[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.56,0:00:03.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Have you ever heard the one\Nabout how breastfeeding is free?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.27,0:00:06.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.44,0:00:08.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yeah, it's pretty funny,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.68,0:00:13.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it's only free if we don't value\Nwomen's time and energy.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.12,0:00:19.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Any mother can tell you\Nhow much time and energy it takes
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.72,0:00:21.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to liquify her body --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.68,0:00:24.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to literally dissolve herself --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.24,0:00:25.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.84,0:00:28.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as she feeds this precious\Nlittle cannibal.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.12,0:00:31.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.36,0:00:33.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Milk is why mammals suck.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.40,0:00:37.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At Arizona State University,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.32,0:00:39.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the Comparative Lactation Lab,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.28,0:00:42.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I decode mothers' milk composition
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.08,0:00:45.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to understand its complexity
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.08,0:00:47.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how it influences infant development.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.72,0:00:51.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The most important thing that I've learned
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.80,0:00:56.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that we do not do enough\Nto support mothers and babies.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.72,0:00:59.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when we fail mothers and babies,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.92,0:01:03.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we fail everyone\Nwho loves mothers and babies:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.08,0:01:07.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the fathers, the partners,\Nthe grandparents, the aunties,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.28,0:01:11.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the friends and kin\Nthat make our human social networks.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.48,0:01:17.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's time that we abandon\Nsimple solutions and simple slogans,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.24,0:01:18.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and grapple with the nuance.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.20,0:01:21.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was very fortunate
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.80,0:01:25.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to run smack-dab\Ninto that nuance very early,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.48,0:01:27.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,during my first interview\Nwith a journalist
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.56,0:01:29.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when she asked me,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.88,0:01:33.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"How long should a mother\Nbreastfeed her baby?"
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.04,0:01:39.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it was that word "should"\Nthat brought me up short,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.64,0:01:44.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because I will never tell a woman\Nwhat she should do with her body.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.80,0:01:48.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Babies survive and thrive
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.60,0:01:53.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because their mother's milk\Nis food, medicine and signal.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.28,0:01:54.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For young infants,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.52,0:01:56.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mother's milk is a complete diet
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.48,0:01:59.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that provides all the building\Nblocks for their bodies,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.08,0:02:00.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that shapes their brain
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.48,0:02:02.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and fuels all of their activity.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.36,0:02:05.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mother's milk also feeds the microbes
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.80,0:02:08.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are colonizing\Nthe infant's intestinal tract.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.84,0:02:10.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mothers aren't just eating for two,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.56,0:02:12.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're eating for two to the trillions.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.56,0:02:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Milk provides immunofactors\Nthat help fight pathogens
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.00,0:02:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and mother's milk provides hormones\Nthat signal to the infant's body.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.80,0:02:26.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in recent decades,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.32,0:02:28.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have come to take milk for granted.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.48,0:02:31.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We stopped seeing\Nsomething in plain sight.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.48,0:02:36.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We began to think of milk as standardized,\Nhomogenized, pasteurized,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.64,0:02:39.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,packaged, powdered,\Nflavored and formulated.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.68,0:02:42.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We abandoned the milk of human kindness
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.88,0:02:44.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and turned our priorities elsewhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.56,0:02:48.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the National Institutes of Health
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.32,0:02:49.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in Washington DC
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.96,0:02:51.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the National Library of Medicine,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.52,0:02:55.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which contains 25 million articles --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.28,0:02:59.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the brain trust of life science\Nand biomedical research.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.08,0:03:03.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can use key words\Nto search that database,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.48,0:03:04.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when we do that,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.76,0:03:07.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we discover nearly a million\Narticles about pregnancy,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.64,0:03:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but far fewer about\Nbreast milk and lactation.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.84,0:03:16.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When we zoom in on the number of articles\Njust investigating breast milk,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.48,0:03:21.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we see that we know much more\Nabout coffee, wine and tomatoes.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.00,0:03:23.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.52,0:03:28.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We know over twice as much\Nabout erectile dysfunction.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.24,0:03:29.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.24,0:03:34.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm not saying we shouldn't\Nknow about those things --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.84,0:03:37.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm a scientist, I think\Nwe should know about everything.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.56,0:03:39.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that we know so much less --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.92,0:03:41.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.72,0:03:43.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about breast milk --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.04,0:03:45.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the first fluid a young mammal\Nis adapted to consume --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.84,0:03:47.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,should make us angry.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.96,0:03:52.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Globally, nine out of 10 women will\Nhave at least once child in her lifetime.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.48,0:03:56.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That means that nearly 130 million\Nbabies are born each year.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.96,0:04:00.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These mothers and babies\Ndeserve our best science.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.08,0:04:04.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Recent research has shown\Nthat milk doesn't just grow the body,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.76,0:04:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it fuels behavior\Nand shapes neurodevelopment.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.80,0:04:11.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 2015, researchers discovered
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.84,0:04:14.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the mixture of breast milk\Nand baby saliva --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.84,0:04:16.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,specifically, baby saliva --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.92,0:04:20.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,causes a chemical reaction\Nthat produces hydrogen peroxide
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.76,0:04:22.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can kill staph and salmonella.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.88,0:04:26.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And from humans and other mammal species,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.08,0:04:29.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're starting to understand\Nthat the biological recipe of milk
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.52,0:04:32.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can be different when produced\Nfor sons or daughters.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.56,0:04:37.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When we reach for donor milk\Nin the neonatal intensive care unit,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.20,0:04:39.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or formula on the store shelf,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.20,0:04:41.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's nearly one-size-fits-all.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.96,0:04:46.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We aren't thinking about how sons\Nand daughters may grow at different rates,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.24,0:04:47.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or different ways,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.48,0:04:49.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that milk may be a part of that.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.20,0:04:52.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mothers have gotten the message
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.16,0:04:55.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the vast majority of mothers\Nintend to breastfeed,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.60,0:04:58.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but many do not reach\Ntheir breastfeeding goals.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.52,0:05:01.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is not their failure;
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.64,0:05:03.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's ours.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.76,0:05:08.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Increasingly common medical conditions\Nlike obesity, endocrine disorders,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.36,0:05:09.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,C-section and preterm births
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.00,0:05:12.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all can disrupt the underlying\Nbiology of lactation.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.28,0:05:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And many women do not have\Nknowledgeable clinical support.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.52,0:05:18.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,25 years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.92,0:05:22.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the World Health Organization\Nand UNICEF established criteria
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.80,0:05:25.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for hospitals to be\Nconsidered baby friendly --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.40,0:05:29.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that provide the optimal level\Nof support for mother-infant bonding
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.24,0:05:30.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and infant feeding.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.48,0:05:34.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, only one in five babies\Nin the United States
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.88,0:05:37.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is born in a baby-friendly hospital.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.20,0:05:40.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a problem,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.48,0:05:43.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because mothers can grapple\Nwith many problems
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.36,0:05:47.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the minutes, hours, days\Nand weeks of lactation.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.44,0:05:49.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They can have struggles\Nwith establishing latch,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.96,0:05:51.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with pain,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.20,0:05:52.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with milk letdown
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.44,0:05:53.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and perceptions of milk supply.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.00,0:05:59.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These mothers deserve\Nknowledgeable clinical staff
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.52,0:06:01.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that understand these processes.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.48,0:06:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mothers will call me as they're\Ngrappling with these struggles,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.88,0:06:09.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,crying with wobbly voices.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.40,0:06:12.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"It's not working.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.24,0:06:15.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is what I'm supposed\Nto naturally be able to do.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.92,0:06:17.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why is it not working?"
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.24,0:06:21.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And just because something\Nis evolutionarily ancient
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.84,0:06:24.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doesn't mean that it's easy\Nor that we're instantly good at it.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.56,0:06:28.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know what else\Nis evolutionarily ancient?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.24,0:06:30.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.20,0:06:33.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sex.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.52,0:06:36.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And nobody expects us\Nto start out being good at it.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.48,0:06:38.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.48,0:06:44.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Clinicians best deliver\Nquality equitable care
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.04,0:06:46.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they have continuing education
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.08,0:06:49.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about how to best support\Nlactation and breastfeeding.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.84,0:06:52.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in order to have\Nthat continuing education,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.08,0:06:54.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we need to anchor it\Nto cutting-edge research
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.24,0:06:57.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in both the life sciences\Nand the social sciences,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.76,0:06:59.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we need to recognize
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.48,0:07:00.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that too often
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.64,0:07:05.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,historical traumas and implicit biases
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.08,0:07:08.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sit in the space between\Na new mother and her clinician.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.68,0:07:11.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The body is political.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.76,0:07:16.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If our breastfeeding support\Nis not intersectional,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.48,0:07:18.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's not good enough.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.12,0:07:22.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And for moms who have to return for work,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.12,0:07:27.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because countries like the United States\Ndo not provide paid parental leave,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.16,0:07:31.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they can have to go back in as short\Nas just a few days after giving birth.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.40,0:07:35.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do we optimize\Nmother and infant health
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.76,0:07:39.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just by messaging\Nabout breast milk to moms
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.12,0:07:41.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without providing\Nthe institutional support
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.92,0:07:44.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that facilitates\Nthat mother-infant bonding
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.60,0:07:46.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to support breastfeeding?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.68,0:07:48.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The answer is we can't.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.00,0:07:53.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm talking to you, legislators,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.48,0:07:55.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the voters who elect them.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.44,0:08:00.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm talking to you, job creators\Nand collective bargaining units,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.16,0:08:02.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and workers, and shareholders.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.36,0:08:07.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We all have a stake\Nin the public health of our community,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.32,0:08:10.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we all have a role\Nto play in achieving it.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.20,0:08:14.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Breast milk is a part\Nof improving human health.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.00,0:08:19.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the NICU, when infants are born\Nearly or sick or injured,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.04,0:08:22.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,milk or bioactive constituents in milk\Ncan be critically important.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.36,0:08:24.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Environments or ecologies,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.80,0:08:28.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or communities where there's\Nhigh risk of infectious disease,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.04,0:08:30.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,breast milk can be incredibly protective.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.52,0:08:34.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Where there are emergencies\Nlike storms and earthquakes,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.16,0:08:35.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when the electricity goes out,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.68,0:08:37.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when safe water is not available,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.68,0:08:40.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,breast milk can keep babies\Nfed and hydrated.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.36,0:08:45.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in the context of humanitarian crises,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.08,0:08:47.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like Syrian mothers fleeing war zones,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.24,0:08:53.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the smallest drops can buffer babies\Nfrom the biggest global challenges.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.48,0:09:00.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But understanding breast milk\Nis not just about messaging to mothers
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.24,0:09:01.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and policy makers.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.08,0:09:05.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's also about understanding\Nwhat is important in breast milk
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.20,0:09:07.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that we can deliver better formulas
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.00,0:09:11.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to moms who cannot or do not\Nbreastfeed for whatever reason.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.44,0:09:14.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can all do a better job
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.28,0:09:17.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of supporting the diversity\Nof moms raising their babies
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.60,0:09:19.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a diversity of ways.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.68,0:09:22.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As women around the world struggle
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.56,0:09:26.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to achieve political,\Nsocial and economic equality,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.24,0:09:28.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we must reimagine motherhood
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.80,0:09:34.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as not the central,\Ncore aspect of womanhood,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.04,0:09:38.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but one of the many potential facets\Nof what makes women awesome.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.08,0:09:40.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's time.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.04,0:09:43.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)