[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.79,0:00:04.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Have you ever heard the one\Nabout how breastfeeding is free?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.07,0:00:06.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laugther)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.60,0:00:08.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yeah, it's pretty funny
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.18,0:00:14.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it's only free if we don't value\Nwomen's time and energy.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.34,0:00:19.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Any mother can tell you\Nhow much time and energy it takes
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.02,0:00:21.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to liquify her body --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.05,0:00:24.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to literally dissolve herself --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.86,0:00:26.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.31,0:00:29.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as she feeds this precious\Nlittle cannibal.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.40,0:00:30.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.62,0:00:34.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Milk is why mammals suck.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.62,0:00:37.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At Arizona State University,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.78,0:00:39.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the comparative lacation lab,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.67,0:00:42.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I decode mothers' milk composition
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.49,0:00:45.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to understand its complexity
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.38,0:00:47.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how it influcences infant development.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.96,0:00:51.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The most important thing that I've learned
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.20,0:00:57.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that we do not do enough\Nto support mothers and babies.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.100,0:01:00.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when we fail mothers and babies,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.26,0:01:04.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we fail everyone who loves\Nmothers and babies:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.56,0:01:07.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the fathers, the partners,\Nthe grandparents, the aunties,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.61,0:01:11.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the friends and kin that make\Nour human social networks.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.74,0:01:17.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's time that we abandon simple solutions\Nand simple slogans,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.58,0:01:19.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and grapple with the nuance.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.82,0:01:22.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was very fortunate
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.21,0:01:25.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to run smack dab into\Nthat nuance very early,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.54,0:01:28.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,during my first interview\Nwith a journalist
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.53,0:01:30.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when she asked me,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.40,0:01:33.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"How long should a mother\Nbreastfeed her baby?"
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.28,0:01:40.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it was that word "should"\Nthat brought me up short
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.08,0:01:45.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because I will never tell a woman\Nwhat she should do with her body.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.02,0:01:48.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Babies survive and thrive
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.08,0:01:53.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because their mother's milk\Nis food, medicine and signal.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.53,0:01:54.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For young infants,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.00,0:01:56.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mother's milk is a complete diet
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.96,0:01:59.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that provides all the building\Nblocks for their bodies,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.54,0:02:00.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that shapes their brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.85,0:02:03.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and fuels all of their activity.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.55,0:02:06.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mother's milk also feeds the microbes
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.26,0:02:08.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are colonizing the infant's\Nintenstinal tract.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.08,0:02:10.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mothers aren't just eating for two;
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.79,0:02:13.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're eating for two to the trillions.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.75,0:02:19.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Milk provides immunofactors\Nthat help fight pathogens,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.49,0:02:24.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and mother's milk provides hormones\Nthat signal to the infant's body.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.06,0:02:26.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in recent decades,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.85,0:02:28.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have come to take milk for granted.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.97,0:02:31.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We stopped seeing\Nsomething in plain sight.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.81,0:02:36.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We began to think of milk as standardized,\Nhomogonenized, pasturized,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.94,0:02:40.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,packaged, powdered, flavored\Nand formulated.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.100,0:02:43.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We abandoned the milk\Nof human kindness,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.35,0:02:45.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and turned our priorities elsewhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.76,0:02:50.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the National Institutes of Health\Nin Washinton D.C.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.54,0:02:52.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the National Library of Medicine,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.84,0:02:55.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which contains 25 million articles --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.65,0:03:00.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the brain trust of life science\Nand biomedical research.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.39,0:03:03.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we can use key words\Nto search that database,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.90,0:03:04.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when we do that,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.88,0:03:08.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we discover nearly a million\Narticles about pregnancy,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.06,0:03:12.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but far fewer about\Nbreast milk and lactation.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.10,0:03:17.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When we zoom in on the number\Nof articles just investigating breast milk
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.88,0:03:21.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we see that we know much more\Nabout coffee, wine and tomatoes.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.27,0:03:23.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.80,0:03:28.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We know over twice as much\Nabout erectile dysfunction.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.38,0:03:30.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.47,0:03:34.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'm not saying we shouldn't\Nknow about those things --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.39,0:03:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm a scientist,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.20,0:03:37.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think we should know about everything.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.67,0:03:40.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that we know so much less --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.38,0:03:41.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.15,0:03:43.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about breast milk --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.42,0:03:46.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the first fluid a young mammal\Nis adapted to consume --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.21,0:03:47.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,should make us angry.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.27,0:03:52.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Globally, nine out of 10 women will\Nhave at least once child in her lifetime.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.81,0:03:57.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That means that nearly 130 million\Nbabies are born each year.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.24,0:04:00.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These mothers and babies\Ndeserve our best science.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.85,0:04:05.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Recent research has shown that milk\Ndoesn't just grow the body,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.23,0:04:08.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it fuels behavior and shapes\Nneurodevelopment.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.06,0:04:13.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 2015, researchers discovered\Nthat mixture of breast milk
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.74,0:04:15.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and baby saliva --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.35,0:04:17.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,specifically, baby saliva --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.39,0:04:20.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,causes a chemical reaction\Nthat produces hydrogen peroxide
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.16,0:04:23.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can kill Staff and Salmonella.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.18,0:04:26.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And from humans\Nand other mammal species,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.48,0:04:29.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're starting to understand\Nthat the biological recipe of milk
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.100,0:04:33.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can be different when produced\Nfor sons or daughters.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.89,0:04:37.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When we reach for donor milk\Nin the neonatal intensive care unit,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.40,0:04:39.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or formula on the store shelf,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.61,0:04:41.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's nearly one-size-fits-all.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.17,0:04:46.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We aren't thinking about how sons\Nand daughters may grow at different rates
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.59,0:04:47.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or different ways,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.86,0:04:49.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that milk may be a part of that.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.50,0:04:52.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mothers have gotten the message,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.68,0:04:55.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the vast majority of mothers\Nintend to breastfeed,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.05,0:04:58.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but many do not reach\Ntheir breastfeeding goals.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.76,0:05:01.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is not their failure;
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.96,0:05:03.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's ours.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.07,0:05:08.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Increasingly common medical conditions\Nlike obesity, endocrine disorders,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.26,0:05:10.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,C-section and pre-term births
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.44,0:05:13.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all can disrupt the underlying\Nbiology of lactation.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.63,0:05:17.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And many women do not have\Nknowledgable clinical support.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.77,0:05:19.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,25 years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.48,0:05:23.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the World Health Organization\Nand Unicef established criteria
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.25,0:05:25.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for hospitals to be\Nconsidered baby friendly --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.86,0:05:29.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that provide the optimal level\Nof support for mother-infant bonding
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.58,0:05:31.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and infant feeding.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.71,0:05:35.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, only one-in-five babies\Nin the United States
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.15,0:05:37.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is born in a baby-friendly hospital.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.41,0:05:40.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a problem,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.96,0:05:43.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because mothers can grapple\Nwith many problems
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.82,0:05:47.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the minutes, hours, days\Nand weeks of lactation.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.69,0:05:50.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They can have struggles with\Nestablishing latch,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.40,0:05:51.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with pain,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.39,0:05:52.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with milk letdown,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.60,0:05:54.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and perceptions of milk supply.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.30,0:05:59.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These mothers deserve\Nknowledgable clinical staff
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.81,0:06:01.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that understand these processes.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.81,0:06:06.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mothers will call me as they're\Ngrappling with these struggles,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.17,0:06:09.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,crying with wobbly voices.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.65,0:06:13.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"It's not working.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.67,0:06:16.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is what I'm supposed to\Nnaturally be able to do,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.36,0:06:17.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why is it not working?"
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.59,0:06:22.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And just because something\Nis evolutionarliy ancient
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.23,0:06:25.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doesn't mean that it's easy\Nor that we're instantly good at it.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.87,0:06:28.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know what else\Nis evolutionarily ancient?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.70,0:06:31.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.48,0:06:33.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sex.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.90,0:06:36.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And nobody expects us\Nto start out being good at it.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.93,0:06:38.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.89,0:06:44.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Clinicians best deliever quality\Nequitable care
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.53,0:06:48.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they have continuing education\Nabout how to best support lactation
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.60,0:06:49.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and breastfeeding.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.20,0:06:52.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In order to have\Nthat continuing education,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.40,0:06:54.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we need to anchor it\Nto cutting-edge research
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.38,0:06:58.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in both the life sciences\Nand the social sciences,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.21,0:07:03.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we need to recognize\Nthat too often historical traumas
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.99,0:07:05.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and implicit biases
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.33,0:07:09.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sit in the space between a new\Nmother and her clinician.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.94,0:07:11.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The body is political.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.04,0:07:16.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If our breastfeeding support\Nis not intersectional,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.83,0:07:19.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's not good enough.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.52,0:07:22.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And for moms who have to return for work,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.66,0:07:27.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because countries like the United States\Ndo not provide paid parental leave,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.56,0:07:31.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they can have to go back in as short\Nas just a few days after giving birth.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.72,0:07:35.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do we optimize mother\Nand infant health
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.13,0:07:39.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just by messaging about\Nbreast milk to moms
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.56,0:07:42.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without providing\Nthe institutional support
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.32,0:07:45.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that facilitates\Nthat mother-infant bonding
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.42,0:07:46.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to support breastfeeding?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.04,0:07:49.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The answer is we can't.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.15,0:07:53.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm talking to you, legistlators,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.90,0:07:55.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the voters who elect them.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.68,0:08:00.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm talking to you, job creators,\Nand collective bargaining units,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.47,0:08:01.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and workers,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.64,0:08:02.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and shareholders.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.62,0:08:07.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We all have a stake in the public\Nhealth of our community,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.77,0:08:10.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we all have a role\Nto play in achieving it.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.49,0:08:14.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Breast milk is a part\Nof improving human health.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.28,0:08:19.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the NICU, when infants are born\Nearly or sick or injured,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.22,0:08:23.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,milk or bioactive constituents in milk\Ncan be critically important.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.73,0:08:25.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Environments or ecologies,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.20,0:08:28.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or communities where there's\Nhigh risk of infectious disease,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.43,0:08:30.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,breastmilk can be incredibly protective.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.01,0:08:34.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Where there are emergencies\Nlike storms and earthquakes,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.56,0:08:35.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when the electricity goes out,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.09,0:08:37.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when safe water is not available,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.13,0:08:41.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,breast milk can keep babies\Nfed and hydrated.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.61,0:08:45.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in the context of humanitarian crises,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.56,0:08:48.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like Syrian mothers fleeing war zones,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.74,0:08:54.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the smallest drops can buffer babies\Nfrom the biggest global challenges.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.74,0:09:00.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But understanding breastmilk is not\Njust about messaging to mothers
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.46,0:09:02.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and policy makers.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.40,0:09:05.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's also about understanding what\Nis important in breastmilk
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.62,0:09:08.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that we can deliver better formulas
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.41,0:09:12.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to moms who cannot or do not\Nbreastfeed for whatever reason.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.68,0:09:14.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can all do a better job
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.71,0:09:17.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of supporting the diversity\Nof moms raising their babies
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.10,0:09:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a diversity of ways.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.21,0:09:22.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As women around the world struggle
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.99,0:09:26.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to achieve political, social\Nand economic equality,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.68,0:09:29.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we must reimagine motherhood
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.23,0:09:34.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as not the central\Ncore aspect of womanhood,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.52,0:09:39.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but one of the many potential facets\Nof what makes women awesome.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.64,0:09:41.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's time.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.79,0:09:43.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)