --> 00:08:31,400 你预计电池的价格可能会上涨 171 00:08:31,600 --> 00:08:34,709 或者可能很难买到 172 00:08:34,709 --> 00:08:35,714 - 哦,不要! 173 00:08:35,714 --> 00:08:38,656 - [Tyler] 也就意味着 现在对电池的需求变高 174 00:08:38,656 --> 00:08:41,949 因此,对未来飓风事件的预期 175 00:08:41,949 --> 00:08:44,820 可能会改变现在对电池的需求 176 00:08:45,600 --> 00:08:47,044 如果人们期望 177 00:08:47,044 --> 00:08:49,100 一种商品的价格在未来会更高 178 00:08:49,600 --> 00:08:52,300 那通常会增加现在的需求 179 00:08:52,700 --> 00:08:54,863 消费者调整他们当前的支出 180 00:08:54,863 --> 00:08:56,900 预测未来的价格 181 00:08:57,100 --> 00:08:59,514 以获得尽可能低的价格 182 00:08:59,758 --> 00:09:02,350 这就是导致需求移动的原因 183 00:09:02,660 --> 00:09:05,600 既然你了解了需求变化的含义 184 00:09:05,800 --> 00:09:09,100 针对移动原因,举一反三地练习 185 00:09:09,900 --> 00:09:13,258 什么会导致每一价格下需求量增加? 186 00:09:13,600 --> 00:09:15,330 人多了? 有钱人多了? 187 00:09:15,510 --> 00:09:17,800 抢手的商品,等等 188 00:09:18,400 --> 00:09:21,326 相反,什么会导致在每一价格下 189 00:09:21,326 --> 00:09:23,770 对一种商品的需求量减少? 190 00:09:24,100 --> 00:09:25,721 一旦你能做到这些 191 00:09:25,721 --> 00:09:28,470 就能够识别需求移动因素 192 00:09:28,470 --> 00:09:31,000 而无需死记硬背 193 00:09:33,102 --> 00:09:34,640 - [讲解员]如果你是老师 194 00:09:34,640 --> 00:09:36,722 应查看包含此视频的 195 00:09:36,722 --> 00:09:38,100 供需单元教学计划 196 00:09:38,400 --> 00:09:39,400 如果你是学生 197 00:09:39,400 --> 00:09:41,086 通过回答一些简短习题 198 00:09:41,086 --> 00:09:43,200 来确保领悟这个视频 199 00:09:43,600 --> 00:09:46,000 如果你已准备好 想学习更多的微观经济学 200 00:09:46,000 --> 00:09:47,807 请点击观看下一个视频 201 00:09:48,707 --> 00:09:52,053 ♪ [音乐] ♪