[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.14,0:00:02.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not that long ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.90,0:00:04.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I received an invitation
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.93,0:00:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to spend a few days at the historic\Nhome of James Madison.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.44,0:00:11.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,James Madison, of course,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.66,0:00:14.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was the fourth president\Nof the United States,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.44,0:00:16.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the father of the Constitution,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.87,0:00:19.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the architect of the Bill of Rights.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.84,0:00:21.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as a historian,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.06,0:00:24.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was really excited\Nto go to this historic site,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.65,0:00:30.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because I understand and appreciate\Nthe power of place.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.43,0:00:34.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, Madison called his estate Montpelier.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.87,0:00:37.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Montpelier is absolutely beautiful.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.59,0:00:41.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's several thousand acres\Nof rolling hills,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.37,0:00:43.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,farmland and forest,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.50,0:00:48.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with absolutely breathtaking views\Nof the Blue Ridge Mountains.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.62,0:00:50.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's a haunting beauty,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.24,0:00:57.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because Montpelier\Nwas also a slave labor camp.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.72,0:01:00.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You see, James Madison enslaved\Nmore than 100 people
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.00,0:01:03.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over the course of his lifetime.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.24,0:01:05.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he never freed a single soul,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.55,0:01:07.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not even upon his death.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.55,0:01:11.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The centerpiece of Montpelier\Nis Madison's mansion.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.56,0:01:13.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now this is where James Madison grew up,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.98,0:01:17.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is where he returned to\Nafter his presidency,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.40,0:01:19.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is where he eventually died.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.49,0:01:23.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the centerpiece\Nof Madison's mansion is his library.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.44,0:01:25.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This room on the second floor,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.14,0:01:30.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where Madison conceived\Nand conceptualized the Bill of Rights.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.53,0:01:32.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I visited for the first time,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.67,0:01:36.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the director of education,\NChristian Cotz --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.22,0:01:37.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cool white dude --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.52,0:01:39.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.58,0:01:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,took me almost immediately to the library.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.45,0:01:46.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it was amazing,\Nbeing able to stand in this place
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.76,0:01:51.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where such an important moment\Nin American history happened.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.91,0:01:53.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But then after a little while there,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.71,0:01:58.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Christian actually took me downstairs\Nto the cellars of the mansion.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.62,0:02:00.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, in the cellars of the mansion,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.75,0:02:05.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's where the enslaved\NAfrican Americans who managed the house
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.21,0:02:06.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,spent most of their time.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.80,0:02:11.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's also where they were installing\Na new exhibition on slavery in America.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.96,0:02:13.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And while we were there,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.82,0:02:17.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Christian instructed me to do something\NI thought was a little bit strange.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.41,0:02:18.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He told me to take my hand
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.75,0:02:23.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and place it on the brick walls\Nof the cellar, and to slide it along,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.72,0:02:28.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until I felt these impressions or ridges\Nin the face of the brick.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.63,0:02:29.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now look,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.81,0:02:33.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was going to be staying on site\Non this former slave plantation
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.05,0:02:34.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for a couple of days,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.24,0:02:36.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so I wasn't trying\Nto upset any white people.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.38,0:02:37.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.62,0:02:39.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because when this was over,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.06,0:02:41.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I wanted to make sure\Nthat I could get out.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.21,0:02:44.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.03,0:02:48.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But as I'm actually sliding my hand\Nalong the cellar wall,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.25,0:02:50.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I couldn't help but think\Nabout my daughters,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.72,0:02:52.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and my youngest one in particular,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.38,0:02:54.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who was only about two\Nor three years old at the time,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.94,0:02:57.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because every time\Nshe hopped out of our car,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.20,0:03:00.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she would take her hand\Nand slide it along the outside,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.34,0:03:02.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is absolutely disgusting.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.38,0:03:03.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.76,0:03:06.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then, if I couldn't get\Nto her in time,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.41,0:03:08.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she would take her fingers\Nand pop them in her mouth,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.92,0:03:10.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which would drive me absolutely crazy.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.77,0:03:14.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is what I'm thinking about\Nwhile I'm supposed to be a historian.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.21,0:03:15.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.54,0:03:20.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But then, I actually do feel\Nthese impressions in the brick.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.96,0:03:23.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I feel these ridges in the brick.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.16,0:03:26.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it takes a second\Nto realize what they are.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.82,0:03:28.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What they are
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.44,0:03:30.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are tiny hand prints.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.99,0:03:35.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because all of the bricks\Nat James Madison's estate
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.93,0:03:39.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were made by the children\Nthat he enslaved.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.37,0:03:42.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's when it hit me
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.29,0:03:43.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the library
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.90,0:03:49.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which James Madison conceives\Nand conceptualizes the Bill of Rights
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.84,0:03:52.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rests on a foundation of bricks
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.21,0:03:56.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,made by the children that he enslaved.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.17,0:04:00.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is hard history.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.16,0:04:03.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's hard history\Nbecause it's difficult to imagine
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.94,0:04:06.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the kind of inhumanity
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.39,0:04:08.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that leads one to enslave children
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.43,0:04:11.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make bricks for your comfort\Nand convenience.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.58,0:04:12.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's hard history,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.77,0:04:16.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it's hard to talk\Nabout the violence of slavery,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.76,0:04:19.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the beatings, the whippings,\Nthe kidnappings,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.22,0:04:21.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the forced family separations.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.08,0:04:26.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's hard history because it's hard\Nto teach white supremacy,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.43,0:04:29.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is the ideology\Nthat justified slavery.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.16,0:04:33.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so rather than confront hard history,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.90,0:04:36.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we tend to avoid it.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.38,0:04:41.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, sometimes that means\Njust making stuff up.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.79,0:04:45.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can't tell you how many times\NI've heard people say
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.63,0:04:49.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that "states' rights" was the primary\Ncause of the Civil War.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.06,0:04:51.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That would actually come as a surprise
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.91,0:04:53.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the people who fought in the Civil War.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.98,0:04:55.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.34,0:05:00.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sometimes, we try\Nto rationalize hard history.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.10,0:05:02.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When people visit Montpelier --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.75,0:05:05.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and by "people," in this instance\NI mean white people --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.48,0:05:06.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they visit Montpelier
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.81,0:05:10.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and learn about Madison enslaving people,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.71,0:05:12.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they often ask,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.70,0:05:14.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"But wasn't he a good master?"
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.98,0:05:17.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A "good master?"
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.87,0:05:20.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is no such thing as a good master.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.32,0:05:23.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is only worse and worser.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.71,0:05:26.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And sometimes,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.48,0:05:29.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we just pretend the past didn't happen.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.10,0:05:32.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can't tell you how many times\NI've heard people say,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.70,0:05:37.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"It's hard to imagine slavery\Nexisting outside of the plantation South."
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.31,0:05:38.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No, it ain't.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.96,0:05:41.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Slavery existed in every American colony,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.50,0:05:44.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,slavery existed in my home\Nstate of New York
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.39,0:05:47.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for 50 years after\Nthe American Revolution.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.65,0:05:50.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So why do we do this?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.20,0:05:53.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why do we avoid confronting hard history?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.23,0:05:56.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Literary performer\Nand educator Regie Gibson
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.91,0:05:59.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had the truth of it when he said
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.31,0:06:05.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that our problem as Americans\Nis we actually hate history.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.69,0:06:07.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we love
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.53,0:06:08.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is nostalgia.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.99,0:06:11.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nostalgia.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.63,0:06:13.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We love stories about the past
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.97,0:06:17.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that make us feel comfortable\Nabout the present.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.35,0:06:20.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we can't keep doing this.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.87,0:06:23.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,George Santayana, the Spanish\Nwriter and philosopher,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.40,0:06:26.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,said that those who cannot\Nremember the past
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.71,0:06:29.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are condemned to repeat it.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.38,0:06:33.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now as a historian, I spend a lot of time\Nthinking about this very statement,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.31,0:06:36.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in a sense,\Nit applies to us in America.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.16,0:06:38.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in a way, it doesn't.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.26,0:06:41.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because, inherent in this statement,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.97,0:06:44.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the notion that at some point,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.93,0:06:47.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we stopped doing the things
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.14,0:06:50.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that have created inequality\Nin the first place.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.20,0:06:53.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And a harsh reality is,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.44,0:06:54.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we haven't.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.50,0:06:58.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Consider the racial wealth gap.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.25,0:07:03.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Wealth is generated by accumulating\Nresources in one generation,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.53,0:07:07.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and transferring them\Nto subsequent generations.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.65,0:07:11.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Median white household wealth
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.40,0:07:14.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is 147,000 dollars.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.31,0:07:18.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Median Black household wealth
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.42,0:07:21.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is four thousand dollars.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.51,0:07:25.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do you explain this growing gap?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.78,0:07:27.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hard history.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.66,0:07:32.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My great-great-grandfather\Nwas born enslaved
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.40,0:07:35.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in Jasper County, Georgia, in the 1850s.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.02,0:07:40.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,While enslaved, he was never allowed\Nto accumulate anything,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.10,0:07:41.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he was emancipated with nothing.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.97,0:07:45.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was never compensated\Nfor the bricks that he made.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.36,0:07:51.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My great-grandfather was also born\Nin Jasper County, Georgia, in the 1870s,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.49,0:07:54.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he actually managed\Nto accumulate a fair bit of land.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.55,0:07:59.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But then, in nineteen-teens,\NJim Crow took that land from him.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.50,0:08:02.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then Jim Crow took his life.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.52,0:08:05.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My grandfather, Leonard Jeffries Senior,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.99,0:08:07.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was born in Georgia,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.42,0:08:09.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but there was nothing left for him there,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.40,0:08:12.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so he actually grew up\Nin Newark, New Jersey.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.90,0:08:16.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he spent most of his life\Nworking as a custodian.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.43,0:08:21.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Job discrimination,\Nsegregated education and redlining
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.91,0:08:25.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kept him from ever breaking\Ninto the middle class.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.55,0:08:29.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so when he passed away\Nin the early 1990s,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.68,0:08:32.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he left to his two sons
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.13,0:08:34.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nothing more than a life-insurance policy
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.31,0:08:38.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was barely enough\Nto cover his funeral expenses.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.30,0:08:41.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now my parents, both social workers,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.98,0:08:44.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they actually managed to purchase a home
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.60,0:08:48.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the Crown Heights section\Nof Brooklyn, New York, in 1980,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.34,0:08:51.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for 55,000 dollars.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.87,0:08:54.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now Crown Heights, at the time,\Nwas an all-Black neighborhood,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.90,0:08:56.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it was kind of rough.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.40,0:08:58.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My brother and I often went to sleep,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.81,0:09:00.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the mid-1980s,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.23,0:09:01.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hearing gunshots.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.88,0:09:06.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But my parents protected us,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.67,0:09:10.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and my parents also held onto that home.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.58,0:09:12.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For 40 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.34,0:09:14.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they're still there.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.43,0:09:17.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But something quintessentially\NAmerican happened
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.82,0:09:19.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about 20 years ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.81,0:09:21.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,About 20 years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.22,0:09:24.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they went to sleep one night\Nin an all-Black neighborhood,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.81,0:09:26.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they woke up the next morning
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.77,0:09:28.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in an all-white neighborhood.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.36,0:09:30.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.30,0:09:32.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as a result of gentrification,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.86,0:09:35.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not only did all their neighbors\Nmysteriously disappear,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.82,0:09:38.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the value of their home
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.27,0:09:41.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,skyrocketed.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.47,0:09:45.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that home that they purchased\Nfor 55,000 dollars --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.78,0:09:48.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at 29 percent interest, by the way --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.51,0:09:53.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that home is now worth\N30 times what they paid it for.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.28,0:09:55.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thirty times.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.48,0:09:56.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do the math with me.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.67,0:09:58.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's 55,000 times 30, carry the zeros --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.71,0:10:00.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a lot of money.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.24,0:10:02.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.82,0:10:04.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that means,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.89,0:10:07.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as their single and sole asset,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.32,0:10:12.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when the time comes for them\Nto pass that asset on to my brother and I,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.21,0:10:16.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that will be the first time\Nin my family's history,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.81,0:10:20.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more than 150 years\Nafter the end of slavery,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.59,0:10:24.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that there will be a meaningful\Ntransfer of wealth in my family.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.74,0:10:28.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's not because family\Nmembers haven't saved,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.59,0:10:29.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,haven't worked hard,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.98,0:10:31.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,haven't valued education.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.55,0:10:35.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's because of hard history.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.51,0:10:38.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when I think about the past,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.49,0:10:41.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my concern about not remembering it
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.45,0:10:45.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is not that we will repeat it\Nif we don't remember it.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.24,0:10:50.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My concern, my fear\Nis that if we don't remember the past,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.35,0:10:52.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we will continue it.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.19,0:10:55.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We will continue to do the things
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.56,0:11:00.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that created inequality and injustice\Nin the first place.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.77,0:11:02.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what we must do
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.54,0:11:08.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is we must disrupt\Nthe continuum of hard history.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.21,0:11:13.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we can do this by seeking truth.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.87,0:11:16.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By confronting hard history directly.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.75,0:11:21.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By magnifying hard history\Nfor all the world to see.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.03,0:11:25.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can do this by speaking truth.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.55,0:11:29.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Teachers teaching hard history\Nto their students.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.19,0:11:34.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To do anything else is to commit\Neducational malpractice.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.55,0:11:37.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And parents have to speak truth\Nto their children,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.26,0:11:38.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that they understand
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.93,0:11:41.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we have come from as a nation.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.65,0:11:46.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And finally, we must all act on truth.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.59,0:11:49.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Individually and collectively,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.87,0:11:51.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,publicly and privately,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.65,0:11:54.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in small ways and in large ways.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.77,0:11:59.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We must do the things that will bend\Nthe arc of the moral universe
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.74,0:12:00.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,towards justice.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.99,0:12:03.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To do nothing is to be complicit
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.99,0:12:06.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in inequality.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.05,0:12:09.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,History reminds us
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.01,0:12:12.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we, as a nation,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.36,0:12:16.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stand on the shoulders of political giants
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.54,0:12:18.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like James Madison.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.75,0:12:24.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But hard history reminds us\Nthat we, as a nation,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.53,0:12:30.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,also stand on the shoulders\Nof enslaved African American children.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.31,0:12:34.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Little Black boys and little Black girls
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.78,0:12:38.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who, with their bare hands,\Nmade the bricks
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.89,0:12:42.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that serve as the foundation\Nfor this nation.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.51,0:12:49.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if we are serious\Nabout creating a fair and just society,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:49.49,0:12:53.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then we would do well to remember that,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.05,0:12:56.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we would do well to remember them.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.90,0:12:58.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.07,0:13:04.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)