[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.86,0:00:04.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A killer asteroid streaking
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.48,0:00:07.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,towards earth at 67,000 miles an hour
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.52,0:00:16.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[explosion and drums]
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.48,0:00:19.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Giant chimney like towers scorching hot
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.61,0:00:22.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rising from the bottom of the ocean floor
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.53,0:00:26.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ music ]
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.64,0:00:30.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a young man epic sea voyage that shook\Nthe foundation of the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.59,0:00:35.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[explosions and Music]
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.79,0:00:39.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,An expedition back through time into\Nthe heart of human ancestry
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.14,0:00:44.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of all the discoveries in the history \Nof science
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.23,0:00:47.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Few have the power to compel...
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.88,0:00:49.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or the potential for controversy,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.24,0:00:52.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Than those concerning how life on earth \Nbegan
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.97,0:00:56.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How species evolved
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.04,0:00:59.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why some species survied
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.90,0:01:01.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And others become extinct
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.67,0:01:03.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[rumbling and panicked roars]
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.75,0:01:08.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are the greatest discoveries \Nin the origin in evolution of life
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.91,0:01:11.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[music climaxes]
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.08,0:01:39.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Theme Music of piano and violin]
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.22,0:01:49.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Bill Nye}\NLife is a game of chance
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.40,0:01:53.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The odds of surviving or facing extinction \Nare always changing
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.03,0:01:58.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now some changes are gradual; \Nthe result of a slow process of nature
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.18,0:01:59.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Others, happen in a blink
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.28,0:02:04.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like the one that caused the extinction\Nof the ancient Dinosaurs
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.39,0:02:10.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Music]
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.49,0:02:16.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1980, a Geologist named Walter Alvarez
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.60,0:02:19.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was studying rock strata in mountains\NNorth of Rome
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.88,0:02:21.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When he came across something curious.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.72,0:02:23.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a thin ancient layer of clay
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.94,0:02:27.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Scientist) So this clay layer here
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.50,0:02:29.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,marks the boundary between two
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.23,0:02:32.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,different geological periods. [music]
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.32,0:02:34.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Bill Nye) The layer of clay marked what is
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.70,0:02:37.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,known in geology as the KT boundary.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.68,0:02:40.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A dramatic turning point in the history
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.06,0:02:42.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the earth about 65 million years ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.41,0:02:47.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When the ancient dinosaurs mysteriously vanished.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.20,0:02:50.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For Alverez, here was the moment of discovery.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.59,0:02:52.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,analyzing samples from the KT boundary
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.94,0:02:54.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he found the clay contained
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.79,0:02:56.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,extremely high levels of aridium.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.80,0:03:02.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an element rarer on earth but abundant in space.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.62,0:03:05.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When similar levels of aridium where found
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.12,0:03:06.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,around the world Alverez began
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.98,0:03:09.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wonder what could have caused it to blanket the
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.04,0:03:09.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.36,0:03:16.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The answer he concluded was the impact from an asteroid \Nof gigantic proportions
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.23,0:03:19.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Over six miles across
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.97,0:03:22.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Taller than Mount Everest
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.91,0:03:27.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Moving at a speed of 67,000 \NMiles an hour
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.50,0:03:32.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Boom]
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.17,0:03:43.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Doctor Elisabetta Pierazzo is a research scientist\Nat the Planetary Science Institute\N
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.51,0:03:44.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In Tuson Arizona
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.48,0:03:47.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Bill Nye)\NSo how much energy did this thing have?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.90,0:03:51.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Elisabetta]\Nan energy that is about a \Nhundred million megatons\N
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.61,0:03:52.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of TNT
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.05,0:03:56.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is about 10 times the worldwide
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.04,0:04:00.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nuclear arsenal at the peak of the Cold War
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.20,0:04:02.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Bill Nye]\NTen times the worlds Nuclear Arsenal
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.02,0:04:04.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when it was really big
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.06,0:04:05.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Elisabetta]\Nyes
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.59,0:04:06.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Bill Nye]\NAll in one place?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.57,0:04:09.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Elisabetta]\Nall in one point released in...
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.68,0:04:12.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a second. So that was a humongous amount of\Nenergy
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.69,0:04:14.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That was delivered to the Earth
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.97,0:04:16.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[dramatic music plays]
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.73,0:04:18.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Bill Nye]\NThe devastation was colossal
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.90,0:04:19.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Dinosaur screeches]
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.47,0:04:32.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A cloud of vaporized rock and debris\Nmushroomed into the air
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.02,0:04:33.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,blocking the Sun
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.26,0:04:40.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,scorching fireballs blasted across the face\Nof the Earth
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.98,0:04:47.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The air became chocked with poisonous gas\Nand soot
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.01,0:04:51.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nearly half of all life forms on earth
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.09,0:04:52.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,perished in the Apocalypse
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.89,0:04:54.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including the ancient Dinosaurs
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.40,0:05:12.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The only piece of the puzzle missing\Nfrom Alvereze's story was proof of the asteroid
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.97,0:05:17.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if it was as big as he said it was
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.24,0:05:19.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then it must have left quite a crater
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.13,0:05:26.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,finally Geologist found one that just happened\Nto be sixty five million years old
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.65,0:05:29.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Chicsalu Crater
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.12,0:05:31.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an immense hole
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.93,0:05:34.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,1,200 miles wide
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.73,0:05:38.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,buried under a thick layer of sediment\Nat the bottom of the Gulf of Mexico\N
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.96,0:05:40.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,off the coast of the Yucatan Peninsula
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.43,0:05:46.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Elisabetta]\Nyes so, the complexity increases\Nwith the magnitude
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.23,0:05:47.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the impact event.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.93,0:05:50.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because the Chicsalu crater is under water
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.39,0:05:52.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is a good place to get a sense of\Nwhat happened
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.55,0:05:53.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when the asteroid hit.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.41,0:05:59.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is meteor crater Arizona
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.88,0:06:00.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,50,000 years ago...
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.47,0:06:03.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A meteorite about the size of a house
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.83,0:06:06.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,streaked out the sky and slammed into the Earth
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.14,0:06:12.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it triggered an explosion greater than\Ntwenty million tons of TNT
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.87,0:06:13.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And created this.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.49,0:06:16.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A crater five hundred fifty feet deep
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.93,0:06:18.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and three quarters of a mile across
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.56,0:06:21.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,room enough for twenty football fields
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.74,0:06:23.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and more than 2 million spectators
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.32,0:06:26.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Bill Nye]\NImpressive, isn't it?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.81,0:06:29.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But remember, the asteroid that caused the\N"KT" Event
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.97,0:06:31.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was the size of Mount Everest
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.75,0:06:35.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so to visualize the crater that it made\Nwe need something a lot bigger
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.46,0:06:36.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like the Grand Canyon!
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.04,0:06:38.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is the South Rim.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.45,0:06:41.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from here to the other side is 16 Miles.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.86,0:06:43.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but even that's not big enough.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.86,0:06:46.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Asteroid that caused the "KT" Extinction
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.42,0:06:48.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,blasted a Crater 8 times as large
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.65,0:06:50.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one hundred twenty five miles across
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.10,0:06:54.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from here to the gaming tables in Las Vegas
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.91,0:06:59.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when the Asteroid hit it went deep as well
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.33,0:07:03.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a long climb from here to the bottom of the Canyon
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.84,0:07:05.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about a mile and a quarter.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.29,0:07:12.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but according to Walter Alveraz, the Asteroid made a crater\Nthat was a staggering 20 miles deep upon impact
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.03,0:07:14.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then quickly filled in.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.59,0:07:18.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do Scientist know all this?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.95,0:07:21.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Evidence has come from a variety of sources
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.94,0:07:26.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Seismec studies revealed the enormous ring like shape\Nof the Crater
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.40,0:07:30.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thousands of core samples uncovered rocks\N
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.94,0:07:34.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with traces of having been altered by an high-impact\Ncollision
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.17,0:07:40.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And computer modeling that calculated the explosion\Nit would have taken to create
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.02,0:07:41.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Chicsalu Crater.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.50,0:07:50.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But Walter Alvarez's discovery of what caused\Nthe extinction of the ancient Dinosaurs
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.50,0:07:52.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is not without contraversy
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.91,0:07:56.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,his Asteroid scenario is at the center of an ongoing debate.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.17,0:07:58.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with opposing Scientist offering their own theories.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.44,0:08:07.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One theory argues that intense volcanic eruptions\Npoisoned the Earth's atmosphere
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.77,0:08:11.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and killed the ancient Dinosaurs before\Nthe "KT" Event ever occurred.