[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.29,0:00:04.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hi, I’m Clint Smith, and this is Crash Course\NBlack American History.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.08,0:00:10.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the start of the Reconstruction era, the\Ncountry had been at war for 4 years and over
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.03,0:00:13.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,700,000 people had lost their lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.14,0:00:20.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1865, 700,000 lives was roughly 2% of the\Nentire population of the country.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.17,0:00:24.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,2% of the current US population, is over 6\Nmillion people.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.61,0:00:26.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It’s a staggering amount of death.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.91,0:00:32.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And after all of that death and destruction,\Nthe US had to figure out a way to put itself
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.37,0:00:33.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,back together.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.39,0:00:38.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It had to grapple with what it meant for the\NUnited States to be a country in which Black
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.14,0:00:45.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people were not enslaved, something the country\Nhad quite literally never encountered before.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.60,0:00:47.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was new territory.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.18,0:00:55.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After generations upon generations upon generations\Nof chattel slavery, Black folks were free.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.79,0:00:57.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what would that freedom look like?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.17,0:01:02.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Would they be given the tools, the skills,\Nthe education, and the resources to turn this
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.99,0:01:08.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,freedom into something, or would this freedom\Nhave an asterisk by it?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.08,0:01:11.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let’s find out.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.58,0:01:21.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,INTRO\NIn short, Reconstruction was a period following
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.21,0:01:29.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Civil War that lasted from 1865 to 1877\N(though some scholars argue it began in 1863
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.07,0:01:30.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the Emancipation Proclamation).
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.93,0:01:35.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,During this time the country was attempting\Nto remake itself through a series of provisions,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.84,0:01:41.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,programs, and amendments that were, ostensibly,\Nmeant to ensure that Black people had civil
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.71,0:01:42.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rights.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.71,0:01:44.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this was easier said than done.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.51,0:01:49.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have to remember that just because the\NConfederates lost the war on the battlefield,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.15,0:01:53.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doesn’t mean that their opinions changed\Nabout who Black people were and where they
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.80,0:01:55.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,belonged in the social hierarchy.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.68,0:02:03.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,W.E.B Du Bois, described this period as a\Nmoment where "...the slave went free; stood
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.01,0:02:07.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a brief moment in the sun; then moved back\Nagain toward slavery."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.08,0:02:09.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let’s go to the Thought Bubble.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.26,0:02:14.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the immediate aftermath of the Civil War,\Nthere was a glimmer of hope for what a new,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.03,0:02:16.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more egalitarian society might look like.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.76,0:02:19.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Black people in the South had the Federal\NGovernment on their side.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.92,0:02:25.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the idea was that the federal government\Nwould intervene to ensure that Black Americans
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.51,0:02:30.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could transition into life as citizens as\Nsafely and efficiently as possible.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.61,0:02:37.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The thing is, emancipation fundamentally restructured\NSouthern life for both freed people and white
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.19,0:02:38.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Southerners.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.19,0:02:44.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The former planters and enslavers lost their\Nsource of labor and sometimes even their land.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.44,0:02:49.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,During the Civil War, Union General William\NT. Sherman’s March to the Sea, a 285-mile
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.70,0:02:55.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trek through Georgia from Atlanta to Savannah,\Nleft a large portion of the state burned to
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.34,0:03:00.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the ground and devastated by his scorched\Nearth, total war approach.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.58,0:03:06.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Planters and confederate soldiers fled during\Nthe rampage, leaving a lot of land empty and
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.62,0:03:07.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,untended.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.62,0:03:11.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sherman intended to parcel out this land to\Nformerly enslaved people in Sherman’s Field
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.97,0:03:13.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Order No. 15.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.31,0:03:19.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is where the famous 40 acres and a mule\Nidea came from (though mules weren’t initially
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.01,0:03:20.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,part of it).
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.25,0:03:25.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sherman believed that redistributing the land\Nwas important because it both punished Confederate
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.31,0:03:30.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,land-owners for their role in starting and\Nsustaining the Civil War while also providing
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.31,0:03:35.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,newly freed Black people with the land and\Nresources they needed to begin a new life
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.99,0:03:37.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in this post-emancipation South.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.65,0:03:39.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thanks Thought Bubble.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.06,0:03:44.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Five days after Robert E. Lee surrendered\Nto Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox, effectively
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.17,0:03:48.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ending the Civil War, Abraham Lincoln was\Nassassinated.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.57,0:03:54.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Andrew Johnson, Lincoln’s vice-president,\Na Democrat, and a former enslaver, became
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.03,0:03:55.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the new president.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.44,0:04:00.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Johnson believed the opposite of what General\NSherman proposed, instead of taking land from
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.48,0:04:06.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,former Confederates and giving it to the freedman,\NJohnson believed in pardoning Confederates,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.05,0:04:10.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,letting them back into the union and into\Ngovernment without asking them for basically...anything.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.35,0:04:17.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Johnson’s views were at odds with Congress,\Nwhich following the election of 1866, was
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.50,0:04:22.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,controlled by the Republicans, who were at\Nthat time the party of the left, and who had
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.39,0:04:27.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a large enough majority to pass legislation\Nand even override Johnson’s veto.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.81,0:04:33.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These “Radical Republicans” as they were\Nknown, led by Thaddeus Stevens, even impeached
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.32,0:04:37.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Johnson, though he avoided conviction by a\Nsingle vote in the Senate.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.94,0:04:43.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Reconstruction Amendments (the 13th, 14th,\Nand 15th Amendments to the U.S. Constitution)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.70,0:04:47.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were passed to establish Black Americans'\Nlegal protections.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.53,0:04:53.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The 13th Amendment of 1865 formally abolished\Nslavery across the whole of the United States.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.76,0:04:58.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many people get that confused with the Emancipation\NProclamation, but the proclamation, if you
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.98,0:05:02.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,remember, only freed enslaved people in the\Nrebelling states.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.69,0:05:07.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,HOWEVER, it's super important to note a particular\Nclause in the 13th Amendment.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.26,0:05:13.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The legislation reads: "Neither slavery nor\Ninvoluntary servitude, EXCEPT as a punishment
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.41,0:05:17.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for crime...shall exist within the United\NStates."
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.15,0:05:24.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in fact, unpaid and underpaid labor remains\Na frequently criticized aspect of mass incarceration
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.30,0:05:25.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,today.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.30,0:05:29.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The 14th Amendment was adopted in 1868, and\Naddressed citizenship.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.62,0:05:36.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It reads, "All persons born or naturalized\Nin the United States, ... are citizens of
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.24,0:05:37.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the United States."
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.24,0:05:43.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It also says, "No state shall make or enforce\Nany law which shall abridge the [rights] of
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.11,0:05:48.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,citizens of the United States ...nor deny\Nto any person within its jurisdiction the
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.17,0:05:51.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,equal protection of the laws.”
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.25,0:05:56.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Seems pretty straightforward on paper, but\Nthis amendment has not always been equally
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.16,0:05:58.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,enforced, to say the least.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.90,0:06:04.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Black people’s rights were definitely abridged\Nover time, and in many places these rights
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.48,0:06:07.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were completely, and violently, subverted.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.65,0:06:13.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Last but not least: The 15th Amendment, passed\Nin 1870.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.41,0:06:17.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This one gave Black men, though not women,\Nthe right to vote.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.05,0:06:23.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It reads: "The right of citizens of the United\NStates to vote shall not be denied or abridged
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.84,0:06:30.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the United States or by any State on account\Nof race, color, or previous condition of servitude."
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.69,0:06:35.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In order to enforce the three Amendments and\Nprotect Black people's rights, the Freedmen's
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.55,0:06:40.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bureau, a coalition of northern officials\Nand Union Soldiers, was set up throughout
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.48,0:06:41.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the South.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.69,0:06:47.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many southern states hated the idea of formerly\Nenslaved people having these rights, and having
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.39,0:06:52.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,federal troops down there seemed like the\Nonly way to make sure these rights were protected.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.88,0:06:58.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Freedmen's Bureau was tasked with helping\Nnewly freed Black people make a life for themselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.65,0:07:03.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they had a few ways of doing this:\NThey legally recognized marriages between
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.45,0:07:05.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,formerly enslaved people.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.38,0:07:11.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Before, many enslaved people would have unofficial\Nceremonies, so actions like “jumping the
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.01,0:07:15.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,broom” would be the only signifiers of lifelong\Ncommitment.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.04,0:07:19.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, as citizens, states would recognize their\Nmarriage.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.83,0:07:25.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Additionally, the Bureau helped to reunite\Nfamilies who had been separated during slavery.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.04,0:07:30.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which over the course of 250 years had split\Napart millions of people.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.04,0:07:35.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, post emancipation, the Bureau took testimonies\Nof enslaved people and checked records of
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.45,0:07:38.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,relocated individuals to bring families back\Ntogether.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.29,0:07:44.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in one of its main roles, securing work\Ncontracts, the Bureau proved to be… not
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.53,0:07:45.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so great.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.53,0:07:51.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many Black Americans were forced into contracts\Nto become sharecroppers or tenant farmers,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.23,0:07:56.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is to say they would grow crops for\Na landowner in exchange for room and board.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.87,0:08:01.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So while they were allowed to keep some of\Ntheir crops for themselves, technically, they
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.53,0:08:06.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,weren’t paid a wage or salary for their\Nwork, and many of them were pushed right back
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.09,0:08:11.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into the clutches of the enslavers they had\Nseemingly just escaped.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.20,0:08:15.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Additionally, the Freedman’s Savings Bank,\Nwhich was ostensibly created to help the formerly
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.80,0:08:21.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,enslaved after emancipation, shut down within\Nless than a decade and the money of tens of
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.31,0:08:27.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thousands of depositors equaling nearly 3\Nmillion dollars essentially disappeared.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.84,0:08:32.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,More than half of the accumulated black wealth\Nby 1874 disappeared through the mismanagement
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.78,0:08:36.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the Freedmen’s Savings Bank.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.11,0:08:37.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just gone.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.77,0:08:42.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Still, the Bureau did a pretty good job in\Nassisting Black Americans in their pursuit
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.54,0:08:46.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of formal education, something that Black\Npeople had been advocating as central to the
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.96,0:08:49.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,possibility of upward mobility.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.93,0:08:54.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Historian James D. Anderson argues that the\Nfreed slaves were the first Southerners "to
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.77,0:08:58.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,campaign for universal, state-supported public\Neducation."
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.01,0:09:02.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Freedman’s Bureau helped set up schools\Nfor Black people of all ages.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.79,0:09:07.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,According to historian James McPherson, by\N1870, there were more than 1,000 schools for
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.95,0:09:10.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,freedmen in the South.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.03,0:09:13.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bureau initiatives also allowed African Americans\Nto gain political power.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.81,0:09:18.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,An important outgrowth of the 15th Amendment\Nwas an influential Black voting bloc that
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.98,0:09:20.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,translated into real political power.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.81,0:09:26.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the years following the Civil War leading\Nto the turn of the century, twenty-two Black
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.15,0:09:32.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people were elected to Congress, two of which\Nwere Senators: Hiram Revels and Blanche Kelso
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.10,0:09:34.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bruce from Mississippi.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.67,0:09:36.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it wasn’t just nationally.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.10,0:09:40.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Black people were voted into office in state\Nlegislatures across the South.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.44,0:09:46.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,According to McPherson, at the beginning of\N1867, no African American in the South held
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.74,0:09:52.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,political office, but within just a few years\N"about 15 percent of the officeholders in
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.20,0:09:57.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the South were Black—a larger proportion\Nthan in 1990".
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.69,0:10:02.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many of these newly elected politicians had\Nbeen soldiers in the Union army.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.17,0:10:07.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,According to historian Eric Foner, "for black\Nsoldiers, military service meant more than
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.23,0:10:12.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the opportunity to help save the Union, more\Neven than their freedom and the destruction
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.54,0:10:14.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of slavery as an institution.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.60,0:10:20.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For men of talent and ambition, the army flung\Nopen the door to advancement and respectability.”
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.89,0:10:25.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the main subjects of conversation among\Nnew Black politicians surrounded the 14th
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.24,0:10:31.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and 15th Amendments to the U.S. Constitution\Nand whether there was room for women in politics.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.16,0:10:35.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,According to Historian Martha Jones, "Black\Nwomen moved in from the margins during this
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.25,0:10:40.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,debate...They insisted that an intersectional\Nanalysis, one that simultaneously took up
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.58,0:10:46.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,race and gender, was required if organizations\Nsuch as the Equal Rights Association expected
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.33,0:10:49.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to move forward in the postemancipation era."
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.43,0:10:55.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was clear that Black women existing at,\Nin Jones’s words, "the nexus of sex and
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.58,0:11:00.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,color" had a unique perspective and set of\Nexperiences, that were making clear that Black
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.24,0:11:04.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,freedom should include freedom for all, Black\Npeople, not just the men.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.81,0:11:11.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As Black education and political power flourished\Nin the late 1860s and early 1870s, African
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.11,0:11:13.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Americans faced white supremacist opposition.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.44,0:11:18.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Much of this violence was tied to the formation\Nof the Ku Klux Klan, led by former Confederate
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.84,0:11:23.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,general Nathan Bedford Forrest who served\Nas the first Grand Wizard of the organization
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.66,0:11:30.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from 1867 to 1869, before Ulysses S. Grant\Nled an effort that largely wiped them out
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.44,0:11:34.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by 1872… at least temporarily.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.90,0:11:38.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And even though the organization of the Klan\Nwas gone, for the moment, violence against
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.96,0:11:43.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Black people was still growing.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.36,0:11:45.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The presidential election of 1876 was tenuous.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.62,0:11:52.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Democrat Samuel Tilden of New York earned\N184 electoral votes, which was one less than
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.60,0:11:53.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,required.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.62,0:11:58.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Republican Rutherford B. Hayes of Ohio got\N165.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.04,0:12:04.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, election results in Louisiana, Florida,\Nand South Carolina were disputed.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.17,0:12:10.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alongside an elector issue in Oregon, these\N20 Electoral Votes would decide the election.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.31,0:12:16.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In what became known as the Compromise of\N1877, Hayes was elected president on the condition
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.64,0:12:20.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the remaining Union soldiers would be\Nwithdrawn from the South.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.59,0:12:25.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This meant that there was no more federal\Nprotection for Black Americans in the South.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.41,0:12:29.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Millions of Black people now felt completely\Nand thoroughly abandoned.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.100,0:12:35.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the end of the 19th century, 2,500 Black\Npeople would be lynched throughout the South,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.51,0:12:40.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more than a hundred Black men and women per\Nyear.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.03,0:12:45.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sometimes people say that Reconstruction failed,\Nbut it would be more accurate to say that
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.55,0:12:47.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was violently overthrown.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.69,0:12:51.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It did not fail to succeed because Black people\Nwere incapable of governance, as some 20th
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.98,0:12:56.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,century historians and famous films like The\NBirth of a Nation seemed to suggest, it failed
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.37,0:13:02.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to succeed because white southerners did everything\Nthey could to thwart Black mobility and opportunity.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.70,0:13:09.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The US could have gone in a different direction,\Nit could have provided land, resources, and
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.36,0:13:14.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,opportunity to millions of Black people to\Nbegin to build a life for themselves after
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.56,0:13:20.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,250 years of bondage, some resources that\Nwould have at least attempted to account for
Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.38,0:13:24.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the generations of exploitation that Black\Npeople suffered in this country.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.89,0:13:31.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But a different choice was made, and we’re\Nstill feeling the impact of that today.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.98,0:13:35.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thanks for watching, I’ll see you next time.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.15,0:13:38.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Crash Course is made with the help of all\Nthese nice people and our animation team is
Dialogue: 0,0:13:38.100,0:13:40.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thought Cafe.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.18,0:13:42.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Crash Course is a Complexly production.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.04,0:13:46.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you’d like to keep Crash Course free\Nfor everybody, forever, you can support the
Dialogue: 0,0:13:46.37,0:13:52.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,series at Patreon; a crowdfunding platform\Nthat allows you to support the content you
Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.08,0:13:53.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,love.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.08,0:13:55.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you to all of our patrons for making\NCrash Course possible with their continued
Dialogue: 0,0:13:55.33,0:13:55.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,support.