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Like 40% of the human population,
we live within 100 miles of a coast,

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00:00:13,046 --> 00:00:18,428
and here, in Great Mills,
we're only about five miles from a coast.

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Our coasts, as you can see,
are beautiful and bountiful,

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but they're also in danger.

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The seas are rising across the planet,

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threatening our homes
but also the farms where we grow our food.

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For instance,

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the eastern shore of Maryland

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was farmed for many years
by native peoples

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before the British colonists arrived,

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and it is still heavily farmed even today.

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But America's first farms
are starting to go underwater;

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our history is quite literally drowning.

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And even as we lose land
in our own backyards,

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we're losing land
in Vietnam and Bangladesh,

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two coastal countries

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where we grow a large portion
of the world's rice.

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And when we talk about climate change,

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we often talk about it
like it's this thing of the future,

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something we can worry about
in a couple of years

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or even a couple of decades,

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but climate change is happening.

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It's happening now.

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And here in Maryland,

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the symptoms of the disease
are already starting to show.

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Many people are unaware,

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but there is an invisible flood
moving far inland

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in advance of the surface floods
that can drown our homes and our farms.

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And that invisible flood
is called “saltwater intrusion,”

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and it can make our water undrinkable.

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And it means that many of the crops
growing along our coastlines

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have salty and wet "feet”;

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that is, their roots
are burrowing below ground

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searching for pure water,

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but they're finding only salt.

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And you can see what that looks like
in this picture here.

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All of this white stuff
along the edge of this farm field

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is salt.

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And just like in Vietnam and Bangladesh,

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it can feel like our Maryland farmers
are fighting a losing battle.

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Here in the Chesapeake bay region,

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sea level rise rates
are three times the global average.

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And that means that our communities

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are some of the first to be hit
by the slow burn of climate change.

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And unfortunately,

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we're not going to be able
to stop climate change right now

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or reverse it, reverse the tides,

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but what we can do is work together.

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We can work together

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00:02:53,726 --> 00:02:58,446
as researchers, as farmers
and local government agencies

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to design solutions that can help us
prevent climate change in the future

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but also allow us to thrive
as communities right now.

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And when I say communities,
I mean communities of people

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but also of plants and animals.

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So, what do we do?

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We have to manage the transition,

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and that means thinking
about climate change as a moving target.

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So what's going to work now
on this farm field

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won't work in five years,

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and what works in five years
isn't going to work in 10 years.

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With some of the fastest rates
of sea level rise on the planet,

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the Eastern Seaboard of the United States
is at the leading edge of climate change.

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And it is our job
to manage that moving edge.

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The first thing we need are maps,

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like this one,

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that can help us understand
the current extent of saltwater intrusion

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but also understand where it's headed.

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And that will provide us
with an early warning system

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that can help us generate a targeted plan
for every stage of saltwater intrusion.

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And so my team is working to develop
some of these first ever maps

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of saltwater intrusion,

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giving us "eyes" on the disease
for the very first time.

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And so you can see here in this map

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all of these pink areas

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are where we believe
saltwater intrusion to be right now

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in two coastal Maryland counties,

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in Dorchester and in Somerset.

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And so, if we can understand
where saltwater intrusion is

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but also understand
the rate of its spread,

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we can help fight it,

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that will help us fight it
and maybe even contain it.

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The second thing we have to do
is work together.

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We have to work together

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as landowners and as scientists
and as policy makers

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to design solutions that can help us
protect our environmental health

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but also the farmer
or landowner's bottom line.

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And third,

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we have to start making changes now

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that can help us prevent
climate change in the future.

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And if we can do these three things,
we can save our coastlines.

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So let me give you some examples
of what that might look like.

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Saltwater intrusion is leading
to the large-scale death

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of coastal timber plantations and forests,

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often called ghost forests.

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And we're going to watch
a short clip just now

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that will give you a sense
of what that looks like,

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the dramatic impact

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that saltwater intrusion
is having on our systems.

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(Video) (Insects chirping
and wind blowing)

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Narrator: When you see
a ghost forest for the first time,

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you're struck by how eerie it is,
sort of like a ghost town.

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(Ominous music)

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This ground is now too salty and too wet
to support living trees.

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[Ghost forest]

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(Music ends)

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Kate Tully: If left unchecked,

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saltwater intrusion can burn trees
from the inside out,

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and the understory that's left
can become overrun with invasive species.

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And these invasive species
can choke out native marsh plants,

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and they do not provide good habitat
for nesting bird species.

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However, we can help design solutions

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that will enable landowners
to remove timber early.

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We can use our early warning systems,

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these maps,

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to help us identify
the optimum time to remove timber

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so that the landowners
can maximize their profits

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and minimize their financial losses;

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and at the same time,

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we can promote the transition
of these ghost forests

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into marshes.

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So my team has been
working very closely

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with the Maryland Department of Planning

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and the Maryland Department
of Natural Resources,

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two Maryland agencies
that are thinking about this a lot.

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And we're asking really tough questions,

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like "What happens to your property rights
as your land slips under water?"

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We can't ask landowners

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to bear the full burden
of climate change alone.

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These people are our neighbors,

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and we can help support them
with science-based management strategies

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and policies.

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In some cases,

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the traditional crops we grow are failing,

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so the typical mid-Atlantic rotation
of corn, soy, and wheat

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is no longer viable.

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And these crops are not adapted
to high concentrations of salt,

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and they can't sit around
for a long time with wet feet.

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And so my team is working to develop
some new alternative crop rotations,

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better adapted to this new normal.

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And so we're experimenting with sorghum,

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a salt tolerant soybean,

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and malting barley
for many of our microbreweries

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in this area.

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And we are not the only people
working on this.

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There are Norwegian farmers

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who are experimenting
with a salt-tolerant potato,

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and in Louisiana, they're experimenting
with a salt-tolerant rice

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that could be grown
in many coastal low-lying regions,

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like Vietnam and Bangladesh.

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And many a health nut
will be pleased to know

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that quinoa is actually
a very salt tolerant crop.

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However, there is another issue.

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Farm soils are loaded with nutrients,
like nitrogen and phosphorus,

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from decades of fertilizer applications,

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and these nutrients are leading
to toxic algal blooms in our water bodies

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that can be seen from space.

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And this image here shows you
a map of the current impact

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that agriculture is already having
along our coastlines,

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such as causing the formation
of the dead zone

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in the Gulf of Mexico.

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And the problem is

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that saltwater intrusion
only makes matters worse.

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Because of its unique chemistry,

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it can actually release
even more nitrogen and phosphorus

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from farm soils.

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So you can imagine

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that as saltwater intrusion
marches across the landscape,

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this could have potentially
devastating consequences for water quality

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all along the Eastern Seaboard.

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However, there are options.

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00:10:06,788 --> 00:10:11,319
We can plant fast-growing grass species,
like a switchgrass,

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that can suck nutrients out of the soil
and store it in its plant tissues.

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And many livestock operations

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are interested in using
some of these fast-growing species

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as bedding for chickens.

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So you can imagine
that an endeavor like this

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could actually provide
a farmer with income

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as their land transitions,

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help promote water quality,

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and prevent species invasions.

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These are all great ideas.

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But as we think about
the changing face of farming

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along our coastlines,

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it will be critical to involve farmers
at every step of the way.

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We have to ensure

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that there is a market
that they can tap into

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and that we take into account

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their farming heritage
and wealth of knowledge.

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So that is, scientists can't just come in
and tell farmers what to do

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00:11:06,874 --> 00:11:10,602
without understanding
where they're coming from

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and leveraging their
generations of expertise

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and understanding
their financial constraints.

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For example,

194
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the equipment that's needed
to grow that potato

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is very different than the equipment
that's needed to grow soybean,

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such as seen here.

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And so my team is dedicated
to working very closely with farmers

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in order to make sure
that we are designing management solutions

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that work for them now
and also in the future.

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In some cases,

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we have already lost large swaths
of coastal timber plantations,

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forests, and farms

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to the invisible flood
of saltwater intrusion.

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We didn't know that it was coming
until it was too late.

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00:12:00,294 --> 00:12:03,843
But that doesn't mean
that we should give up hope.

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00:12:03,843 --> 00:12:08,556
We can facilitate the transition
of these areas into marshes,

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00:12:08,556 --> 00:12:12,138
marshes that are filled
with native grass species

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00:12:12,138 --> 00:12:17,289
and marshes that can serve as sponges
for sediment and agricultural inputs,

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00:12:17,289 --> 00:12:19,066
like fertilizers.

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00:12:19,076 --> 00:12:21,767
These marshes can promote
environmental health,

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which means they can support
a thriving crab industry,

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00:12:25,554 --> 00:12:30,295
and they can also provide nesting habitat
for many endangered species.

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00:12:31,135 --> 00:12:35,633
Marshes are also very good
at storing carbon.

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And coming up with strategies
to store more carbon on our landscapes

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is actually a key way

216
00:12:41,816 --> 00:12:45,210
that we can fight climate change
in the long term;

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00:12:45,210 --> 00:12:49,082
that is, by sucking carbon dioxide
out of the atmosphere

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00:12:49,082 --> 00:12:53,330
and storing it in plant tissues
and storing it in soils.

219
00:12:53,330 --> 00:12:59,296
And so, my team was really interested
in the carbon storage potential of farms

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00:12:59,296 --> 00:13:01,945
as they transition into marshes.

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00:13:01,945 --> 00:13:05,044
And it turns out the potential is huge.

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00:13:06,760 --> 00:13:08,793
So I’m going to show you some data -

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00:13:08,793 --> 00:13:11,649
because I’m a scientist
and I can't help myself.

224
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So on the y-axis,
we have soil carbon concentration,

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00:13:17,090 --> 00:13:22,756
and the x-axis is a transect
across a salt-damaged field.

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00:13:22,756 --> 00:13:25,405
So imagine you're standing
in the center of a cornfield

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00:13:25,405 --> 00:13:28,024
and you're looking out towards the marsh.

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These are the levels
of carbon in your soil.

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00:13:32,787 --> 00:13:37,319
So in the tidal marsh, we have
very high concentrations of carbon.

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00:13:37,319 --> 00:13:39,069
That's to be expected.

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00:13:39,069 --> 00:13:43,754
What is incredible is how much carbon
is on the edge of those fields,

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00:13:43,754 --> 00:13:45,552
in the field edge and the ditch bank,

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00:13:45,552 --> 00:13:49,115
where you're starting to see
some of that saltwater intrusion.

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00:13:49,115 --> 00:13:53,282
In fact, the carbon levels
are five times higher

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00:13:53,282 --> 00:13:56,047
than they are in that crop area

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00:13:56,047 --> 00:13:59,757
where the corn plants
are struggling to survive.

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00:14:00,497 --> 00:14:02,847
So on these fields,

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00:14:02,847 --> 00:14:06,762
where it's becoming increasingly
challenging to turn a profit,

239
00:14:06,777 --> 00:14:11,644
we could actually allow the migration
of marshes into these farm fields.

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00:14:11,644 --> 00:14:16,742
Maybe we even help them out a little bit
by planting some native grass species.

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00:14:16,742 --> 00:14:17,910
If we did that,

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00:14:17,910 --> 00:14:20,442
we could store a lot of carbon,

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00:14:20,442 --> 00:14:22,857
and we could store it very quickly.

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00:14:23,207 --> 00:14:26,847
So in some cases, consider a situation

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00:14:26,847 --> 00:14:30,912
where we are subsidizing
the farming of carbon

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00:14:30,912 --> 00:14:33,120
rather than the farming of corn.

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00:14:36,710 --> 00:14:39,195
This work is, in a way,

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00:14:39,195 --> 00:14:42,543
a struggle to stay ahead
of a moving target,

249
00:14:42,543 --> 00:14:46,059
and to do that requires
coordination and collaboration

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00:14:46,059 --> 00:14:48,827
among researchers
from many different disciplines.

251
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And so, we're working together

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to develop these first ever maps
of saltwater intrusion

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to understand where it is
and also where it's headed.

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And every day, my team is working
to gain a deeper understanding

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of what crops are likely to grow,

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00:15:05,629 --> 00:15:07,989
how we can store more carbon,

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and how we can protect water quality

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as our coastlines transition.

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00:15:15,236 --> 00:15:20,768
The truth is we aren't going to halt
climate change in its tracks.

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We can't slow the rising seas,
at least not in the short term.

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To do that will require
coordinated global action.

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But that doesn't mean
that we can't do anything about it.

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When the world is sick, we wear masks.

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We adapt to this new normal.

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And we can help our neighbors,
our communities, and our planet

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if we manage the transition
to the new normal

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using science-based solutions.

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Climate change is impacting
nearly every single agricultural system

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on the planet.

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Everyone at some point will have to adapt,

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so why not be on the cutting edge
of climate change adaptation?

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We are already building these maps
of saltwater intrusion

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to understand where it is
and where it's headed,

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00:16:14,921 --> 00:16:17,220
and we are already working together

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as researchers, as farmers
and as policy makers

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to design these science-based solutions.

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And we have the opportunity
to make changes now

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that can help prevent climate change

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in the long term.

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We could farm carbon and not corn.

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And what's remarkable to me

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is that the state of Maryland
could actually be a global leader

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in climate change adaptation,

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especially when it comes to sea level rise
and saltwater intrusion.

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We are already building the tools we need,

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and we are already working together
towards this goal.

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So, I’d say, let's do it.