[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.74,0:00:04.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Have you ever heard the one\Nabout how breastfeeding is free?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.06,0:00:06.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laugther)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.49,0:00:09.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yeah, it's pretty funny
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.06,0:00:14.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it's only free if we don't value\Nwomen's time and energy.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.29,0:00:19.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Any mother can tell you\Nhow much time and energy it takes
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.100,0:00:22.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to liquify her body --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.04,0:00:24.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to literally dissolve herself --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.88,0:00:26.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.20,0:00:29.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as she feeds this precious\Nlittle cannibal.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.42,0:00:30.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.49,0:00:34.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Milk is why mammals suck.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.51,0:00:37.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At Arizona State University,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.69,0:00:39.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the Comparative Lactation Lab,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.63,0:00:42.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I decode mothers' milk composition
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.43,0:00:45.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to understand its complexity
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.38,0:00:48.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how it influcences infant development.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.96,0:00:52.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The most important thing that I've learned
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.15,0:00:57.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that we do not do enough\Nto support mothers and babies.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.85,0:01:00.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when we fail mothers and babies,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.22,0:01:04.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we fail everyone who loves\Nmothers and babies:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.40,0:01:07.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the fathers, the partners,\Nthe grandparents, the aunties,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.57,0:01:12.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the friends and kin that make\Nour human social networks.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.72,0:01:17.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's time that we abandon simple\Nsolutions and simple slogans,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.48,0:01:19.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and grapple with the nuance.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.42,0:01:22.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was very fortunate
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.13,0:01:25.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to run smack dab into\Nthat nuance very early,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.82,0:01:28.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,during my first interview\Nwith a journalist
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.86,0:01:30.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when she asked me,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.37,0:01:34.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"How long should a mother\Nbreastfeed her baby?"
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.17,0:01:41.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it was that word "should"\Nthat brought me up short,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.01,0:01:45.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because I will never tell a woman\Nwhat she should do with her body.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.94,0:01:48.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Babies survive and thrive
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.90,0:01:52.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because their mother's milk\Nis food, medicine and signal.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.41,0:01:54.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For young infants,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.93,0:01:56.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mother's milk is a complete diet
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.85,0:01:59.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that provides all the building\Nblocks for their bodies,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.46,0:02:00.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that shapes their brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.81,0:02:03.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and fuels all of their activity.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.55,0:02:06.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mother's milk also feeds the microbes
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.07,0:02:08.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are colonizing the infant's\Nintenstinal tract.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.08,0:02:10.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mothers aren't just eating for two,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.76,0:02:13.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're eating for two to the trillions.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.75,0:02:19.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Milk provides immunofactors\Nthat help fight pathogens,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.27,0:02:24.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and mother's milk provides hormones\Nthat signal to the infant's body.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.96,0:02:26.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in recent decades,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.54,0:02:28.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have come to take milk for granted.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.75,0:02:31.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We stopped seeing\Nsomething in plain sight.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.73,0:02:36.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We began to think of milk as standardized,\Nhomogonenized, pasturized,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.86,0:02:40.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,packaged, powdered, flavored\Nand formulated.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.84,0:02:43.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We abandoned the milk\Nof human kindness,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.28,0:02:45.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and turned our priorities elsewhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.76,0:02:50.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the National Institutes of Health\Nin Washinton DC
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.35,0:02:52.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the National Library of Medicine,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.80,0:02:55.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which contains 25 million articles --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.63,0:02:59.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the brain trust of life science\Nand biomedical research.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.21,0:03:03.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can use key words\Nto search that database,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.79,0:03:04.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when we do that,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.82,0:03:09.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we discover nearly a million\Narticles about pregnancy,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.03,0:03:12.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but far fewer about\Nbreast milk and lactation.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.99,0:03:17.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When we zoom in on the number of articles\Njust investigating breast milk,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.72,0:03:22.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we see that we know much more\Nabout coffee, wine and tomatoes.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.22,0:03:23.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.72,0:03:28.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We know over twice as much\Nabout erectile dysfunction.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.24,0:03:30.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.33,0:03:34.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm not saying we shouldn't\Nknow about those things --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.86,0:03:35.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm a scientist,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.87,0:03:37.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think we should know about everything.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.77,0:03:40.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that we know so much less --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.21,0:03:41.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.82,0:03:43.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about breast milk --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.36,0:03:46.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the first fluid a young mammal\Nis adapted to consume --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.18,0:03:47.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,should make us angry.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.22,0:03:52.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Globally, nine out of 10 women will\Nhave at least once child in her lifetime.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.72,0:03:56.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That means that nearly 130 million\Nbabies are born each year.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.19,0:04:00.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These mothers and babies\Ndeserve our best science.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.27,0:04:05.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Recent research has shown that milk\Ndoesn't just grow the body,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.11,0:04:08.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it fuels behavior and shapes\Nneurodevelopment.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.93,0:04:12.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 2015, researchers discovered
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.20,0:04:15.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the mixture of breast milk\Nand baby saliva --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.07,0:04:17.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,specifically, baby saliva --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.23,0:04:21.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,causes a chemical reaction\Nthat produces hydrogen peroxide
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.09,0:04:23.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can kill staph and salmonella.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.07,0:04:26.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And from humans\Nand other mammal species,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.43,0:04:29.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're starting to understand\Nthat the biological recipe of milk
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.81,0:04:33.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can be different when produced\Nfor sons or daughters.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.78,0:04:37.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When we reach for donor milk\Nin the neonatal intensive care unit,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.43,0:04:39.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or formula on the store shelf,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.48,0:04:42.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's nearly one-size-fits-all.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.14,0:04:46.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We aren't thinking about how sons\Nand daughters may grow at different rates,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.40,0:04:47.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or different ways,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.69,0:04:49.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that milk may be a part of that.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.41,0:04:52.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mothers have gotten the message,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.54,0:04:55.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the vast majority of mothers\Nintend to breastfeed,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.93,0:04:58.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but many do not reach\Ntheir breastfeeding goals.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.72,0:05:01.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is not their failure;
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.85,0:05:03.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's ours.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.07,0:05:08.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Increasingly common medical conditions\Nlike obesity, endocrine disorders,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.26,0:05:10.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,C-section and pre-term births
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.32,0:05:13.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all can disrupt the underlying\Nbiology of lactation.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.54,0:05:17.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And many women do not have\Nknowledgable clinical support.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.67,0:05:19.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,25 years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.42,0:05:23.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the World Health Organization\Nand Unicef established criteria
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.14,0:05:25.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for hospitals to be\Nconsidered baby friendly --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.76,0:05:29.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that provide the optimal level\Nof support for mother-infant bonding
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.50,0:05:31.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and infant feeding.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.57,0:05:35.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, only one-in-five babies\Nin the United States
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.15,0:05:37.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is born in a baby-friendly hospital.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.32,0:05:40.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a problem,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.90,0:05:43.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because mothers can grapple\Nwith many problems
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.76,0:05:47.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the minutes, hours, days\Nand weeks of lactation.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.62,0:05:50.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They can have struggles with\Nestablishing latch,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.32,0:05:51.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with pain,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.32,0:05:52.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with milk letdown,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.64,0:05:54.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and perceptions of milk supply.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.23,0:05:59.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These mothers deserve\Nknowledgable clinical staff
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.64,0:06:01.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that understand these processes.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.63,0:06:07.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mothers will call me as they're\Ngrappling with these struggles,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.07,0:06:10.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,crying with wobbly voices.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.65,0:06:13.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"It's not working.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.66,0:06:16.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is what I'm supposed to\Nnaturally be able to do,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.22,0:06:18.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why is it not working?"
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.48,0:06:22.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And just because something\Nis evolutionarliy ancient
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.12,0:06:25.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doesn't mean that it's easy\Nor that we're instantly good at it.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.75,0:06:28.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know what else\Nis evolutionarily ancient?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.70,0:06:31.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.32,0:06:33.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sex.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.75,0:06:36.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And nobody expects us\Nto start out being good at it.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.89,0:06:38.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.89,0:06:44.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Clinicians best deliver\Nquality equitable care
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.35,0:06:48.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they have continuing education\Nabout how to best support lactation
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.48,0:06:49.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and breastfeeding.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.06,0:06:52.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In order to have\Nthat continuing education,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.33,0:06:54.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we need to anchor it\Nto cutting-edge research
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.40,0:06:58.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in both the life sciences\Nand the social sciences,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.15,0:06:59.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we need to recognize
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.94,0:07:05.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that too often historical traumas\Nand implicit biases
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.49,0:07:09.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sit in the space between\Na new mother and her clinician.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.84,0:07:12.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The body is political.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.96,0:07:16.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If our breastfeeding support\Nis not intersectional,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.71,0:07:19.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's not good enough.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.52,0:07:22.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And for moms who have to return for work,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.49,0:07:27.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because countries like the United States\Ndo not provide paid parental leave,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.41,0:07:32.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they can have to go back in as short\Nas just a few days after giving birth.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.60,0:07:36.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do we optimize mother\Nand infant health
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.09,0:07:39.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just by messaging about\Nbreast milk to moms
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.45,0:07:42.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without providing\Nthe institutional support
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.24,0:07:44.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that facilitates\Nthat mother-infant bonding
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.98,0:07:46.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to support breastfeeding?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.89,0:07:49.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The answer is we can't.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.15,0:07:53.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm talking to you, legistlators,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.76,0:07:55.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the voters who elect them.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.58,0:08:00.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm talking to you, job creators,\Nand collective bargaining units,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.23,0:08:01.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and workers,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.51,0:08:03.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and shareholders.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.52,0:08:07.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We all have a stake in the public\Nhealth of our community,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.70,0:08:10.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we all have a role\Nto play in achieving it.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.33,0:08:14.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Breast milk is a part\Nof improving human health.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.28,0:08:19.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the NICU, when infants are born\Nearly or sick or injured,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.24,0:08:23.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,milk or bioactive constituents in milk\Ncan be critically important.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.55,0:08:25.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Environments or ecologies,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.12,0:08:28.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or communities where there's\Nhigh risk of infectious disease,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.23,0:08:30.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,breast milk can be incredibly protective.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.96,0:08:34.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Where there are emergencies\Nlike storms and earthquakes,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.52,0:08:35.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when the electricity goes out,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.99,0:08:38.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when safe water is not available,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.05,0:08:41.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,breast milk can keep babies\Nfed and hydrated.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.54,0:08:45.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in the context of humanitarian crises,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.50,0:08:48.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like Syrian mothers fleeing war zones,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.50,0:08:54.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the smallest drops can buffer babies\Nfrom the biggest global challenges.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.56,0:09:00.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But understanding breastmilk is not\Njust about messaging to mothers
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.40,0:09:01.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and policy makers.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.26,0:09:05.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's also about understanding\Nwhat is important in breast milk
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.53,0:09:08.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that we can deliver better formulas
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.38,0:09:12.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to moms who cannot or do not\Nbreastfeed for whatever reason.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.62,0:09:14.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can all do a better job
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.65,0:09:18.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of supporting the diversity\Nof moms raising their babies
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.04,0:09:20.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a diversity of ways.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.95,0:09:22.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As women around the world struggle
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.84,0:09:26.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to achieve political, social\Nand economic equality,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.63,0:09:29.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we must reimagine motherhood
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.01,0:09:34.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as not the central,\Ncore aspect of womanhood,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.42,0:09:39.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but one of the many potential facets\Nof what make women awesome.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.48,0:09:41.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's time.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.51,0:09:43.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)