[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.89,0:00:04.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[dramatic music]
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.41,0:00:12.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Athens, Greece.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.03,0:00:17.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A city alive with commerce and culture.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.96,0:00:23.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is also a city of faith—\NGreek Orthodox faith,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.20,0:00:25.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,part of the great eastern\Narm of Christianity.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.61,0:00:27.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[man singing]
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.28,0:00:35.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there was another world\Nhere once, of which only
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.49,0:00:40.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tantalizing fragments remain.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.83,0:00:43.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those who reach back\Nthrough time, both above
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.52,0:00:49.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ground and below, are in search\Nof a world that was equally alive
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.07,0:00:51.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and equally devout:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.20,0:00:54.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The world of the Ancient Greeks.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.40,0:01:01.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It still speaks to us today through one of\Nits legacies, Greek mythology.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.32,0:01:08.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was populated by many gods and\Ngoddesses, each with certain powers
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.10,0:01:11.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the world and each\Nwith a story of their own.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.37,0:01:13.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[mysterious music]
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.25,0:01:17.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For tens of thousands of years,\Npredating biblical times,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.95,0:01:22.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,accounts of the gods and their doings were\Npassed down by storytellers.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.11,0:01:29.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[King Constantine] It is extremely\Nhard, but one tries to fantasize of
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.01,0:01:31.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what was it like in those days.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.72,0:01:36.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think favored stories of gods,\Nuh, must have been,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.50,0:01:42.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thinking back, what did a child think\Nand was impressed about was, how did
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.61,0:01:46.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Zeus give birth to Athena\Nfrom a headache?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.28,0:01:50.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Apollo, who was a very wise young man,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.09,0:01:56.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who then developed into being the god\Nof order, of music, of arts.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.23,0:02:02.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Poseidon, who created storms\Nwhen he was angry.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.04,0:02:03.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Athena, who was the protector
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.68,0:02:08.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of our capital city and was in favor of peace.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.88,0:02:15.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] Presiding over all was Zeus,\Ngod of the sky, god of thunder.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.75,0:02:17.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[thunder]
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.46,0:02:21.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Thomas F. Scanlon] Zeus is a sky god\Nand you're in the domain
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.11,0:02:24.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of Zeus when you're out there in nature.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.39,0:02:27.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Zeus had some control over whether you
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.33,0:02:31.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had a good day or a bad day\Nand a good life or a bad life.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.56,0:02:33.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He had two jars on
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.79,0:02:40.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the door sill and there was a jar of good\Nand a jar of evil, and to each man,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.03,0:02:44.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Zeus would pour out a portion\Nof good and a portion of evil.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.67,0:02:51.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] There was Aphrodite and Artemis,\Ntwo sides of the same coin.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.45,0:02:56.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Aphrodite, and what\Nis she the goddess of?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.43,0:03:03.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Um, she is the goddess of\Nsexuality—female sexuality.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.85,0:03:06.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She's the goddess of beauty.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.18,0:03:10.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She's associated with\Nlots of fertility issues.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.12,0:03:12.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have Artemis on the other side,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.08,0:03:15.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Artemis who is this chaste, chaste virgin.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.35,0:03:21.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] And Apollo, who, like all the\Ngods and goddesses of Ancient Greece,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.06,0:03:22.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had more than one power.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.28,0:03:28.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Richard Martin] He is the organizer,\Nthe civilizer, he's the one who
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.37,0:03:33.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,brings roads to places where\Nthere were never roads before.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.22,0:03:34.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's the one who heals,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.50,0:03:36.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but he also can bring plague.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.33,0:03:37.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is something that happens in the
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.36,0:03:39.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,case of many Greek gods.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.03,0:03:41.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If they can cause something,\Nthey can also stop it.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.08,0:03:48.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was a god—I heard\Nit most brilliantly put—a god of
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.11,0:03:53.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,distance, and therefore he would deal with\Npeople not face to face and hand to hand.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.60,0:03:58.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was better at shooting his bow and\Nkilling people from a very far-off
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.20,0:04:04.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,distance, and therefore his loves, perhaps,\Nare best kept at a distance too.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.98,0:04:09.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] These gods and goddesses\Nevolved as the Ancient Greeks sought
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.31,0:04:14.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to find meaning, and perhaps faith,\Nin an often challenging world.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.53,0:04:16.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[mysterious music]
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.23,0:04:21.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Their stories were embellished\Nand changed over time as
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.26,0:04:24.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,different civilizations came into contact\Nwith Ancient Greece.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.87,0:04:33.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Christina Sorum] Greece has been\Ninhabited since about 70,000 BCE, and
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.50,0:04:38.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there were invasions of people from\Nthe Middle East and from the north,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.46,0:04:46.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and each invasion led to—not another set\Nof divinities—but further layers of
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.71,0:04:49.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,divinity added to the existing divinities.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.99,0:04:54.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So Greek gods are a real amalgam of
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.12,0:04:57.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,multiple cultures, cultures\Nof the Middle East mostly.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.57,0:05:05.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Thomas F. Scanlon] The Greek gods were\Nof such diversity that they are unlike any—
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.33,0:05:09.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,many of the other gods from around the\NMediterranean, because they
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.45,0:05:14.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,incorporated elements of a lot of different\Npeoples around them, and they
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.02,0:05:19.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,don't clearly match a lot of the other peoples,\Nsay, in Celtic or Italian religions.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.92,0:05:25.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] These stories were passed\Ndown through oral tradition, but
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.65,0:05:32.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sometime around 750 BC, they were collected,\Norganized and written down.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.68,0:05:37.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Although scholars debate whether one author\Nor many authors were involved
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.56,0:05:44.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in this effort, the popular belief is that\Nthere was just one—Homer.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.54,0:05:49.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Thomas F. Scanlon] As far as we know,\Nthe real crystallization of Greek
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.69,0:05:54.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mythology was around the\Ntime of Homer, 750 BC.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.87,0:05:57.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And with Homer, we find the
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.80,0:06:02.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,creation of Greek mythology\Nand the creation of the gods.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.73,0:06:06.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Homer gave the Greeks their gods.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.41,0:06:10.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Homer was effectively the closest thing the\NGreeks had to a bible.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.93,0:06:17.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] In the beginning, Homer tells\Nus, there was Okeanos, a spirit in
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.11,0:06:24.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the form of a great, circular, endless river\Nflowing eternally back upon itself.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.63,0:06:31.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was another presence too—\NTethys, sometimes called the first mother.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.77,0:06:35.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When they finally mated, they began the line\Nof descent, which eventually
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.86,0:06:39.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,produced the gods and\Ngoddesses of the Ancient Greeks.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.92,0:06:42.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[peaceful music]
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.35,0:06:46.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some 50 years after Homer,\Nthe poet Hesiod composes
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.63,0:06:52.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the {\i1}Theogony{\i0}, in which he too\Ndescribes the creation of the gods.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.97,0:06:56.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But according to Hesiod,\Nthe world began differently.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.16,0:06:57.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First, there was a
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.16,0:07:03.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,supernatural presence called Chaos,\Nby which Hesiod means emptiness,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.49,0:07:04.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not disorder.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.89,0:07:12.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Christina Sorum] Once upon a time, there\Nwas Chaos, and after Chaos there
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.83,0:07:17.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was a goddess called Gaia, "earth."
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.95,0:07:22.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Gaia slept with—married, mated—
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.68,0:07:24.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Uranus, "heavens."
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.66,0:07:28.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] Uranus, however,\Ndid not want children.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.65,0:07:30.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He felt threatened by
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.05,0:07:32.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,them and kept them from being born.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.03,0:07:33.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[dramatic music]
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.85,0:07:39.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Gaia conspires with Cronus,\None of her unborn children, who
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.07,0:07:43.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,castrates his father, presumably\Nfrom within his mother's womb.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.74,0:07:46.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[dramatic music]
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.22,0:07:51.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Uranus' severed genitals fall\Ninto the sea, from which a
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.05,0:07:58.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,surprising entity emerges:\NAphrodite, goddess of love.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.90,0:07:59.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These stories make up
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.90,0:08:04.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what is known as Greek mythology, derived\Nfrom the Greek word "mythos."
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.82,0:08:11.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It implies something untrue, but for the\NAncient Greeks, these stories were a matter
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.01,0:08:12.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of faith.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.27,0:08:16.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They helped explain how and\Nwhy the world works as it does.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.89,0:08:22.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Thomas F. Scanlon] Interestingly, love\Nand war, or violence and sex, are
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.59,0:08:27.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,deeply connected in Greek mythology, and not\Nonly in Greek mythology but in
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.14,0:08:29.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a number of mythologies.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.30,0:08:33.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why are these two things deeply connected?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.02,0:08:39.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think that the ancient peoples, and certainly\Nthe Greeks, felt that deeply passionate
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.89,0:08:47.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,feelings were somehow connected in the human\Nmind and in the human emotions.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.04,0:08:54.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is, great desires and great fears or\Ngreat hatreds were somehow linked.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.51,0:08:58.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] In this way, the stories and\Ncharacters of Greek mythology had
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.92,0:09:00.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,real-life application.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.08,0:09:02.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[dramatic music]
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.63,0:09:06.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hesiod's creation story goes\Non to tell how Cronus frees his
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.48,0:09:09.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,brothers and sisters from Gaia's womb.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.40,0:09:12.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These beings would be known as the
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.88,0:09:18.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Titans, born only after their\Nfather has been castrated.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.92,0:09:20.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The theme of conflict
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.38,0:09:26.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between father and son continues as Cronus\Nhimself now kills his own children.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.23,0:09:30.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Christina Sorum] Cronus married Rhea.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.39,0:09:32.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every time Rhea gave birth, he'd
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.04,0:09:34.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,swallow the children.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.05,0:09:38.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rhea desperately wanted to\Nhave some children, and so
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.62,0:09:43.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she took one baby, Zeus, when he was born,\Nand wrapped him up and hid him in
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.47,0:09:49.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a cave in Crete to be raised, and gave Cronus\Na stone wrapped up in swaddling
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.71,0:09:54.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,clothes that he swallowed, so that he\Nthought he was swallowing the baby.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.70,0:10:00.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, Zeus grew up, came attacked his father,\Nand all the children emerged,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.84,0:10:06.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and those were the beginnings\Nof the Olympian gods.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.45,0:10:11.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] Zeus retrieves the rock with\Nwhich his mother deceived his father.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.27,0:10:17.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It can be seen even now at\Nthe sacred shrine of Delphi.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.18,0:10:21.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's always a kind\Nof inherent conflict and tension
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.69,0:10:24.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between fathers and sons.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.19,0:10:27.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Greece has been, really,\Nuntil this century,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.02,0:10:32.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a subsistence economy, and so if you have a\Nsmall farm, the father is in charge of that.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.78,0:10:35.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The son, even the first son, is not going\Nto get any kind of rights
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.87,0:10:38.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until the father moves on—retires or dies.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.34,0:10:40.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Christina Sorum] What is\Nthe concern there?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.74,0:10:42.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a real concern,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.26,0:10:46.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,obviously, about issues\Nof succession and power.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.07,0:10:53.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] After Zeus rescues his brothers\Nand sisters from their father,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.28,0:10:55.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they seize Mount Olympus.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.16,0:10:59.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From this stronghold, they\Nbattle for control of the
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.45,0:11:05.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,world against their father, aunts,\Nand uncle—all of whom are Titans.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.07,0:11:10.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Finally, the gods and goddesses\Nof Olympus prevail.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.11,0:11:11.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They acknowledge Zeus, who
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.68,0:11:15.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is also god of the sky, as their king.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.14,0:11:17.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But human beings have yet to appear
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.90,0:11:19.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the scene.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.38,0:11:23.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ominous rumbling and music]
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.38,0:11:30.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The story of creation in Greek\Nmythology goes on in Hesiod's telling.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.14,0:11:39.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Generations of gods continue\Nto struggle with one another,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.81,0:11:42.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all before humanity's arrival in the cosmos.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.28,0:11:47.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think it says something\Nvery interesting about a
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.57,0:11:54.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,culture, whether it considers its formative\Nmoments to be ones of conflict or
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.98,0:11:59.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ones of sort of unified production—\Npeaceful production.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.10,0:12:02.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am overwhelmed each
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.64,0:12:08.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,time I study or teach a course that deal with\NGreek mythology, how persistent
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.63,0:12:10.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these conflicts are.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.39,0:12:15.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] After triumphing over the\NTitans, the great god Zeus marries
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.18,0:12:21.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Metis, a Titan herself, and\Ntherefore his aunt.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.33,0:12:22.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Eventually, they have a daughter
Dialogue: 0,0:12:22.99,0:12:27.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who births fully grown and\Narmed from his forehead.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.92,0:12:32.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is Athena, goddess of warriors.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.90,0:12:38.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Other gods and goddesses enter the world,\Neach with different functions.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.03,0:12:42.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They all have, however, one thing\Nin common, an attribute which
Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.13,0:12:47.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sets them apart from virtually all other\Ndivinities in the ancient world—
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.92,0:12:50.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their images are human.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.31,0:12:56.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Richard Martin] If you think of Egyptian\Nreligion, with its gods having
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.76,0:13:04.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,animal heads, various animal bodies, or Near\NEastern, Akkadian, Mesopotamian,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.53,0:13:10.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hittite religion, where you see divinities\Nassociated with lions and other
Dialogue: 0,0:13:10.32,0:13:11.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fierce animals,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:11.86,0:13:14.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Greeks' decision to somehow\Nrepresent the gods as
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.48,0:13:17.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,being like Greeks is really an innovation.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:17.19,0:13:18.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're not really sure where it
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.76,0:13:19.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,came from.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.16,0:13:25.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Christina Sorum] When you think about\Ndivinity, you're talking about
Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.72,0:13:31.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the unknown, and you really can only talk\Nabout the unknown in terms of the known.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.92,0:13:37.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the Hebrew bible, in Genesis, it says God\Ncame down and he walked
Dialogue: 0,0:13:37.51,0:13:40.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the Garden of Eden in the cool of the evening.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.88,0:13:43.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's almost impossible to talk
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.34,0:13:49.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about divinities without\Ndoing something like that.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:49.50,0:13:52.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Xenophanes said if horses
Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.07,0:13:55.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could draw, horses would\Ndraw their gods as horses.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:57.41,0:14:01.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] In Homer's telling, it is\Nonly after the gods and goddesses
Dialogue: 0,0:14:01.20,0:14:06.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,take up residence on Mount Olympus that the\Nstory of human beings begins to unfold.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:10.65,0:14:13.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Judeo-Christian account\Nof the world's beginning
Dialogue: 0,0:14:13.29,0:14:19.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,culminates in God's creation of man, who is\Ngiven dominion over all the other
Dialogue: 0,0:14:19.02,0:14:22.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,creatures on Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:23.22,0:14:27.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, the Ancient Greeks believe\Nthe birth of humans is
Dialogue: 0,0:14:27.19,0:14:29.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of little importance to the cosmos.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:32.39,0:14:35.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Thomas F. Scanlon] Although the Greeks\Nhad a human-centered universe,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:35.77,0:14:39.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their view of man was almost as an afterthought.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:39.45,0:14:41.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was a smaller creature
Dialogue: 0,0:14:41.21,0:14:44.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the universe, something\Ncertainly lesser than the gods.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:44.83,0:14:45.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And therefore,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:45.83,0:14:51.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the creation of humans had to take a\Nsecond or third place down the line in the
Dialogue: 0,0:14:51.43,0:14:55.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Greek world of the cosmos\Nand the Olympian deities.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:55.22,0:14:58.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So why was the creation of
Dialogue: 0,0:14:58.31,0:15:02.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,man given such a small role in the creation\Nof the universe?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:03.82,0:15:07.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Richard Martin] It could be that Greeks\Njust assumed that human beings
Dialogue: 0,0:15:07.94,0:15:11.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were always around, that human beings are\Nin fact so important that there was
Dialogue: 0,0:15:11.54,0:15:14.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,never a stage when they didn't exist.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:14.11,0:15:16.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Um, it's still something of a mystery.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:17.32,0:15:22.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Greg Thalman] I like to think that\NGreek myth reflects a certain understanding
Dialogue: 0,0:15:22.96,0:15:26.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the Greeks of humans' place in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:26.06,0:15:27.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That humans are not the center
Dialogue: 0,0:15:27.73,0:15:34.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of things, that there's a whole wealth of\Ncreated world into which humans
Dialogue: 0,0:15:34.62,0:15:36.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have to fit.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:36.28,0:15:40.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a great contrast with a number of\Nother cultures and belief systems.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:40.64,0:15:43.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[15:41 peaceful music]
Dialogue: 0,0:15:43.21,0:15:47.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] As with the dawn of the gods,\NGreek mythology contains
Dialogue: 0,0:15:47.12,0:15:51.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,different tellings of the creation of man.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:51.52,0:15:53.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In none of them are mankind's
Dialogue: 0,0:15:53.39,0:15:55.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,beginning's auspicious.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:56.57,0:15:59.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Christina Sorum] We lived like ants\Nin the ground and we couldn't read
Dialogue: 0,0:15:59.49,0:16:02.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we didn't know the seasons and we didn't\Nknow the weather and we couldn't think
Dialogue: 0,0:16:02.59,0:16:04.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we couldn't hear.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:04.18,0:16:09.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We were just despicable\Nworms and worth despising.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:11.20,0:16:14.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] In Homer's version of the\Ncreation of humans, the god
Dialogue: 0,0:16:14.85,0:16:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Prometheus forms the first man out of mud\Nand breathes life into him.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:22.35,0:16:27.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In Hesiod's telling, Zeus\Ncreates succeeding races of men—
Dialogue: 0,0:16:27.23,0:16:32.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gold, silver, bronze, and iron.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:32.98,0:16:35.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It seems that each race symbolizes different
Dialogue: 0,0:16:35.52,0:16:38.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,aspects of the human condition.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:39.52,0:16:42.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first race of men is made of gold.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:42.22,0:16:45.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Their lives are easy, their crops abundant.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:45.21,0:16:47.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They literally feast with the gods.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:49.16,0:16:52.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Christina Sorum] In the beginning,\Nthere was a golden age, and people
Dialogue: 0,0:16:52.39,0:16:58.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lived on the Earth and all the crops grew\Nof their own accord and everybody was
Dialogue: 0,0:16:58.92,0:17:02.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,good and everybody was just.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:02.26,0:17:05.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And those people, after\Na while, just disappeared.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:05.62,0:17:11.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] The golden race appear to\Nhave lived a perfect existence,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:11.01,0:17:14.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,seemingly in paradise.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:14.19,0:17:21.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And yet this race vanishes\Nwithout explanation.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:21.13,0:17:25.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the biblical account of paradise, life's\Nhardships are seen as a result of
Dialogue: 0,0:17:25.18,0:17:30.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Adam and Eve's fall from grace\Nin the Garden of Eden.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:31.86,0:17:36.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For the golden race of men in Greek\Nmythology, there is no such explanation
Dialogue: 0,0:17:36.98,0:17:39.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for their disappearance.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:39.29,0:17:42.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The reason for their fate remains a mystery.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:44.12,0:17:48.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Richard Martin] The Greek system, in\Nwhich humans and their creation
Dialogue: 0,0:17:48.10,0:17:52.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are not really a topic of concern, is so\Ndifferent from what you find in Genesis,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:52.56,0:17:56.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we have this focus on\Nthe creation of the first man.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:56.17,0:17:57.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of course, in Genesis
Dialogue: 0,0:17:57.17,0:18:01.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's related to the further story, what\Nhappened after the first man and woman
Dialogue: 0,0:18:01.77,0:18:03.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,disobeyed God.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:03.13,0:18:08.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In Greek myth, disobeying the gods is not\Nsuch a big deal as it
Dialogue: 0,0:18:08.40,0:18:09.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is in Genesis.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:10.38,0:18:15.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So doesn't Hesiod have an answer,\Nor why doesn't Hesiod give an
Dialogue: 0,0:18:15.20,0:18:20.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,answer to why the golden race came to an end?
Dialogue: 0,0:18:20.21,0:18:23.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With the Judeo-Christian myth\Nof the fall from the
Dialogue: 0,0:18:23.63,0:18:30.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Garden of Eden, because that clearly was the\Nfault of Adam and Eve, and what that
Dialogue: 0,0:18:30.01,0:18:36.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,means is there is no real, really good\Nexplanation for why the world is
Dialogue: 0,0:18:36.74,0:18:41.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so difficult now—why humans\Ncan't have an easy time.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:42.83,0:18:47.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] After the golden race becomes\Nextinct, Zeus fashions men
Dialogue: 0,0:18:47.06,0:18:50.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from silver, but this race is not very evolved.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:52.27,0:18:56.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Christina Sorum] The silver age people\Nwere babies forever, and then they
Dialogue: 0,0:18:56.14,0:19:01.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had this short period of maturity, and then\Nthey had a horrible old age.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:01.01,0:19:04.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they disappeared under the Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:04.51,0:19:08.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were more arrogant and did not
Dialogue: 0,0:19:08.17,0:19:10.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,worship the gods sufficiently.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:11.09,0:19:14.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] Next come men of bronze,\Nwho exterminate themselves through
Dialogue: 0,0:19:14.91,0:19:17.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,constant warfare.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:18.93,0:19:23.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Eventually, the race of men\Nwho live today appears.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:23.58,0:19:26.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are said to be men of iron.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:29.25,0:19:33.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Thomas F. Scanton] So basically, this\Nstory of degeneration has moved
Dialogue: 0,0:19:33.26,0:19:38.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the present age, where actually it shows\Na balance in these various views of
Dialogue: 0,0:19:38.21,0:19:40.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the important things in life for the Greeks.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:40.31,0:19:42.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Namely, your attitudes to the gods
Dialogue: 0,0:19:42.51,0:19:47.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and your attitudes towards warfare and fighting\Nfor your city-state and how you
Dialogue: 0,0:19:47.55,0:19:50.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can get along or not get along with each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:51.07,0:19:54.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] Interestingly, all these\Nstories account for the creation of
Dialogue: 0,0:19:54.88,0:19:58.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,only half the human race, man.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:01.61,0:20:07.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Woman is created as an\Naffliction—a punishment—
Dialogue: 0,0:20:07.09,0:20:09.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and all because of a trick.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:11.23,0:20:16.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Thomas F. Scanlon] The first woman\Nwas sent to the Earth as a punishment
Dialogue: 0,0:20:16.25,0:20:18.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to mankind.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:18.02,0:20:22.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This sounds incredibly misogynistic,\Nand it was an incredibly
Dialogue: 0,0:20:22.13,0:20:26.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,misogynistic story on the part of Hesiod,\Nwho told this in 700 BC.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:26.58,0:20:33.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the story goes that one of the gods,\NPrometheus, tried to trick the master and king of
Dialogue: 0,0:20:33.07,0:20:35.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all the cosmos, Zeus.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:35.18,0:20:38.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Christina Sorum] Prometheus is a trickster\Ngod, he's a smart god.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:38.78,0:20:40.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Prometheus" means "forethought."
Dialogue: 0,0:20:40.74,0:20:44.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Um, he—he killed a sheep\Nand he took the sheep
Dialogue: 0,0:20:44.50,0:20:50.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he took all the good, wonderful meat and\Nhe put it inside the disgusting belly,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:50.33,0:20:54.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he took all the bare bones and\Nhe wrapped them up in the beautiful
Dialogue: 0,0:20:54.67,0:20:58.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,white shining fat, which is of course what\Nburns in a sacrifice.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:58.29,0:21:03.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he presented these two bundles\Nto Zeus, and he said, "You pick."
Dialogue: 0,0:21:03.85,0:21:10.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] Zeus knows he is being tricked\Nby Prometheus, who represents humankind.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:10.01,0:21:15.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In retaliation, Zeus punishes\Nman by taking away fire.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:15.50,0:21:18.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ominous music]
Dialogue: 0,0:21:18.30,0:21:21.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Prometheus, in return, steals\Nthe fire back and gives it
Dialogue: 0,0:21:21.97,0:21:23.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to humanity.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:27.36,0:21:30.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Thomas F. Scanlon] And by stealing\Nand giving men this gift of fire, he
Dialogue: 0,0:21:30.22,0:21:37.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he was therefore punished indirectly by having\Na woman created who was given to
Dialogue: 0,0:21:37.61,0:21:39.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,human beings.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:39.09,0:21:44.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, Zeus didn't just sort of give\Nthis evil thing, as he thought,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:44.82,0:21:46.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to mankind.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:46.42,0:21:48.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He called it a beautiful evil.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:52.33,0:21:54.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She's one you can't\Ndo without.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:54.04,0:21:55.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She's a {\i1}kalon kakon{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:21:55.97,0:21:58.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the terms of the Greek—\Na "beautiful bad thing."
Dialogue: 0,0:21:58.59,0:22:01.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so Greek myth, Greek poetry,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:01.31,0:22:03.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,likes to have it both ways.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:03.16,0:22:07.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Women are beautiful, women\Nare something irresistible.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:07.31,0:22:11.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the same time, women make you\Nwork and so they're a bad thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:11.79,0:22:18.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Christina Sorum] I do think that,\Nthroughout Greek mythology, you see a
Dialogue: 0,0:22:18.99,0:22:23.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,repeated emphasis on the\Nthreat that women pose.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:23.90,0:22:26.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The threat they pose because of
Dialogue: 0,0:22:26.42,0:22:35.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your need for them, the need to have\Nchildren, and the very real fear of losing
Dialogue: 0,0:22:35.13,0:22:37.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,control because of desire.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:37.61,0:22:42.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The overwhelming feminine\Nsexuality threatens men.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:45.41,0:22:50.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] Zeus does not give\Njust any woman to men.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:50.01,0:22:51.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Indeed, he gives men
Dialogue: 0,0:22:51.33,0:22:55.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a {\i1}kalon kakon{\i0}, a beautiful evil.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:55.21,0:22:58.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Her name is Pandora, and she comes with a
Dialogue: 0,0:22:58.51,0:23:04.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,jar full of evils to let loose in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:10.28,0:23:14.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first woman in Greek\Nmythology is Pandora, and her story
Dialogue: 0,0:23:14.60,0:23:19.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,echoes that of Eve and the forbidden fruit\Nin the Garden of Eden.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:21.31,0:23:29.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Given a jar and told not to open it,\NPandora does so anyway, and all the evils
Dialogue: 0,0:23:29.23,0:23:31.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the world are let loose.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:31.52,0:23:36.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All sickness, pain, suffering, disease.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:37.78,0:23:39.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Too late,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:39.03,0:23:44.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she closes the jar leaving\Nonly one thing behind: hope.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:44.64,0:23:45.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what is hope doing
Dialogue: 0,0:23:45.96,0:23:48.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in Pandora's jar full of evils?
Dialogue: 0,0:23:51.02,0:23:58.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hope is there as an evil,\Nwhich is, I think, fascinating.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:58.17,0:24:04.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hope is an evil because hope allows\Nyou to act with the sense that you
Dialogue: 0,0:24:04.86,0:24:12.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can control the future, and in Hesiod,\Nthat is a very dangerous thing to do.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:12.27,0:24:13.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can't control the future.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:13.59,0:24:16.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And to be—it's to act under a delusion.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:18.41,0:24:22.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Thomas F. Scanlon] Is hope something\Ngood or something bad?
Dialogue: 0,0:24:22.29,0:24:28.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the Greeks love this kind of dilemma\Nbecause hope was—could be good, could be bad.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:28.03,0:24:33.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so it was ambiguously left back in the\Njar for humans to use or to avoid.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:34.90,0:24:38.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] Pandora is perhaps the most\Nprominent, but certainly not the
Dialogue: 0,0:24:38.93,0:24:44.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,only example of women being a\Nsource of evil in Greek mythology.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:44.46,0:24:49.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some scholars find a deeper meaning for this\Ndisparagement of women, and point
Dialogue: 0,0:24:49.97,0:24:52.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to Aphrodite, the goddess of love.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:54.80,0:24:58.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Christina Sorum] If you look at the\Nmyths of Aphrodite, that she was the
Dialogue: 0,0:24:58.31,0:25:05.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most beautiful and the most sexually desirable\Nthing ever, men are afraid of her.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:05.89,0:25:12.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She—she sees a man, a human being,\NAnchises, on a hill outside of Troy,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:12.54,0:25:14.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she wants to sleep with him.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:14.87,0:25:19.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And she goes to him and he says,\N"You are too beautiful to be a human.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:19.06,0:25:22.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You must be a goddess and I\Ndon't want to sleep with you."
Dialogue: 0,0:25:22.80,0:25:26.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And she says, "Oh, no, I'm just a\Nmaiden from the neighborhood."
Dialogue: 0,0:25:26.83,0:25:32.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They go to bed together, and and when he\Nwakes up, she's become her goddess self,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:32.90,0:25:34.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he's terrified.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:34.04,0:25:36.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's terrified he's going to be\Nemasculated—that he'll lose
Dialogue: 0,0:25:36.48,0:25:38.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,his strength.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:40.44,0:25:44.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] In contrast, the Ancient\NGreeks believed that Athena,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:44.71,0:25:48.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the goddess without a sexual\Nrole, is a great force for good.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:48.36,0:25:50.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[dramatic music]
Dialogue: 0,0:25:50.06,0:25:52.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Fritz Graf] Athena is the protector.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:52.55,0:25:55.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Athena is the warrior divinity who
Dialogue: 0,0:25:55.13,0:25:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,leads the just defense war.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:59.00,0:26:03.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She is the city goddess and, in many respects,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:03.54,0:26:07.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the most important divinity the Athenians have.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:07.29,0:26:09.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that might be true for many
Dialogue: 0,0:26:09.42,0:26:16.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,other city, where you have an acropolis\Nwith the temple of Athena on top.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:16.01,0:26:20.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] And thus the world of Greek\Ngods and goddesses is not merely
Dialogue: 0,0:26:20.02,0:26:25.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a collection of colorful stories, but\Na window on an ancient civilization,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:25.67,0:26:28.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,its thoughts and its values.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:29.39,0:26:32.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Richard Martin] The kind of non-linear\Nthinking that you see in myths,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:32.46,0:26:37.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the sort of narratives that leap all around,\Nthat introduce strange creatures,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:37.48,0:26:39.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,look a lot like dreams.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:39.67,0:26:44.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so the question, I think,\Nis whether Greek myths are
Dialogue: 0,0:26:44.51,0:26:49.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,somehow the collective unconsciousness of\NGreek civilization at an early period.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:50.57,0:26:54.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] Whether conscious or\Nunconscious, the gods are very much
Dialogue: 0,0:26:54.33,0:26:57.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,present in the everyday\Nlives of ancient Greeks.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:59.99,0:27:03.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Thomas F. Scanlon] In each of the\Nmountains, in each of the plants,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:03.76,0:27:08.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in each of the emotions they felt,\Nthey felt that there was a god in control
Dialogue: 0,0:27:08.10,0:27:09.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,behind this.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:09.54,0:27:12.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[peaceful music]
Dialogue: 0,0:27:14.60,0:27:17.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of this attractive\Nand unusual things about Greek
Dialogue: 0,0:27:17.61,0:27:23.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,religion from the beginning is its\Nresponsiveness to environment.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:23.17,0:27:27.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are nymphs, for example,\Nwho inhabit watery places.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:27.33,0:27:28.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are nymphs of the
Dialogue: 0,0:27:28.70,0:27:31.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mountains, nymphs of the trees.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:31.39,0:27:36.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's an acknowledgement that\Nrivers are a kind of religious force.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:36.03,0:27:39.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Greek religion in this way has a certain
Dialogue: 0,0:27:39.22,0:27:43.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,affiliation with modern ecology—\Nthe recognition that individual places have
Dialogue: 0,0:27:43.99,0:27:47.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a value, a kind of numinous\Nquality, a sacred quality.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:50.14,0:27:53.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Richard F. Scanton] The Greeks had\Nparticular terms for "sacred."
Dialogue: 0,0:27:53.13,0:27:53.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:53.98,0:27:56.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they had several terms for "sacred."
Dialogue: 0,0:27:56.06,0:27:59.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of them is {\i1}heras.{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:27:59.37,0:28:00.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And {\i1}heras{\i0} means that
Dialogue: 0,0:28:00.90,0:28:02.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it belongs to the gods.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:02.83,0:28:07.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, the Greek word\Nfor religion is {\i1}ta hiera,{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:28:07.50,0:28:09.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"the sacred things."
Dialogue: 0,0:28:10.47,0:28:13.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] And so, the stories in Greek\Nmythology are used to explain an
Dialogue: 0,0:28:13.71,0:28:16.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,often difficult and random world.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:16.61,0:28:19.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[mysterious music]
Dialogue: 0,0:28:19.88,0:28:25.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Winter is born when Persephone,\Ndaughter of the goddess Demeter,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:25.52,0:28:31.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is kidnapped by the god Hades and\Ntaken to the underworld to be his bride.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:32.90,0:28:37.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Christina Sorum] Demeter was horrendously\Nupset to have lost her daughter
Dialogue: 0,0:28:37.03,0:28:40.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and began searching the world\Nlooking for her daughter.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:40.34,0:28:44.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Couldn't find her daughter,\Nwept, cried, crops didn't grow.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:44.82,0:28:47.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hence, the gods weren't getting sacrifice.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:47.88,0:28:51.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So finally, some gods went to Zeus and said,\Nyou know, you've got to
Dialogue: 0,0:28:51.96,0:28:54.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,get Persephone back, so her mother makes the\Ncrops grow so that we get our
Dialogue: 0,0:28:54.99,0:28:57.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sacrifices and all the people don't die.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:59.05,0:29:03.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] Eventually, Persephone is\Nallowed to return to her mother
Dialogue: 0,0:29:03.43,0:29:05.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on one condition.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:06.64,0:29:10.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Each year, Persephone must\Nspend three months with Hades.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:11.89,0:29:16.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is during this time that her mother, Demeter,\Ngoddess of agriculture,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:16.98,0:29:19.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is inconsolable.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:19.25,0:29:25.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And thus, each year, the fields lie\Nbarren in the cold of winter.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:25.80,0:29:30.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And thus, life's larger hardships were explained.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:30.60,0:29:31.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Personal difficulties,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:31.91,0:29:36.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,however, were often explained\Nby some offense to the gods.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:36.86,0:29:38.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those who offended
Dialogue: 0,0:29:38.15,0:29:42.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the gods were punished not by\Nsome earthly authority, but by the
Dialogue: 0,0:29:42.38,0:29:44.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gods themselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:45.24,0:29:47.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[thunder]
Dialogue: 0,0:29:49.42,0:29:56.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Greg Thalmann] There's a Greek word, in fact,\N{\i1}deisidaimonia{\i0}, which means a fear of the gods
Dialogue: 0,0:29:56.24,0:30:00.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or respect for the gods, and this\Nwas a positive thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:00.40,0:30:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Life was felt to be fairly precarious and you\Nneeded to do everything you could to get
Dialogue: 0,0:30:07.00,0:30:11.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whatever powers ruled the world\Non your side to keep you safe.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:11.40,0:30:13.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many of them
Dialogue: 0,0:30:13.09,0:30:18.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lived one drought away from starvation,\Nand you just didn't mess around with
Dialogue: 0,0:30:18.94,0:30:20.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the world like that.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:21.60,0:30:25.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the things\NI love about Greek myth is it never
Dialogue: 0,0:30:25.12,0:30:27.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lets people off the hook.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:27.28,0:30:31.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It never says, "This happened because\Nthe gods made it happen."
Dialogue: 0,0:30:31.26,0:30:32.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's {\i1}our{\i0} fault.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:32.72,0:30:34.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we can just understand why.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:34.68,0:30:35.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's sort of a,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:35.68,0:30:39.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think, a difficult world to exist in.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:41.20,0:30:45.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] In a difficult world, people\Noften look for a hero, someone
Dialogue: 0,0:30:45.76,0:30:50.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to bring deliverance from a life seemingly\Nfilled with adversity.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:50.98,0:30:52.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some believe
Dialogue: 0,0:30:52.02,0:30:57.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a child born of a Greek god and an earthly\Nwoman prefigures the appearance of Christ.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:59.49,0:31:02.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Was this destined to happen?
Dialogue: 0,0:31:06.99,0:31:10.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the most famous figures\Nin Greek mythology may possibly
Dialogue: 0,0:31:10.88,0:31:15.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have helped pave the way for a later event\Npivotal to human history.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:17.13,0:31:22.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Heracles, better known to us as Hercules,\Nis born because the great god Zeus
Dialogue: 0,0:31:22.90,0:31:26.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lusted for a beautiful mortal woman.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:27.05,0:31:30.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She, however, is a faithful wife.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:30.87,0:31:35.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Zeus takes on the appearance of her\Nhusband and manages to have her.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:37.64,0:31:40.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The outrage is compounded\Nby the fact that Zeus himself is
Dialogue: 0,0:31:40.74,0:31:45.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,married to one of his sisters, Hera.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:46.98,0:31:50.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Greg Thalman] The notion that\Nthe gods are not always ethical,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:50.78,0:31:55.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not always honest, is also one that\Nmakes sense when you think about it.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:55.81,0:32:00.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the Greeks seem to have been\Ncomfortable with it for many centuries.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:00.11,0:32:01.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It makes sense
Dialogue: 0,0:32:01.31,0:32:10.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because if the god are humans, but\Nbetter off somehow—more strong,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:10.74,0:32:16.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more powerful, immortal—they never have\Nto take consequences of anything they do,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:16.74,0:32:18.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whereas humans do.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:18.48,0:32:23.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The burden of acting ethically,\Nof thinking about consequences,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:23.45,0:32:26.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,falls on human beings, not on gods.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:27.84,0:32:30.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] Hera is unable to\Nvent her anger upon Zeus.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:30.87,0:32:32.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[thunder]
Dialogue: 0,0:32:32.55,0:32:38.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In a move entirely characteristic\Nof a Greek god, she turns
Dialogue: 0,0:32:38.42,0:32:42.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,her wrath on the child born\Nfrom her husband's infidelity.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:42.28,0:32:43.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Heracles is perhaps
Dialogue: 0,0:32:43.82,0:32:50.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the most famous Greek hero, a figure\Nparticularly important in Greek mythology.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:51.55,0:32:56.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even in his infancy, Heracles is a god with\Nextraordinary strength.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:57.42,0:33:00.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hera sends deadly serpents to his cradle,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:00.80,0:33:03.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Heracles strangles them both.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:03.03,0:33:04.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[dramatic music]
Dialogue: 0,0:33:04.91,0:33:09.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Greg Thalman] Many of the Greek heroes\Ndid in fact have one divine
Dialogue: 0,0:33:09.01,0:33:11.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,parent and one mortal parent.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:11.59,0:33:16.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,More generally, a hero was a man of more than
Dialogue: 0,0:33:16.38,0:33:25.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,normal strength who was somehow marked out\Nfor a life of achievement, but also
Dialogue: 0,0:33:25.72,0:33:28.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a life of enormous difficulty.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:28.98,0:33:32.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Uh, they were very difficult,\Nuh, to integrate
Dialogue: 0,0:33:32.30,0:33:36.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into society precisely because\Nof their great capacities.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:36.75,0:33:39.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] The vengeful Hera continues\Nto pursue her husband's
Dialogue: 0,0:33:39.90,0:33:45.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,illegitimate son throughout his life,\Nperiodically driving him into fits of
Dialogue: 0,0:33:45.50,0:33:48.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,anger and madness.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:50.36,0:33:53.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Deeply regretting the murders\Nand other crimes he commits
Dialogue: 0,0:33:53.99,0:34:01.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,during these fits, Heracles undertakes great\Ntasks of repentance, often the
Dialogue: 0,0:34:01.20,0:34:03.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,killing of tyrants and monsters.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:07.33,0:34:13.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the end of his life, Heracles\Nis granted immortality,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:13.19,0:34:17.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and taken by his father Zeus to\Nlive with him on Mount Olympus.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:23.09,0:34:27.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And thus, the story of Heracles\Nmay have paved the way for
Dialogue: 0,0:34:27.66,0:34:33.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Apostle Paul, who brought word of a new\Nfaith to the Greeks centuries later.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:35.87,0:34:40.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Richard Martin] They had a story of\Na son of god, Heracles, who suffered
Dialogue: 0,0:34:40.89,0:34:46.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and died and then went through an apotheosis,\Nhimself went up to Olympus,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:46.58,0:34:51.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so the story of another son of God who\Nsuffered and died and went to heaven
Dialogue: 0,0:34:51.95,0:34:54.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would not be all that non-familiar.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:54.94,0:34:57.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the same way, the notion that a god could
Dialogue: 0,0:34:57.50,0:35:02.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,take on human form and look exactly like one\Nof us, was completely acceptable
Dialogue: 0,0:35:02.15,0:35:04.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a pagan Greek audience.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:04.41,0:35:09.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so early Christianity\Nproceeded in Greece and struck
Dialogue: 0,0:35:09.15,0:35:11.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,roots in Greece quite easily.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:12.46,0:35:18.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not quite a Christ figure,\Nbut elements of that, because
Dialogue: 0,0:35:18.34,0:35:24.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was someone—someone who through toil\Nand suffering and labor and loyalty
Dialogue: 0,0:35:24.73,0:35:27.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,achieved divinity.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:27.67,0:35:33.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] While Heracles is unique,\Nhe is only one of many heroes who
Dialogue: 0,0:35:33.63,0:35:36.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,walk among the Greeks.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:36.93,0:35:42.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are Achilles and Ulysses,\Ngreat warrior of the Trojan War.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:42.59,0:35:46.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Theseus, whose feats\Ninclude killing the dreaded Minotaur,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:46.73,0:35:50.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the creature that feasted on\Nthe flesh of Greek youths.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:50.57,0:35:53.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[foreboding music]
Dialogue: 0,0:35:53.35,0:35:58.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] But heroes did not have to\Nbe offspring of the gods, nor were
Dialogue: 0,0:35:58.64,0:36:03.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they necessarily heroic in today's terms,\Nrisking grave danger for the sake
Dialogue: 0,0:36:03.56,0:36:05.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of others.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:06.59,0:36:10.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For the ancient Greeks, a hero was\Nsomeone who broke the bonds of
Dialogue: 0,0:36:10.48,0:36:15.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ordinary life, regardless of the consequences.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:16.61,0:36:20.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Richard Martin] It's not necessary\Nthat a hero be descended from a god or
Dialogue: 0,0:36:20.32,0:36:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a goddess, it's not necessary that a hero\Neven do something good in life.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:25.00,0:36:29.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so achievement is more doing something\Nextraordinary and being recognized
Dialogue: 0,0:36:29.57,0:36:30.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for it.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:30.88,0:36:34.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now the extraordinary thing that a\Nhero could do could even be killing
Dialogue: 0,0:36:34.96,0:36:39.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a number of the enemy, or killing\Npeople in his own community,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:39.30,0:36:45.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in such a strange fashion that the gods\Nhave to be consulted, so the heroes are
Dialogue: 0,0:36:45.73,0:36:50.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dangerous, unusual individuals,\Nextraordinary but not necessarily
Dialogue: 0,0:36:50.65,0:36:52.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,extraordinary good.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:52.76,0:36:57.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Heroes really are a projection\Nof what it is to be human on
Dialogue: 0,0:36:57.49,0:36:58.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a large scale.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:58.63,0:37:02.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They really focus both the great\Npotential of human beings at
Dialogue: 0,0:37:02.88,0:37:07.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their best and also the, uh,\Nthe vulnerabilities of humans.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:09.56,0:37:16.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] Another unlikely hero is\NOedipus, who kills his father and
Dialogue: 0,0:37:16.08,0:37:17.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,marries his mother.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:19.73,0:37:24.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Having fulfilled his terrible\Nfate, Oedipus then blinds himself
Dialogue: 0,0:37:24.99,0:37:27.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and seeks redemption.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:29.02,0:37:32.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is a story for the ages,\Nspeaking to the darker side of
Dialogue: 0,0:37:32.88,0:37:36.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,feelings between parents\Nand their children.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:38.67,0:37:42.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think there definitely\Nwas a thread of Greek
Dialogue: 0,0:37:42.45,0:37:47.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,culture and of Greek mythology which was\Ninterested in the conflict between
Dialogue: 0,0:37:47.11,0:37:48.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,father and son.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:48.75,0:37:53.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Obviously Freud—Sigmund Freud—\Nsaw this and picked up on it
Dialogue: 0,0:37:53.55,0:37:57.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the story of the Oedipus\Nand the Oedipus Complex.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:57.24,0:37:59.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think there was a
Dialogue: 0,0:37:59.37,0:38:04.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,threat of generational conflict that the Greeks\Nactually feared, but recognized
Dialogue: 0,0:38:04.99,0:38:07.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as real at the same time.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:08.75,0:38:14.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] The story of Oedipus and\Nhis parents raises another age-old question:
Dialogue: 0,0:38:14.65,0:38:17.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Are the lives of humans preordained?
Dialogue: 0,0:38:17.32,0:38:19.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or do humans have the
Dialogue: 0,0:38:19.36,0:38:21.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,power to exercise free will?
Dialogue: 0,0:38:26.34,0:38:31.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oedipus is someone who\Nfor no reason ever given has—has
Dialogue: 0,0:38:31.53,0:38:36.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this fate that he will kill his father and\Nmarry his mother.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:36.34,0:38:39.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When Oedipus has
Dialogue: 0,0:38:39.13,0:38:46.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,realized that he is not the son of the king\Nof Corinth as he thought he was,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:46.01,0:38:50.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he says I'd count myself as the child of chance.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:50.25,0:38:51.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And by chance, he means
Dialogue: 0,0:38:51.44,0:38:53.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something very random.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:53.54,0:38:58.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Uh, there is no plan.\NUh, by the end of the play,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:58.75,0:39:04.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's turned out that everything he's ever\Ndone has fit into a plan and that, uh,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:04.87,0:39:11.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if he is the child of chance, it's chance\Nin a sense that's closely aligned with fate.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:13.09,0:39:19.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Christina Sorum] He, Oedipus,\Nthe man, made choices.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:19.22,0:39:20.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When he learned he
Dialogue: 0,0:39:20.22,0:39:24.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was going to kill his father and marry his\Nmother, he fled his home not
Dialogue: 0,0:39:24.51,0:39:26.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,knowing he was adopted.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:26.27,0:39:29.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Um, and of course meets his father\Non the road and kills him and
Dialogue: 0,0:39:29.37,0:39:31.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then arrives in the city\Nand marries his mother.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:31.94,0:39:35.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Um, he chose to leave his home.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:35.62,0:39:40.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Uh, he did a terrible thing, but he didn't\Ndo it trying to do evil.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:40.97,0:39:41.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And fate
Dialogue: 0,0:39:41.97,0:39:43.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,didn't make him do it.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:46.17,0:39:50.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] The question of a person's\Nfate versus the role of free will
Dialogue: 0,0:39:50.80,0:39:57.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was of such importance to the ancient Greeks\Nthat they personified fate in
Dialogue: 0,0:39:57.40,0:40:00.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the form of three goddess.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:02.58,0:40:07.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Richard Martin] When you read the poetry\Nof Homer, it seems that it goes two ways.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:07.38,0:40:11.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the one hand, the Fates are\Na group of three women,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:11.54,0:40:14.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:14.45,0:40:17.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Their names meaning\N"the weaver," "the alloter,"
Dialogue: 0,0:40:17.49,0:40:20.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and "not turning back."
Dialogue: 0,0:40:20.04,0:40:23.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they weave a thread for each person's\Nlife when that
Dialogue: 0,0:40:23.45,0:40:27.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,person is born and determine when\Nthat person's life is gonna end.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:27.67,0:40:28.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the other hand,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:28.72,0:40:33.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we see in Homer's poetry that fate is\Npower above the gods.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:33.87,0:40:34.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The gods
Dialogue: 0,0:40:34.87,0:40:37.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bow to fate in several instances.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:38.73,0:40:42.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Christina Sorum] You can look at the\Nstory of Oedipus and talk about fate.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:42.97,0:40:47.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Was he fated to kill his father\Nand marry his mother?
Dialogue: 0,0:40:47.07,0:40:48.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:48.07,0:40:49.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What does that mean?
Dialogue: 0,0:40:49.47,0:40:52.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Does that mean he didn't have any free will?
Dialogue: 0,0:40:52.05,0:40:53.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:53.05,0:40:54.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It doesn't mean that.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:54.18,0:40:55.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It means
Dialogue: 0,0:40:55.28,0:40:58.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's what was going to happen.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:58.44,0:41:02.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Greeks had a complicated\Nview of how the world worked.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:02.51,0:41:08.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the one hand, the gods controlled a lot\Nof actions of human beings or
Dialogue: 0,0:41:08.45,0:41:10.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had an effect upon it.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:10.55,0:41:14.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But yet, the humans also\Ncould control their own
Dialogue: 0,0:41:14.33,0:41:17.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,individual destinies and\Ncall a lot of the shots.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:17.67,0:41:18.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there's this funny
Dialogue: 0,0:41:18.67,0:41:23.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,relationship between what the gods control\Nand what humans control.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:23.68,0:41:24.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you know what?
Dialogue: 0,0:41:24.60,0:41:26.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They loved this ambiguity.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:27.94,0:41:31.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] And so the ancient Greeks\Ncame to terms with the fact that
Dialogue: 0,0:41:31.07,0:41:34.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there were no guarantees in life.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:35.86,0:41:38.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some of their concerns seem hauntingly
Dialogue: 0,0:41:38.09,0:41:39.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,familiar today.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:41.50,0:41:46.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Richard Marin] This consciousness that\Nthe Greeks have, that you cannot
Dialogue: 0,0:41:46.07,0:41:50.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have too many generations on the Earth at\Nthe same time, is even expressed in a myth,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:50.18,0:41:54.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the myth of the beginning of the Trojan War,\Nwhich says that the Earth
Dialogue: 0,0:41:54.74,0:42:00.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was burdened with too many people and cried\Nout to Zeus to relieve her buden.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:00.94,0:42:05.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so Zeus invented the Trojan War\Nto get rid of a lot of people.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:05.20,0:42:07.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[dramatic music]
Dialogue: 0,0:42:07.55,0:42:10.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[mysterious music]
Dialogue: 0,0:42:16.36,0:42:19.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The stories of the gods and\Ngoddesses of ancient Greece
Dialogue: 0,0:42:19.55,0:42:21.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are eternal.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:21.52,0:42:24.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They still speak to us today.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:27.86,0:42:31.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Among the deities were two\Ngroups of lovely sisters who
Dialogue: 0,0:42:31.08,0:42:33.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dwelt on Mount Olympus:
Dialogue: 0,0:42:33.87,0:42:36.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Graces and the Muses.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:36.41,0:42:38.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Graces bestowed beauty,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:38.31,0:42:42.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,charm, and gratitude on the mortal world.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:42.92,0:42:45.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Muses had a profound impact on
Dialogue: 0,0:42:45.17,0:42:49.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how generations since have passed the\Ntales of the gods and the sagas of that
Dialogue: 0,0:42:49.45,0:42:52.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,long-gone era through oral tradition.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:52.03,0:42:54.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[peaceful music]
Dialogue: 0,0:42:56.29,0:43:00.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From their lofty plain, they\Ndescended to the Earth teaching
Dialogue: 0,0:43:00.30,0:43:03.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,history, astronomy, and the arts.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:05.57,0:43:08.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Katerina Zacharia] Each one of the\Nnine Muses is associated with a
Dialogue: 0,0:43:08.85,0:43:13.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,particular subject, usually concerning the\Narts and sciences.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:13.60,0:43:14.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For instance,
Dialogue: 0,0:43:14.60,0:43:19.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cleo, the proclaimer, is the one\Nthat is associated with epic poetry
Dialogue: 0,0:43:19.44,0:43:22.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and is the Muse of history.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:22.51,0:43:25.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now the Muses are very\Nwell known because we have
Dialogue: 0,0:43:25.61,0:43:31.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,words like "museum," the [inaudible] of the\NMuses that are in contemporary English
Dialogue: 0,0:43:31.28,0:43:33.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and of course Greek.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:34.87,0:43:40.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Christina Sorum] Greek stories are\Nabout those things that people regard
Dialogue: 0,0:43:40.72,0:43:41.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as important.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:41.81,0:43:44.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They wouldn't have persisted if they weren't.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:44.56,0:43:45.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, if stories
Dialogue: 0,0:43:45.56,0:43:50.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are going to last and be retold for several\Nthousand years, there must be
Dialogue: 0,0:43:50.79,0:43:54.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something in them that has meaning for the\Npeople who hear them
Dialogue: 0,0:43:54.61,0:43:57.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,across generations.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:57.82,0:44:00.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] Evidence of the\Ndivine was everywhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:00.40,0:44:03.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To the Greeks, the gods
Dialogue: 0,0:44:03.03,0:44:07.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were as real as the fields they tilled and\Nthe families they raised.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:09.29,0:44:13.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Greg Thalman] The number of little\Nshrines that would be all around
Dialogue: 0,0:44:13.29,0:44:19.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the city, the number of dedications to gods\Nin big sanctuaries, really does speak
Dialogue: 0,0:44:19.17,0:44:23.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a pretty strong belief in them.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:23.58,0:44:28.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Life was felt to be fairly precarious and
Dialogue: 0,0:44:28.66,0:44:32.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you needed to do everything you could to get\Nwhatever powers ruled the world
Dialogue: 0,0:44:32.91,0:44:36.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on your side to keep safe.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:36.69,0:44:41.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] From cradle to grave and\Nfrom season to season, every phase of
Dialogue: 0,0:44:41.63,0:44:45.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,human life was intertwined with the gods.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:46.72,0:44:51.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] As ever-present as they\Nwere for the ancient Greeks, the
Dialogue: 0,0:44:51.75,0:44:55.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,same gods were not always\Nworshiped throughout the land.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:55.87,0:45:03.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,3,000 years ago, Greece was a patchwork of\Nindependent city-states linked by
Dialogue: 0,0:45:03.33,0:45:06.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a common language, culture, and trade.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:07.90,0:45:11.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But while the principle deities\Nsuch as Zeus, Prometheus,
Dialogue: 0,0:45:11.06,0:45:15.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Demeter were worshiped in all of\Nthe more than 700 different city-states,
Dialogue: 0,0:45:15.95,0:45:20.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,each town and village laid claim to\Nits own god.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:23.87,0:45:28.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Richard Martin] The landscape\Nof Greece is just full of gods,
Dialogue: 0,0:45:28.15,0:45:30.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gods who might not even be\Nheard of in the next village.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:30.95,0:45:32.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every little stream,
Dialogue: 0,0:45:32.61,0:45:37.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,every spring of fresh water—something you\Ncome to appreciate in the dusty Greek
Dialogue: 0,0:45:37.66,0:45:40.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,climate—has its own divinity.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:41.72,0:45:44.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Thomas F. Scanlon] The hills\Ndivided up village from village
Dialogue: 0,0:45:44.39,0:45:46.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and people from people.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:46.32,0:45:50.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So each village was encouraged to have its\Nown favorite gods and
Dialogue: 0,0:45:50.70,0:45:52.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,its own favorite heroes.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:52.54,0:45:55.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think that, in terms\Nof the natural layout of
Dialogue: 0,0:45:55.36,0:46:00.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the land, was very important in the formation\Nof myth and of their religion.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:02.09,0:46:06.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] The gods were many,\Nas were their functions.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:06.48,0:46:11.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hermes was the protector of flocks and herds\Nof domesticated animals.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:11.46,0:46:16.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hera was the goddess of\Nmarriage as well as paternity.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:16.18,0:46:19.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Eros prevailed over matters of love.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:19.98,0:46:23.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hephaestus was the god of fire and volcanoes.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:24.24,0:46:27.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Poseidon ruled over the sea.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:27.46,0:46:30.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was Pan, part human and part goat.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:30.74,0:46:33.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was recognized as the shepherds' god.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:35.36,0:46:40.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there was Artemis, protector\Nof nature and the young.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:41.97,0:46:46.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Artemis is associated\Nwith young, blooming nature,
Dialogue: 0,0:46:46.53,0:46:48.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with young animals.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:48.16,0:46:52.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But Artemis is also associated with the initiation\Nof young women.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:52.95,0:46:57.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there's a continuum in Greek thinking between\Nwhat happens in the
Dialogue: 0,0:46:57.40,0:47:01.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,natural world and what happens in what we\Nwould identify as a very different
Dialogue: 0,0:47:01.18,0:47:02.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,human social sphere.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:02.99,0:47:05.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To Greek mythological thinking, these are\Nall part of the
Dialogue: 0,0:47:05.66,0:47:06.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,same phenomenon.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:06.86,0:47:09.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's why Artemis can be the huntress,\Nthe one who is
Dialogue: 0,0:47:09.87,0:47:14.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,associated with the wild, but also the one\Nwho tames young girls.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:16.07,0:47:20.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] Of all the deities that influenced\Nhuman life, Demeter was
Dialogue: 0,0:47:20.19,0:47:22.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of the most important.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:22.42,0:47:26.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Celebrated once every five years,\Nshe was the goddess
Dialogue: 0,0:47:26.24,0:47:28.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of corn and crops.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:30.61,0:47:34.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Greeks looked at\Nand lived with their landscape for an
Dialogue: 0,0:47:34.04,0:47:39.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,awfully long time and developed stories by\Nwatching nature and by living with it.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:39.60,0:47:44.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the worship of a kind of Earth-goddess\Nwho protected the Earth and
Dialogue: 0,0:47:44.34,0:47:50.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,saw to the welfare of the crops and withheld\Nthe crops if people didn't behave themselves,
Dialogue: 0,0:47:50.27,0:47:53.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all of that was part of the Greek view of\Nthe cycle of nature.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:53.36,0:47:58.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] The relationship between\Nman and the divine was not simple.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:58.97,0:48:02.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, theirs was an uneasy alliance.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:02.03,0:48:04.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Though the gods were powerful and
Dialogue: 0,0:48:04.17,0:48:08.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,immortal, they were not\Nbeyond human questioning.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:08.33,0:48:09.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The ancient Greeks often
Dialogue: 0,0:48:09.46,0:48:12.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,criticized the immoral behavior of the gods.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:15.62,0:48:18.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They could act in excess.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:18.34,0:48:20.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Each one had passions,
Dialogue: 0,0:48:20.14,0:48:27.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had made mistakes, but the mortals\Nhad to respect their own boundaries.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:27.12,0:48:30.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the main difference\Nbetween gods and mortals.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:30.61,0:48:31.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Gods could do anything
Dialogue: 0,0:48:31.73,0:48:35.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they liked, do as they please.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:35.10,0:48:39.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mortals had to refrain from excess.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:39.06,0:48:45.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Greek gods and goddesses are facets of\Nwhat could become of a deadly passion,
Dialogue: 0,0:48:45.46,0:48:49.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what could happen to mortals if they\Nreally step over a boundary.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:52.66,0:48:55.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Richard Martin] Now we might think\Nof criticizing the gods as a kind of
Dialogue: 0,0:48:55.36,0:48:59.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,blasphemy, but in fact it reinforces the notion\Nthat the gods do exist.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:59.47,0:49:05.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think what was really being criticized\Nwere other Greeks' attitudes about the gods.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:05.25,0:49:08.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Something that's very hard for us to understand\Nis that the Greeks could play
Dialogue: 0,0:49:08.44,0:49:10.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with their notions of gods.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:10.18,0:49:16.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] Superior to the humans over\Nwhom they held sway, the gods were
Dialogue: 0,0:49:16.15,0:49:21.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nevertheless subject to the same passions,\Nfailures, and weaknesses of mortals.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:22.22,0:49:26.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They knew love, despair, and tragedy.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:27.33,0:49:29.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They took on human form and were
Dialogue: 0,0:49:29.64,0:49:32.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,vulnerable to injury and illness.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:32.70,0:49:36.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But unlike people, they healed quickly.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:37.78,0:49:40.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thomas F. Scanlon] Of course, they\Nweren't just humans.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:40.40,0:49:42.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were different from\Nhumans in many ways.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:42.84,0:49:45.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They first of all obviously never died,
Dialogue: 0,0:49:45.52,0:49:49.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,secondly they had incredible\Npowers of strength and knowledge.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:49.80,0:49:56.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the reason why they're in human form \Nis that the Greeks had tremendous pride
Dialogue: 0,0:49:56.20,0:49:58.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the human form.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:58.23,0:50:01.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Greeks had such high value\Nfor the perfection of human
Dialogue: 0,0:50:01.78,0:50:07.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,intelligence and physicality that they could\Nnot imagine a more perfect form to
Dialogue: 0,0:50:07.93,0:50:09.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,attribute to the gods.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:10.86,0:50:17.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Greg Thalman] This notion that the\Ngods are "humans-plus" seems to have
Dialogue: 0,0:50:17.62,0:50:20.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,answered a very deep need in the Greeks.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:20.89,0:50:23.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a sort of fantasy of overcoming
Dialogue: 0,0:50:23.71,0:50:27.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all the weaknesses that make\Nus humans what we are.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:27.52,0:50:30.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[dramatic music]
Dialogue: 0,0:50:31.28,0:50:36.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] The gods were also subject\Nto similar laws which governed humanity.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:37.36,0:50:40.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hermes was the guardian of travelers.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:40.79,0:50:42.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When he cleared a pathway
Dialogue: 0,0:50:42.10,0:50:49.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by killing the hundred-eyed monster called\NArgos, he had to stand trial for the deed.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:50.57,0:50:51.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Christina Sorum] Well, he killed.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:51.95,0:50:54.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's a god but he's polluted.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:54.05,0:50:56.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so he had to stand trial.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:56.07,0:51:00.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the way the gods all cast their votes\Nwas by putting a stone at his foot,
Dialogue: 0,0:51:00.41,0:51:04.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which made a stone heap,\Nwhich is called a "herm."
Dialogue: 0,0:51:05.87,0:51:09.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] Though the gods were not\Nperfect, they were not powers to
Dialogue: 0,0:51:09.63,0:51:12.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,be trifled with.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:12.69,0:51:18.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Greg Thalman] What you did need to\Ndo was be careful not to offend the
Dialogue: 0,0:51:18.13,0:51:24.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gods, not to set yourself up as the gods' equal,\Nnot to be arrogant in that way,
Dialogue: 0,0:51:24.91,0:51:27.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because that was inviting disaster.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:27.18,0:51:29.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not from any other humans, but from the
Dialogue: 0,0:51:29.55,0:51:30.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gods themselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:31.94,0:51:37.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's the story of Salmoneus,\Nwho had himself driven
Dialogue: 0,0:51:37.20,0:51:44.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,around on a cart, banging on shields or some\Nnoise-making implement, saying that
Dialogue: 0,0:51:44.47,0:51:50.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he was Zeus and trying to imitate Zeus' thunder,\Nand he was probably dispatching
Dialogue: 0,0:51:50.54,0:51:51.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a thunderbolt.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:51.86,0:51:53.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[thunder]
Dialogue: 0,0:51:55.32,0:51:58.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think everybody believed\Nthat somebody really
Dialogue: 0,0:51:58.17,0:52:02.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,powerful had to be in charge of lightning,\Nand the obvious candidate was Zeus.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:02.35,0:52:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Zeus was a weather god, primarily.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:05.00,0:52:07.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, when it rained,\Nyou said "Zeus is raining."
Dialogue: 0,0:52:07.87,0:52:09.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You didn't say "It's raining."
Dialogue: 0,0:52:09.65,0:52:13.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so lightning, this powerful,
Dialogue: 0,0:52:13.06,0:52:16.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,strange thing that can kill you, obviously\Nhad to be under the control of
Dialogue: 0,0:52:16.83,0:52:19.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,someone like Zeus.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:20.25,0:52:24.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] In Athens, the people also\Nworshiped a god with no name,
Dialogue: 0,0:52:24.70,0:52:28.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one who was simply referred\Nto as the "unknown god."
Dialogue: 0,0:52:30.03,0:52:32.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Richard Martin] The shrine to the unknown\Ngod was probably the
Dialogue: 0,0:52:32.37,0:52:36.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Athenians' way, in their own\Nreligious system, of covering their bets.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:36.58,0:52:40.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just in case there was a god out there that\Nthey hadn't managed to worship, a god
Dialogue: 0,0:52:40.34,0:52:41.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that might do something to them,
Dialogue: 0,0:52:41.52,0:52:44.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they had a shrine to the unknown god.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:45.44,0:52:49.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] The Greeks rationalized the\Nworld around them.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:49.19,0:52:52.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Philosophy and intellectual\Nthought flourished,
Dialogue: 0,0:52:52.43,0:52:56.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most of all, in Athens.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:56.06,0:52:57.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was here that Athena
Dialogue: 0,0:52:57.62,0:53:01.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,presided in noble splendor over the people.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:01.71,0:53:04.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Goddess of war and patron of the arts,
Dialogue: 0,0:53:04.63,0:53:10.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she was honored in the form of a gold\Nebony and ivory statue at the Parthenon.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:11.59,0:53:14.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was believed that her symbolic presence\Nwould make the city
Dialogue: 0,0:53:14.93,0:53:17.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,invincible to attack.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:19.82,0:53:23.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thousands came to pay tribute to her here\Nin one of the
Dialogue: 0,0:53:23.66,0:53:25.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,finest buildings ever constructed.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:26.65,0:53:32.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But of all the sacred places\Nin Ancient Greece, few approached
Dialogue: 0,0:53:32.29,0:53:38.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the significance of a tree-lined valley of\Nunsurpassed beauty and strange power.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:40.11,0:53:44.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For it was here that the Greeks\Ncame to learn of their future.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:48.90,0:53:51.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is Olympia.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:53.00,0:53:58.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,2,500 years ago, a\N40-foot-high statue stood here.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:59.77,0:54:04.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was made of gold and ivory and was\Nconsidered one of the seven wonders
Dialogue: 0,0:54:04.02,0:54:05.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the ancient world.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:06.53,0:54:11.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dedicated to Zeus in celebration\Nof his omnipotence, this
Dialogue: 0,0:54:11.17,0:54:17.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ancient wonder presided over the oldest known\Norganized sporting event on Earth,
Dialogue: 0,0:54:17.74,0:54:20.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Olympic games.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:22.68,0:54:26.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Richard F. Scanton] Every four years,\Nthe Greeks from all over the Greek
Dialogue: 0,0:54:26.19,0:54:30.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,world and the islands in Italy would come\Nto Olympia to celebrate this festival.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:31.90,0:54:37.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] Restricted to only males,\Nincluding spectators, naked athletes
Dialogue: 0,0:54:37.17,0:54:43.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,competed for crown and glory\Nunder a burning sun in five events:
Dialogue: 0,0:54:43.13,0:54:50.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the broad jump, discus throwing,\Njavelin hurling, wrestling, and the
Dialogue: 0,0:54:50.51,0:54:52.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,200-yard dash.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:52.40,0:54:54.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[triumphant music]
Dialogue: 0,0:54:55.28,0:55:01.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,While the object of the games\Nwas to win, the purpose was to worship.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:02.51,0:55:06.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Richard F. Scanton] According to one\Nscholar, David Sansone, he believed
Dialogue: 0,0:55:06.25,0:55:12.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the athletic event is an expenditure\Nof ritual energy for the gods.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:12.75,0:55:19.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in fact, one way of showing this is that\Nwhat the athletes did was sweat.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:19.14,0:55:22.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they sweat and they had dirt\Non them and they had olive oil on.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:22.77,0:55:23.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And after
Dialogue: 0,0:55:23.77,0:55:30.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they finished competing, they cleaned off\Nthe scum from their skin using a strigil.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:30.78,0:55:35.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they actually collected the scum from\Nthe athletes, which was
Dialogue: 0,0:55:35.08,0:55:37.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thought to have magical properties.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:37.18,0:55:40.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in a sense, they were reaping the
Dialogue: 0,0:55:40.58,0:55:47.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,product of human energy and having this as\Na magical potion that the gods would honor.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:49.74,0:55:53.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] This, then, was Olympia.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:53.61,0:55:55.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And to this day around the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:55:55.52,0:56:01.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,winning an Olympic event remains an\Naccomplishment beyond comparison.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:04.33,0:56:07.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Constantine] Winner had the\Nluck to win the Olympic games and
Dialogue: 0,0:56:07.83,0:56:09.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,come first.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:09.93,0:56:14.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My country hadn't had the first place in any\NOlympics for over fifty years.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:14.69,0:56:18.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All this was very exciting for a young person.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:18.41,0:56:20.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, the idea that
Dialogue: 0,0:56:20.17,0:56:21.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you get on to the podium.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:21.82,0:56:24.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Your achievement is honored only by a
Dialogue: 0,0:56:24.59,0:56:26.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,medal and nothing else.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:26.91,0:56:29.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You hear the national anthem\Nof your country, you see
Dialogue: 0,0:56:29.78,0:56:33.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the great flag going up,\Nthese things remain in your mind.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:33.17,0:56:34.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I—I've often
Dialogue: 0,0:56:34.21,0:56:38.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,said that that is the greatest feeling in\Nmy life, other than getting engaged
Dialogue: 0,0:56:38.23,0:56:40.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to my wife.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:41.81,0:56:46.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] Another site central to the\Nancient Greeks is Delphi.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:46.76,0:56:51.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mystical and mysterious, Delphi is perhaps\Nbest known as a place where a
Dialogue: 0,0:56:51.47,0:56:55.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,famous oracle resided.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:55.64,0:56:59.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Also known as the Oracle of Apollo,\Nshe provided clues
Dialogue: 0,0:56:59.65,0:57:02.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to those who sought insight into the future.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:02.35,0:57:04.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[mysterious music]
Dialogue: 0,0:57:05.38,0:57:10.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Richard F. Scanton] The Oracle of Apollo\Nwas a priestess who was named
Dialogue: 0,0:57:10.03,0:57:16.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the "Pythia," people would come from all over\Nthe known world to seek the advice
Dialogue: 0,0:57:16.63,0:57:20.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of this priestess for important questions—
Dialogue: 0,0:57:20.14,0:57:24.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,often affairs of state,\Npolitical questions and direction.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:26.12,0:57:32.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] Unfortunately, the oracle spoke\Nin a language no one could understand.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:32.12,0:57:36.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Her pronouncements on the future\Nhad to be translated by a prophet,
Dialogue: 0,0:57:36.97,0:57:40.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but even then her prophecies were\Noften obscure.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:40.75,0:57:47.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's one famous\Nambiguous answer in which
Dialogue: 0,0:57:47.90,0:57:52.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a great king asks the oracle,\N"Should I go to war?"
Dialogue: 0,0:57:52.33,0:57:54.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the oracle says, "If you go
Dialogue: 0,0:57:54.50,0:57:57.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to war, you will destroy a great kingdom."
Dialogue: 0,0:57:57.40,0:57:59.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so the guy goes to war, and
Dialogue: 0,0:57:59.23,0:58:01.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of course his kingdom is\Nthe great one destroyed.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:01.82,0:58:03.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He should've read that the right way.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:03.85,0:58:08.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The oracle always gives you a\Nkind of question in return—a puzzle,
Dialogue: 0,0:58:08.58,0:58:11.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an enigma—that you have to answer.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:12.72,0:58:17.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Christina Sorum] Humans are born,\Nand they grow up, and they make a
Dialogue: 0,0:58:17.09,0:58:19.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,choice to do this and to do that.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:19.34,0:58:21.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At any point in their life, they could go
Dialogue: 0,0:58:21.50,0:58:28.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to Delphi, and hear an oracle, like,\N"Beware of the sea because it will kill you."
Dialogue: 0,0:58:28.73,0:58:34.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you spend your whole life avoiding the\Nsea so that you won't get killed.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:34.27,0:58:39.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then one day, you're in an aquarium and a\Ntank bursts and you drown in the
Dialogue: 0,0:58:39.35,0:58:44.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,seawater in this salt-water aquarium, or\Nsomething more sensible than that.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:44.07,0:58:45.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Did fate make that happen?
Dialogue: 0,0:58:45.80,0:58:46.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:46.59,0:58:49.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's just the god knew the\Nfuture and could say
Dialogue: 0,0:58:49.15,0:58:51.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it was going to happen.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:51.46,0:58:53.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[peaceful music]
Dialogue: 0,0:58:53.04,0:58:58.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] Delphi was also the place\Nwhere the son of Zeus presided.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:58.07,0:59:01.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His name was Apollo.
Dialogue: 0,0:59:01.29,0:59:05.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In addition to presiding over Delphi,\NApollo had other responsibilities.
Dialogue: 0,0:59:07.66,0:59:12.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was the god associated\Nwith sexuality and love.
Dialogue: 0,0:59:12.61,0:59:13.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ironically,
Dialogue: 0,0:59:13.86,0:59:17.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Apollo himself was never\Nknown to be a great lover.
Dialogue: 0,0:59:19.47,0:59:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Christina Sorum] Apollo is beautiful.
Dialogue: 0,0:59:22.00,0:59:24.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's the most beautiful male,
Dialogue: 0,0:59:24.01,0:59:27.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as Aphrodite is the most beautiful female.
Dialogue: 0,0:59:27.45,0:59:31.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He is the best athlete, he is a
Dialogue: 0,0:59:31.69,0:59:39.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,beautiful singer, he is strong and a marvelous\Narcher, he's your perfect
Dialogue: 0,0:59:39.64,0:59:41.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,human being—your perfect male.
Dialogue: 0,0:59:41.79,0:59:45.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he has this sad, sad life.
Dialogue: 0,0:59:45.39,0:59:46.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He falls in love
Dialogue: 0,0:59:46.39,0:59:49.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over and over and over and\Nnone of the women want him.
Dialogue: 0,0:59:49.71,0:59:56.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he attempted to rape girls\Nat certain occasions in his life.
Dialogue: 0,0:59:56.95,1:00:03.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's really a god, I think, of distance and\Nrationality more than a god of love.
Dialogue: 0,1:00:05.11,1:00:08.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] Perhaps the most tragic\Nof Apollo's romantic escapades was
Dialogue: 0,1:00:08.48,1:00:15.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,his love for Cassandra,\Ndaughter of the king of Troy.
Dialogue: 0,1:00:15.61,1:00:18.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As Greek mythology would have it,
Dialogue: 0,1:00:18.01,1:00:21.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Apollo and Cassandra's tragic affair\Nwould directly impact the course
Dialogue: 0,1:00:21.95,1:00:23.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of history.
Dialogue: 0,1:00:25.84,1:00:29.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Christina Sorum] He falls in love\Nwith Cassandra, who is a princess in
Dialogue: 0,1:00:29.12,1:00:34.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Troy, and he says, you know, "I'll give you\Nthe gift of prophecy if you will
Dialogue: 0,1:00:34.86,1:00:36.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sleep with me."
Dialogue: 0,1:00:36.46,1:00:43.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And she says "Okay" and he does, and\Nthen he—she rejects him, and he makes
Dialogue: 0,1:00:43.88,1:00:48.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it so no one will ever believe\Nany of her prophecies.
Dialogue: 0,1:00:49.68,1:00:54.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] And thus, according to\NHomer, a seemingly insignificant
Dialogue: 0,1:00:54.21,1:00:58.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lovers' squabble later played a major role\Nin one of the classic battles of the
Dialogue: 0,1:00:58.37,1:01:03.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ancient world: the Trojan War.
Dialogue: 0,1:01:05.81,1:01:11.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Greek stories\Nof Homer told of a glorious day
Dialogue: 0,1:01:11.20,1:01:15.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which all the Greeks actually\Ndid one thing together.
Dialogue: 0,1:01:15.13,1:01:16.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They did an expedition,
Dialogue: 0,1:01:16.82,1:01:19.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they fought the Trojans.
Dialogue: 0,1:01:20.71,1:01:24.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] According to Homer, the\Nconflict begins when Paris, son of
Dialogue: 0,1:01:24.91,1:01:29.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the king of Troy, kidnaps the\Nbeautiful daughter of a Greek king.
Dialogue: 0,1:01:31.05,1:01:33.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Furious at the abduction,
Dialogue: 0,1:01:33.33,1:01:36.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the king and his brother unite\Nall the leaders of the Greek world
Dialogue: 0,1:01:36.31,1:01:38.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to join in an attack on Troy.
Dialogue: 0,1:01:38.96,1:01:41.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[1:01:38 dramatic music]
Dialogue: 0,1:01:42.69,1:01:49.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For ten long years, they\Nlay siege to the city, but to no avail.
Dialogue: 0,1:01:49.32,1:01:56.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Troy is a fortress—all but impenetrable.
Dialogue: 0,1:01:56.01,1:01:57.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then, a Greek general named
Dialogue: 0,1:01:57.40,1:02:01.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Odysseus comes forward with\Na plan that will echo through history.
Dialogue: 0,1:02:05.26,1:02:08.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He suggests that the Greeks\Nbuild an enormous wooden horse
Dialogue: 0,1:02:08.44,1:02:13.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and pretend to leave Troy, as if the\Ngreat horse were a parting tribute.
Dialogue: 0,1:02:15.36,1:02:19.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But Helen, the Greek princess,\Nwho has now fallen in love
Dialogue: 0,1:02:19.22,1:02:26.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with her captor, knows her people\Nwell and suspects a trick.
Dialogue: 0,1:02:29.08,1:02:33.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Helen, who went\Nand imitated the voices of many
Dialogue: 0,1:02:33.80,1:02:40.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wives of the companions of the Greeks, and\Nwalked around the Trojan horse,
Dialogue: 0,1:02:40.03,1:02:46.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hoping that some of them might hear the\Nvoices of their wives and really cry out.
Dialogue: 0,1:02:46.04,1:02:50.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Odysseus was the one that restrained\Nhis companions from revealing themselves.
Dialogue: 0,1:02:51.15,1:02:53.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[indistinct yelling]
Dialogue: 0,1:02:53.14,1:02:56.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] And so tragedy awaits the\Nunsuspecting Trojans.
Dialogue: 0,1:02:57.87,1:03:01.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The horse is brought inside the walled city.
Dialogue: 0,1:03:01.28,1:03:05.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But they have one more\Nchance when Cassandra,
Dialogue: 0,1:03:05.23,1:03:10.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Trojan woman who spurned the god\NApollo's advances, also tries to warn
Dialogue: 0,1:03:10.39,1:03:13.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,her fellow citizens.
Dialogue: 0,1:03:15.33,1:03:19.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another warning came from\NCassandra, the Trojan princess.
Dialogue: 0,1:03:19.28,1:03:23.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She had been given the gift of prophecy by\NApollo in exchange for
Dialogue: 0,1:03:23.76,1:03:25.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sleeping with him.
Dialogue: 0,1:03:25.29,1:03:26.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in the end, she refused.
Dialogue: 0,1:03:26.94,1:03:28.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So Apollo made sure that
Dialogue: 0,1:03:28.52,1:03:30.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nobody would believe in her prophecies.
Dialogue: 0,1:03:32.16,1:03:37.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] And thus the god Apollo\Ngets his revenge on Cassandra,
Dialogue: 0,1:03:37.95,1:03:40.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the mortal who spurred him.
Dialogue: 0,1:03:40.95,1:03:44.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is unfortunate for the citizens of Troy.
Dialogue: 0,1:03:44.06,1:03:48.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After much feasting and celebrating,\Nthe Trojans fall asleep.
Dialogue: 0,1:03:50.18,1:03:52.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Late at night, under cover of darkness,
Dialogue: 0,1:03:52.97,1:03:56.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Greek armies return.
Dialogue: 0,1:03:57.09,1:03:59.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Within the walled city of Troy, Odysseus and
Dialogue: 0,1:03:59.94,1:04:05.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,his men slip quietly out of the wooden horse's\Nbelly and unlock the city gates.
Dialogue: 0,1:04:11.23,1:04:14.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Greeks storm through\Nthe now-open gates and lay waste
Dialogue: 0,1:04:14.98,1:04:16.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the city.
Dialogue: 0,1:04:16.67,1:04:19.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[intense music and battle sounds]
Dialogue: 0,1:04:21.58,1:04:24.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But revenge does not a\Nbetter lover make.
Dialogue: 0,1:04:24.75,1:04:26.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Apollo would remain
Dialogue: 0,1:04:26.52,1:04:30.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a failure in affairs of the heart.
Dialogue: 0,1:04:32.15,1:04:36.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In stark contrast to Apollo\Nand the area of romance
Dialogue: 0,1:04:36.40,1:04:41.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the other god who presided\Nover Delphi: Dionysus.
Dialogue: 0,1:04:43.28,1:04:46.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dionysus, on the other hand,\Nis a guy you'd expect to
Dialogue: 0,1:04:46.36,1:04:48.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have a lot of luck with the ladies.
Dialogue: 0,1:04:48.73,1:04:52.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's a god who is a god of the vines,
Dialogue: 0,1:04:52.48,1:04:59.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he's a god of wine, he's a god of\Nvegetation, he's a god of the sea.
Dialogue: 0,1:04:59.72,1:05:01.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So he's a god
Dialogue: 0,1:05:01.17,1:05:06.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who has been described as a god\Nof the fluid element—a god of fluidity.
Dialogue: 0,1:05:06.31,1:05:11.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think that's an excellent description,\Nbecause he's a god who can induce madness
Dialogue: 0,1:05:11.47,1:05:13.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the individual.
Dialogue: 0,1:05:13.19,1:05:16.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Your mind can turn to a fluid\Nmush if you're under the
Dialogue: 0,1:05:16.42,1:05:19.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,influence of Dionysus, whether it's\Nthrough drink or through some
Dialogue: 0,1:05:19.73,1:05:21.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,religious ecstasy.
Dialogue: 0,1:05:23.52,1:05:26.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Katerina Zacharia] Strong\Nemotion is Dionysus.
Dialogue: 0,1:05:26.06,1:05:28.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Formal expression is Apollo.
Dialogue: 0,1:05:28.80,1:05:33.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of course, that idea, which is as well known\Nas the division between
Dialogue: 0,1:05:33.59,1:05:38.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,classical and romantic, is no longer valid.
Dialogue: 0,1:05:38.24,1:05:41.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yet, the idea of relating Apollo and
Dialogue: 0,1:05:41.76,1:05:46.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dionysus was one that was\Nquite pertinent in antiquity.
Dialogue: 0,1:05:46.27,1:05:48.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,During the three winter months
Dialogue: 0,1:05:48.53,1:05:54.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at Delphi that Apollo was absent,\NDionysus replaced him.
Dialogue: 0,1:05:54.93,1:05:56.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dionysus is
Dialogue: 0,1:05:56.10,1:06:02.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the god of civic disorder, but also the god\Nof imperial democracy, whereas Apollo
Dialogue: 0,1:06:02.34,1:06:04.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the god of civic order.
Dialogue: 0,1:06:04.16,1:06:09.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] And thus, as is so often\Nthe case with the gods of ancient Greece,
Dialogue: 0,1:06:09.87,1:06:12.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there is a moral to the story.
Dialogue: 0,1:06:12.88,1:06:14.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this case, the lesson lies in the
Dialogue: 0,1:06:14.98,1:06:19.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very contrast between Apollo and Dionysus.
Dialogue: 0,1:06:20.69,1:06:25.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dionysus is a god who—\Nwho is worshiped by women
Dialogue: 0,1:06:25.70,1:06:32.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and is worshiped in the countryside,\Nand leads women out of their homes,
Dialogue: 0,1:06:32.17,1:06:37.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,away from their looms, into the tops of\Nmountains where they dance all night
Dialogue: 0,1:06:37.94,1:06:42.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and carry torches, and, men\Nthought, drank a lot.
Dialogue: 0,1:06:42.43,1:06:44.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We think about Apollo as a god
Dialogue: 0,1:06:44.93,1:06:48.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of reason, as a god of order.
Dialogue: 0,1:06:48.06,1:06:50.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On his temple at Delphi,\Nthere are all these things.
Dialogue: 0,1:06:50.52,1:06:56.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It says "nothing too much"—{\i1}medan\Nagan{\i0}, moderation in all things.
Dialogue: 0,1:06:58.05,1:07:02.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[1:06:50 narrator] While the gods loved to\Nbattle and ruled over earth and sky,
Dialogue: 0,1:07:02.97,1:07:07.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,beneath the fertile folds and sun-drenched\Nlandscape of ancient Greece lay
Dialogue: 0,1:07:07.49,1:07:13.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,another domain—\Na dark and foreboding place.
Dialogue: 0,1:07:19.06,1:07:22.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When the Greeks of ancient\Ntimes died, they were either
Dialogue: 0,1:07:22.53,1:07:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,buried or cremated.
Dialogue: 0,1:07:29.44,1:07:34.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Beyond death lay the underworld,\Na type of shadow existence
Dialogue: 0,1:07:34.14,1:07:37.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where there was no conscious afterlife.
Dialogue: 0,1:07:38.60,1:07:40.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No one went to heaven.
Dialogue: 0,1:07:40.81,1:07:44.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That was the exclusive\Ndomain of the gods.
Dialogue: 0,1:07:45.75,1:07:49.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After death, we\Nhave a soul, according to the
Dialogue: 0,1:07:49.88,1:07:55.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Greeks, which is called {\i1}psykhe{\i0}, which goes\Nfluttering off like a shadow of smoke
Dialogue: 0,1:07:55.93,1:07:58.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into the underworld.
Dialogue: 0,1:07:58.31,1:08:04.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, when you get to the underworld,\Nthis place is called "Hades."
Dialogue: 0,1:08:04.12,1:08:08.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or it's sometimes called "the House\Nof Hades," because Hades is the
Dialogue: 0,1:08:08.17,1:08:10.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,god of the underworld.
Dialogue: 0,1:08:11.65,1:08:15.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there's a journey that\Nthe soul has to take.
Dialogue: 0,1:08:17.40,1:08:21.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] The journey was\Nacross the fabled River Styx,
Dialogue: 0,1:08:21.74,1:08:27.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or "River of Hatred," with a man named\NCharon to ferry the soul over.
Dialogue: 0,1:08:29.96,1:08:34.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have to pay Charon\Nyour obols or two obols
Dialogue: 0,1:08:34.58,1:08:38.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to get across the river, and that's why\Nthese coins were put in the mouths of
Dialogue: 0,1:08:38.28,1:08:41.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the corpse upon death.
Dialogue: 0,1:08:41.14,1:08:44.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you got there, the first\Nthing you meet is Cerberus,
Dialogue: 0,1:08:44.77,1:08:48.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this three-headed guard dog, at\Nthe door to the underworld.
Dialogue: 0,1:08:48.02,1:08:51.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You went by—because you were a\Ndead man, you were allowed in.
Dialogue: 0,1:08:51.53,1:08:52.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if you tried to get in
Dialogue: 0,1:08:52.46,1:08:55.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a live man, you were\Neaten alive by this thing.
Dialogue: 0,1:08:55.35,1:08:58.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[intense music]
Dialogue: 0,1:08:59.64,1:09:05.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] In Homer's telling, Hades\Nis a grim and dreadful place.
Dialogue: 0,1:09:05.25,1:09:10.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is so bleak, no temple\Nfor Hades exists anywhere.
Dialogue: 0,1:09:10.78,1:09:12.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The underworld is described
Dialogue: 0,1:09:12.14,1:09:17.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a place where human spirits\Nsuffer an eternity of empty dreams.
Dialogue: 0,1:09:21.08,1:09:24.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Katerina Zacharia] Hades is terrible\Nand inexorable, but he is not the
Dialogue: 0,1:09:24.88,1:09:29.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,punisher of souls like Satan in Christianity.
Dialogue: 0,1:09:30.29,1:09:32.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}Psykhe{\i0} in Greek means "breath,"
Dialogue: 0,1:09:32.92,1:09:37.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It comes from a verb\N{\i1}psykhein{\i0}, which is "to breathe."
Dialogue: 0,1:09:37.16,1:09:39.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now one—when someone
Dialogue: 0,1:09:39.16,1:09:42.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dies, he no longer breathes.
Dialogue: 0,1:09:42.60,1:09:46.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}Psykhe{\i0} has really been translated as "soul."
Dialogue: 0,1:09:46.98,1:09:50.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, {\i1}psykhes{\i0} in the underworld\Nhave no consciousness.
Dialogue: 0,1:09:53.02,1:09:55.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] There are two\Nlevels to the underworld.
Dialogue: 0,1:09:55.100,1:09:57.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first,
Dialogue: 0,1:09:57.44,1:10:02.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called Erebus, is where the human\Nsoul passes immediately after death.
Dialogue: 0,1:10:03.84,1:10:09.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second is a deeper and more\Nterrible place called Tartarus.
Dialogue: 0,1:10:10.77,1:10:15.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those unrepentant and violent souls\Nwho have offended the gods are
Dialogue: 0,1:10:15.34,1:10:17.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,banished to dreaded Tartarus.
Dialogue: 0,1:10:17.68,1:10:20.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[eerie music]
Dialogue: 0,1:10:24.38,1:10:27.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the most famous\Ncharacters who was put into
Dialogue: 0,1:10:27.13,1:10:34.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tartarus was a fellow named Tantalus,\Nand Tantalus was made to stand
Dialogue: 0,1:10:34.88,1:10:41.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a river with a fruit tree over his head,\Nand he was eternally thirsty and eternally
Dialogue: 0,1:10:41.40,1:10:46.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hungry because whenever he reached to\Ndrink out of the river, the water would flow
Dialogue: 0,1:10:46.41,1:10:49.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through his hands and he couldn't get\Nit to his mouth, and when he reached
Dialogue: 0,1:10:49.68,1:10:53.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the fruit of the tree over his head,\Nit would always move just out of reach.
Dialogue: 0,1:10:53.100,1:10:59.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so he was eternally "tantalized,"\Nas we have the word from it now.
Dialogue: 0,1:11:00.49,1:11:03.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,narrator] Thus the gods of their\Nstories gave meaning to the different
Dialogue: 0,1:11:03.46,1:11:10.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cycles of life and even the\Npossibility of an afterlife.
Dialogue: 0,1:11:10.06,1:11:13.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They also helped the Greeks establish\Na morality and a body of ethics.
Dialogue: 0,1:11:16.77,1:11:20.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In ancient Greece, one of the\Nmost advanced civilizations
Dialogue: 0,1:11:20.44,1:11:27.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of its time, these stories eventually inspired\Nthe birth of a new art form—
Dialogue: 0,1:11:27.43,1:11:29.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the theater.
Dialogue: 0,1:11:30.40,1:11:34.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Later, playwrights such as\NEuripides, Sophocles, and Aristophanes
Dialogue: 0,1:11:34.75,1:11:39.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dramatized them, allowing the epic tales to\Ncome alive for people throughout
Dialogue: 0,1:11:39.40,1:11:40.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the centuries.
Dialogue: 0,1:11:43.25,1:11:46.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Greg Thalmann] The relation of\Nliterature to myth and religious belief
Dialogue: 0,1:11:46.49,1:11:49.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,among the Greeks is\Na very complicated one.
Dialogue: 0,1:11:49.74,1:11:50.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have to remember
Dialogue: 0,1:11:50.78,1:12:00.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that for them, literature—poetry,\Nespecially—was not the preserve of an
Dialogue: 0,1:12:00.68,1:12:02.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,educated elite.
Dialogue: 0,1:12:02.96,1:12:07.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was not even originally,\Nuh, meant to be read.
Dialogue: 0,1:12:07.16,1:12:09.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was publicly performed.
Dialogue: 0,1:12:09.35,1:12:11.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was accessible to everyone.
Dialogue: 0,1:12:13.05,1:12:17.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Richard Martin] They had various\Nkinds of performances, they had oral
Dialogue: 0,1:12:17.73,1:12:22.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,poetry, choral dancing, drama, but they\Nwould never think of it as something
Dialogue: 0,1:12:22.91,1:12:24.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like one category.
Dialogue: 0,1:12:24.72,1:12:27.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Especially, they would never\Nthink of reading this material.
Dialogue: 0,1:12:27.70,1:12:32.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You had it performed, and therefore\Nit's much more deeply embedded in
Dialogue: 0,1:12:32.52,1:12:34.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the local culture.
Dialogue: 0,1:12:34.05,1:12:36.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not something that only a\Nfew people do—read these works.
Dialogue: 0,1:12:36.96,1:12:40.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's something that\Neverybody hears and sees.
Dialogue: 0,1:12:40.86,1:12:44.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] Some of the early authors\Ncrafted their plays and their poetry
Dialogue: 0,1:12:44.17,1:12:47.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,around themes which\Nwere critical of the gods—
Dialogue: 0,1:12:47.97,1:12:49.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something which later
Dialogue: 0,1:12:49.40,1:12:52.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,philosophers vehemently condemned.
Dialogue: 0,1:12:53.87,1:12:58.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Plato's criticism of traditional\Nliterature and of the
Dialogue: 0,1:12:58.81,1:13:04.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stories in them was that the gods\Nessentially didn't act like gods.
Dialogue: 0,1:13:04.40,1:13:11.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think Plato especially was very uncomfortable\Nwith that, because of his own notion
Dialogue: 0,1:13:11.09,1:13:14.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of what a god ought to be.
Dialogue: 0,1:13:14.40,1:13:17.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see some of the\Nsame critique in Euripides—
Dialogue: 0,1:13:17.48,1:13:22.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in his tragedies, his sense that, you know,\Ngods shouldn't really act the way
Dialogue: 0,1:13:22.81,1:13:27.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that a lot of the myths he's treating\Ndramatically show them.
Dialogue: 0,1:13:28.69,1:13:31.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Certainly, when you look at a\Ndrama like the {\i1}Ion{\i0}, in which
Dialogue: 0,1:13:31.79,1:13:37.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Apollo is represented as a rapist, you\Nbegin to question the value of a god
Dialogue: 0,1:13:37.76,1:13:39.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like that.
Dialogue: 0,1:13:40.05,1:13:43.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] Some philosophers believe\Nthat redemption is the moral
Dialogue: 0,1:13:43.38,1:13:45.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the story.
Dialogue: 0,1:13:46.84,1:13:50.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the end of the play, the woman\Nwho is raped becomes the
Dialogue: 0,1:13:50.21,1:13:52.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mother of Apollo's son, Ion.
Dialogue: 0,1:13:54.45,1:13:58.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He goes on to become the\Nleader of the city-state of Athens.
Dialogue: 0,1:13:59.79,1:14:03.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many of the plays reflected\Nthe more tempestuous side
Dialogue: 0,1:14:03.88,1:14:06.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of human nature in the conduct of the gods.
Dialogue: 0,1:14:07.97,1:14:10.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sexuality and affairs of the heart
Dialogue: 0,1:14:10.28,1:14:14.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were controlled by Aphrodite, the goddess\Nof beauty, love and fertility.
Dialogue: 0,1:14:16.80,1:14:21.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just like Apollo, Aphrodite\Nlived a turbulent life.
Dialogue: 0,1:14:24.64,1:14:29.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Aphrodite was connected\Nwith warfare through her
Dialogue: 0,1:14:29.41,1:14:33.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,union, her affair, with\NAres, the god of war.
Dialogue: 0,1:14:33.96,1:14:35.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they were two famous lovers.
Dialogue: 0,1:14:35.79,1:14:40.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Aphrodite wasn't actually married to Ares—\Nshe was married to Hephaestus
Dialogue: 0,1:14:40.48,1:14:42.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or Vulcan, the god of the forge.
Dialogue: 0,1:14:42.97,1:14:45.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But she had this flaming affair with Ares,
Dialogue: 0,1:14:45.83,1:14:47.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the war god.
Dialogue: 0,1:14:47.31,1:14:50.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the question is, why are\Nthese two always getting together?
Dialogue: 0,1:14:50.68,1:14:57.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the fury of their mutual passions,\Nwhich made them two gods that were
Dialogue: 0,1:14:57.19,1:15:01.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,beyond the control of all the other gods.
Dialogue: 0,1:15:01.18,1:15:03.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as the saying goes, you know,
Dialogue: 0,1:15:03.11,1:15:06.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that every lover is a soldier on a campaign.
Dialogue: 0,1:15:07.73,1:15:13.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] Thus, early Greek writings\Nconveyed life's everyday lessons.
Dialogue: 0,1:15:13.30,1:15:19.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And yet, some of the works reflected a\Nblatantly sexist attitude towards women.
Dialogue: 0,1:15:20.35,1:15:23.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One example is the story of Hippolytus.
Dialogue: 0,1:15:24.96,1:15:29.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He despised women,\Nhe despised female sexuality,
Dialogue: 0,1:15:29.14,1:15:31.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he was chaste, chaste, pure.
Dialogue: 0,1:15:31.14,1:15:36.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We'd send him to a psychiatrist, but—\Npure, pure as the snow.
Dialogue: 0,1:15:36.71,1:15:42.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His stepmother's nurse, handmaid,\Nwent to Hippolytus and told
Dialogue: 0,1:15:42.38,1:15:46.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hippolytus that his stepmother\Nwas in love with him.
Dialogue: 0,1:15:46.37,1:15:48.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hippolytus was appalled.
Dialogue: 0,1:15:48.03,1:15:49.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was horrified.
Dialogue: 0,1:15:49.96,1:15:53.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When Greek men got\Ntogether at the drinking parties at
Dialogue: 0,1:15:53.14,1:15:57.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the symposia, we know that they told stories,\Nthat they produced poetry,
Dialogue: 0,1:15:57.86,1:15:59.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which made fun of women.
Dialogue: 0,1:15:59.96,1:16:03.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In early Greek culture, women\Nwere seen as consumers
Dialogue: 0,1:16:03.46,1:16:04.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of men's effort.
Dialogue: 0,1:16:04.78,1:16:08.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The man had to farm, the woman\Nsimply consumed the efforts—
Dialogue: 0,1:16:08.73,1:16:13.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stayed at home, cooked, and\Nwas always on the man's back.
Dialogue: 0,1:16:13.11,1:16:16.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's a strong misogynistic string in\NGreek literature all the way through
Dialogue: 0,1:16:16.60,1:16:19.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the 5th and the 4th century.
Dialogue: 0,1:16:20.15,1:16:24.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] And so, Greek dramas and\Ncomedies unfolded in amphitheaters
Dialogue: 0,1:16:24.26,1:16:30.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,throughout the land, with all-male casts\Nplaying the roles of gods as well
Dialogue: 0,1:16:30.40,1:16:35.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as goddesses, mortal men, as well as women.
Dialogue: 0,1:16:37.76,1:16:41.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the Greeks were not\Nthe only ones absorbed by stories
Dialogue: 0,1:16:41.07,1:16:43.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of deities and heroes.
Dialogue: 0,1:16:43.35,1:16:46.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Others were watching too.
Dialogue: 0,1:16:48.50,1:16:53.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Far to the west, across\Nthe Mediterranean, a great new
Dialogue: 0,1:16:53.74,1:16:56.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,empire was being born.
Dialogue: 0,1:16:57.26,1:16:59.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[dramatic music]
Dialogue: 0,1:17:02.82,1:17:07.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Greek gods and goddesses,\Nlike classical Greece itself,
Dialogue: 0,1:17:07.04,1:17:09.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would know the ravages of time and change.
Dialogue: 0,1:17:10.99,1:17:14.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As functioning deities,\Nthey would eventually slip into
Dialogue: 0,1:17:14.31,1:17:16.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the mists of history.
Dialogue: 0,1:17:17.97,1:17:22.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And yet, they have not\Ncompletely disappeared.
Dialogue: 0,1:17:23.96,1:17:28.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even though they're\Nnot part of our religion, we still
Dialogue: 0,1:17:28.71,1:17:30.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,need these stories.
Dialogue: 0,1:17:30.14,1:17:35.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're wonderful, rich,\Nrichly suggestive tales about
Dialogue: 0,1:17:35.64,1:17:40.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how the world works and\Nwhat we are as human beings.
Dialogue: 0,1:17:40.93,1:17:42.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Generation after generation
Dialogue: 0,1:17:42.50,1:17:48.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of modern students love—they're\Nfascinated by these myths.
Dialogue: 0,1:17:48.31,1:17:55.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think that springs from something we\Nall have in us, which is a desire to make
Dialogue: 0,1:17:55.18,1:18:01.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stories, a need to understand the\Nworld by making stories about it.
Dialogue: 0,1:18:03.32,1:18:06.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] Greek mythology has\Ntranscended the centuries coming
Dialogue: 0,1:18:06.04,1:18:11.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,down to us not only from the great poets\Nand playwrights, but through the
Dialogue: 0,1:18:11.83,1:18:14.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,conduits of many other cultures.
Dialogue: 0,1:18:16.13,1:18:19.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the first was Rome, far to the west.
Dialogue: 0,1:18:19.86,1:18:24.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It absorbed much of what Greece had to offer.
Dialogue: 0,1:18:26.06,1:18:30.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Richard Martin] The Romans\Ndiscovered Greek religion, really,
Dialogue: 0,1:18:30.52,1:18:37.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the third century BC, and began to make\Na bigger deal of it than it had been before.
Dialogue: 0,1:18:37.20,1:18:41.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We know that there had been cultural\Ncontact for a long time, but there
Dialogue: 0,1:18:41.23,1:18:46.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was a kind of prestige of the Greeks that\Nthe Romans felt they didn't have.
Dialogue: 0,1:18:46.37,1:18:53.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so they took over, really, the Olympian\Nsystem, and aligned their own local gods
Dialogue: 0,1:18:53.32,1:18:57.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with more recognizable,\Nhigh-status Greek gods.
Dialogue: 0,1:18:59.23,1:19:03.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] In adopting the gods of\Nthe Greeks, the Romans imbued the
Dialogue: 0,1:19:03.35,1:19:08.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pantheon of deities with\Ndistinctly Roman characteristics.
Dialogue: 0,1:19:08.05,1:19:09.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first priority
Dialogue: 0,1:19:09.83,1:19:12.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was to assign them Roman names.
Dialogue: 0,1:19:13.66,1:19:17.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Zeus became Jupiter\Nin their terms.
Dialogue: 0,1:19:17.02,1:19:19.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ares became Mars.
Dialogue: 0,1:19:19.28,1:19:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Athena became Minerva.
Dialogue: 0,1:19:21.00,1:19:23.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I say became, I mean that\Nthey had these gods
Dialogue: 0,1:19:23.97,1:19:28.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,existing already—Minerva, Mars, Jupiter—\Nbut they now aligned them in a new way
Dialogue: 0,1:19:28.51,1:19:35.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that said, "Yes, we're part of a continuum\Nof culture with the higher-status Greeks."
Dialogue: 0,1:19:36.29,1:19:40.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] Other gods adopted by the\NRomans include Hera, who became
Dialogue: 0,1:19:40.41,1:19:42.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,known as Juno.
Dialogue: 0,1:19:42.48,1:19:45.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Poseidon was renamed Neptune.
Dialogue: 0,1:19:45.97,1:19:49.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hades reemerged as Pluto.
Dialogue: 0,1:19:49.28,1:19:54.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Aphrodite would forever be immortalized as\Nthe goddess Venus.
Dialogue: 0,1:19:54.22,1:19:55.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so,
Dialogue: 0,1:19:55.19,1:20:00.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Greek pantheon, to a large\Nextent, became the Roman pantheon.
Dialogue: 0,1:20:01.64,1:20:05.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As mighty Rome developed\Ninto an empire, it eventually
Dialogue: 0,1:20:05.77,1:20:10.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,occupied a little-known dusty corner of the\NMiddle East called Judea.
Dialogue: 0,1:20:11.79,1:20:14.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here, the Hebrews clustered\Naround their capital city,
Dialogue: 0,1:20:14.59,1:20:19.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Jerusalem—where a new\Nreligion was being born.
Dialogue: 0,1:20:20.88,1:20:23.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Following the crucifixion of Christ,
Dialogue: 0,1:20:23.82,1:20:27.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,word rapidly spread of his teachings.
Dialogue: 0,1:20:27.69,1:20:29.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even Christianity found
Dialogue: 0,1:20:29.27,1:20:32.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,connections in Greek\Nand Roman philosophies,
Dialogue: 0,1:20:32.77,1:20:35.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,particularly through the Apostle Paul.
Dialogue: 0,1:20:37.15,1:20:42.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We know that Paul was\Neducated in Greco-Roman terms.
Dialogue: 0,1:20:42.18,1:20:46.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He quotes Euripides at least\Nseveral times in his epistles.
Dialogue: 0,1:20:46.84,1:20:48.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Later on, notions
Dialogue: 0,1:20:48.60,1:20:54.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that had developed in Platonism, especially,\Nbecame crucial in the ways in which
Dialogue: 0,1:20:54.17,1:20:59.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,early Christians tried to make their religion\Nmore understandable to highly
Dialogue: 0,1:20:59.35,1:21:02.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,educated class in the Greco-Roman world.
Dialogue: 0,1:21:03.49,1:21:08.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the Orthodox Church even today,\Nthe Greek Christian church,
Dialogue: 0,1:21:08.33,1:21:11.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you still see some of the\Nmysticism that you can identify in
Dialogue: 0,1:21:11.48,1:21:14.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the works of Plato in the 4th century BC.
Dialogue: 0,1:21:16.100,1:21:20.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] The Christian belief that\NJesus was the son of God, yet born
Dialogue: 0,1:21:20.100,1:21:25.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a mortal woman, also resonated\Nwith the early Greeks.
Dialogue: 0,1:21:27.47,1:21:30.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Richard Martin] Because Greek religion\Nwas completely comfortable
Dialogue: 0,1:21:30.76,1:21:35.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the notion of gods interacting with\Nhuman women, I think it helped in
Dialogue: 0,1:21:35.05,1:21:40.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the spread of Christianity, in an early\Nperiod, that a narrative like that was
Dialogue: 0,1:21:40.17,1:21:42.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at its core.
Dialogue: 0,1:21:42.12,1:21:45.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so we'll never know cause\Nand effect, and I certainly don't
Dialogue: 0,1:21:45.16,1:21:51.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,want to attribute early Christianity wholly\Nto the Greeks, but it helped that
Dialogue: 0,1:21:51.24,1:21:52.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the groundwork was laid.
Dialogue: 0,1:21:52.93,1:21:56.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] Despite the enormous cast\Nof divinities that ruled over
Dialogue: 0,1:21:56.76,1:22:03.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Greeks just a few centuries before Christ\Nwas born, a new idea sprang
Dialogue: 0,1:22:03.07,1:22:09.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,up among the people—the notion of\Nthe existence of only one true god.
Dialogue: 0,1:22:10.97,1:22:15.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Greek world shifted\Ntowards monotheism,
Dialogue: 0,1:22:15.50,1:22:23.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I would say sometime around the 400s\Nand 300s BC, with the advent of philosophy.
Dialogue: 0,1:22:23.57,1:22:29.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And philosophers like Plato and Aristotle\Nwho were skeptical of
Dialogue: 0,1:22:29.44,1:22:34.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Greek religion—the way it was written\Nin mythology—but they did believe in
Dialogue: 0,1:22:34.06,1:22:36.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some supreme force.
Dialogue: 0,1:22:36.91,1:22:42.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some supreme all-good,\Nall-knowing kind of power.
Dialogue: 0,1:22:42.50,1:22:45.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] This movement toward\Nmonotheism in ancient Greece did not
Dialogue: 0,1:22:45.93,1:22:48.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,go unnoticed by the Apostle Paul.
Dialogue: 0,1:22:50.69,1:22:54.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One day in Athens, Paul\Nfound himself addressing Greek
Dialogue: 0,1:22:54.22,1:22:58.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,citizens from atop the Areopagus,\Na hill that was a meeting place for a
Dialogue: 0,1:22:58.31,1:23:00.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,council of noblemen.
Dialogue: 0,1:23:04.50,1:23:07.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[woman narrator] "But Paul, standing\Nin the midst of the Areopagus, said:
Dialogue: 0,1:23:07.46,1:23:15.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'Ye men of Athens, I perceive that in\Nall things you are too superstitious.
Dialogue: 0,1:23:15.26,1:23:18.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For passing by and seeing\Nyour idols, I've found an altar
Dialogue: 0,1:23:18.53,1:23:23.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,also on which was written:\N"To the unknown god."
Dialogue: 0,1:23:23.22,1:23:29.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What therefore you worship without\Nknowing it—that I preach to you.
Dialogue: 0,1:23:29.56,1:23:30.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,God who made the world and
Dialogue: 0,1:23:30.66,1:23:36.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all things therein and hath made of one all\Nmankind to dwell upon the whole
Dialogue: 0,1:23:36.05,1:23:41.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,face of the Earth."\NActs 17:22.
Dialogue: 0,1:23:42.94,1:23:46.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] One of the most potent\Nforces that shape Greek thinking
Dialogue: 0,1:23:46.59,1:23:49.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was an awareness of sin.
Dialogue: 0,1:23:49.56,1:23:53.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But 2,000 years ago, the concept\Nof sin meant something
Dialogue: 0,1:23:53.40,1:23:57.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very different than the beliefs\Nheld by the early Christians.
Dialogue: 0,1:23:59.27,1:24:03.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Greek word\Nfor "sin," the closest one, is a word
Dialogue: 0,1:24:03.03,1:24:07.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that means "to miss the mark,"\N"to err," "to go wrong."
Dialogue: 0,1:24:07.61,1:24:09.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, what does that
Dialogue: 0,1:24:09.69,1:24:17.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mean to sin, if you go too high, it means that\Nyou're stepping beyond human limitations.
Dialogue: 0,1:24:17.82,1:24:22.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you go too low, it means that you're not\Nliving up to your fulfillment.
Dialogue: 0,1:24:22.13,1:24:28.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, for the Greeks, a sin was\Nreally not fulfilling who you are.
Dialogue: 0,1:24:30.96,1:24:35.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] Though separated from us\Nby untold millennia, the great
Dialogue: 0,1:24:35.43,1:24:40.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pageantry of gods, goddesses, and heroes,\Nof Muses, Fates, and Graces,
Dialogue: 0,1:24:40.74,1:24:45.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of soaring accomplishments and bitter\Ndefeats, is as significant today as it was
Dialogue: 0,1:24:45.91,1:24:49.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the ancient Greeks.
Dialogue: 0,1:24:51.79,1:24:54.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Constantine] The interesting\Nthing about the Greeks at that
Dialogue: 0,1:24:54.71,1:25:00.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,period who venerated these gods, that they\Ngave to the gods the attitude also
Dialogue: 0,1:25:00.23,1:25:01.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of human beings.
Dialogue: 0,1:25:01.59,1:25:04.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was the fighting, there was\Nthe jealousy, there was the adultery,
Dialogue: 0,1:25:04.47,1:25:07.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there was the happiness, there was\Nthe truth, there was the peace,
Dialogue: 0,1:25:07.01,1:25:11.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there were all the different things that were\Ngoing on in everyday life of the human beings.
Dialogue: 0,1:25:11.58,1:25:13.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was all associated with the gods.
Dialogue: 0,1:25:13.78,1:25:16.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think that that is
Dialogue: 0,1:25:16.13,1:25:21.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,part of the reason why these things\Nhave survived all these centuries in
Dialogue: 0,1:25:21.77,1:25:28.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the minds of people, and identified in the\Nway the Greeks think even today.
Dialogue: 0,1:25:28.23,1:25:30.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Greg Thalmann] Greek myth is a whole\Nbody of narratives.
Dialogue: 0,1:25:30.63,1:25:39.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Say something very complicated about\Nthe world, um, they—they speak to a kind of
Dialogue: 0,1:25:39.98,1:25:43.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,optimism and a kind of\Npessimism at the same time.
Dialogue: 0,1:25:43.38,1:25:47.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Richard Martin] Greek myth as a whole\Nreally does tell us, through a lot
Dialogue: 0,1:25:47.06,1:25:52.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of exemplary stories, a lot of different\Nthings about the nature of reality and
Dialogue: 0,1:25:52.21,1:25:53.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the nature of life:
Dialogue: 0,1:25:53.70,1:25:55.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's important.
Dialogue: 0,1:25:55.69,1:25:58.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we ought to care about.
Dialogue: 0,1:25:58.55,1:26:01.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Thomas F. Scanton] One of the major\Nlessons is that, to read any of
Dialogue: 0,1:26:01.38,1:26:07.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these stories, which are timeless treatments\Nof big human questions of
Dialogue: 0,1:26:07.39,1:26:13.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,personal morality versus the morality of the\Nstate and laws that are imposed,
Dialogue: 0,1:26:13.18,1:26:19.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how do you negotiate these very\Ndifficult questions of the best behavior as
Dialogue: 0,1:26:19.24,1:26:21.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a citizen in this state?
Dialogue: 0,1:26:21.50,1:26:25.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those are addressed by Greek\Nmyths and by Greek legends.
Dialogue: 0,1:26:25.22,1:26:31.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you are left with this feeling that we\Ndon't know, really, what these
Dialogue: 0,1:26:31.54,1:26:38.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gods are or who they are, but, you know,\Nwe know there's some force out there.
Dialogue: 0,1:26:38.16,1:26:44.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's some huge force that's controlling\Nour lives, and that we have to keep
Dialogue: 0,1:26:44.69,1:26:49.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an open mind to what that force is doing.
Dialogue: 0,1:26:49.29,1:26:51.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's why the Greeks can speak
Dialogue: 0,1:26:51.09,1:26:58.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,across 3,000 years of history and tell us\Nsome questions, if not the answers,
Dialogue: 0,1:26:58.48,1:27:02.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to some of the most perturbing\Neternal questions in the world.
Dialogue: 0,1:27:03.70,1:27:06.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[narrator] There was\Nanother world here once.
Dialogue: 0,1:27:06.78,1:27:11.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the gods and goddesses and people\Nwho lived here still haunt the landscape.
Dialogue: 0,1:27:11.31,1:27:13.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[birds chirping]
Dialogue: 0,1:27:13.38,1:27:16.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Their stories still travel\Nacross time.
Dialogue: 0,1:27:18.16,1:27:19.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As long as people
Dialogue: 0,1:27:19.71,1:27:27.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,seek a deeper understanding of themselves\Nand their world, ancient Greece lives on.
Dialogue: 0,1:27:29.02,1:27:33.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[woman narrator] "All ye are\Nthe gods of this great place.
Dialogue: 0,1:27:33.11,1:27:39.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Grant to me that I be made beautiful in my\Nsoul within, and grant that all my external
Dialogue: 0,1:27:39.05,1:27:44.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,possessions be in peaceful harmony\Nwith my inner man, with myself."
Dialogue: 0,1:27:46.11,1:27:48.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Plato.