[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.90,0:00:04.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So has everybody heard of CRISPR?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.06,0:00:06.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I would be shocked if you hadn't.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.70,0:00:09.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a technology,\Nit's for genome editing,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.92,0:00:12.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's so versatile\Nand so controversial
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.78,0:00:16.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it's sparking all sorts\Nof really interesting conversations.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.63,0:00:19.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Should we bring back\Nthe woolly mammoth?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.13,0:00:22.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Should we edit a human embryo?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.29,0:00:24.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And my personal favorite,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.68,0:00:28.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how can we justify\Nwiping our an entire species
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.95,0:00:31.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we consider harmful to humans
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.41,0:00:32.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,off the face of the Earth
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.84,0:00:35.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using this technology?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.34,0:00:37.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This type of science
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.04,0:00:38.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is moving much faster
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.65,0:00:41.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than the regulatory mechanisms\Nthat govern it,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.51,0:00:43.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so for the past six years,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.43,0:00:45.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've made it my personal mission
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.75,0:00:49.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make sure that as many people\Nas possible understand
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.07,0:00:52.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these types of technologies\Nand their implications.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.20,0:00:56.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, CRISPR has been the subject\Nof a huge media hype,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.100,0:01:02.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the words that are used most often\Nare "easy" and "cheap."
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.06,0:01:05.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what I want to do is drill down\Na little bit deeper
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.74,0:01:10.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and look into some of the myths\Nand the realities around CRISPR.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.90,0:01:13.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you try to CRISPR a genome,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.42,0:01:17.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the first thing that you have to do\Nis damage the DNA.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.26,0:01:20.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The damage comes in the form\Nof a double-strand break
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.59,0:01:22.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through the double helix,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.01,0:01:25.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then the cellular repair\Nprocesses kick in,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.26,0:01:27.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then we convince\Nthose repair processes
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.93,0:01:29.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make the edit that we want
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.96,0:01:31.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and not a natural edit.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.89,0:01:34.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's how it works.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.01,0:01:35.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a two part system.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.85,0:01:37.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You've got a Cas9 protein\Nand something called a guide RNA.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.86,0:01:39.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I like to think of it\Nas a guided missile.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.55,0:01:44.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the Cas9 --\NI love to anthropomorphize --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.40,0:01:47.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so the Cas9 is kind of this\NPac-Man thing
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.66,0:01:49.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that wants to chew DNA,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.33,0:01:53.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the guide RNA is the leash\Nthat's keepIng it out of the genome
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.51,0:01:56.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until it finds the exact spot\Nwhere it matches.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.84,0:02:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the combination of those two\Nis called CRISPR.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.00,0:02:02.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a system that we stole\Nfrom an ancient, ancient
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.90,0:02:05.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bacterial immune system.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.64,0:02:07.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The part that's amazing about it
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.80,0:02:10.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that the guide RNA
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.25,0:02:12.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,only 20 letters of it
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.16,0:02:14.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are what target the system.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.19,0:02:16.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is really easy to design,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.83,0:02:19.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's really cheap to buy.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.01,0:02:21.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's the part
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.32,0:02:23.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is modular in the system.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.19,0:02:25.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everything else stays the same.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.66,0:02:30.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This makes it a remarkably easy\Nand powerful system to use.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.06,0:02:34.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the guide RNA and\Nthe Cas9 protein complex together
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.49,0:02:36.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,go bouncing along the genome,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.44,0:02:39.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when they find a spot\Nwhere the guide RNA matches,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.76,0:02:42.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then it inserts between the two strands\Nof the double helix,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.84,0:02:44.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it rips them apart,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.43,0:02:47.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that triggers the Cas9 protein to cut,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.85,0:02:49.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and all of a sudden,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.58,0:02:51.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you've got a cell that's in total panic
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.92,0:02:55.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because now it's got a piece\Nof DNA that's broken.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.10,0:02:59.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What does it do?\NIt calls its first responders.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.05,0:03:01.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are two major repair pathways.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.90,0:03:06.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first just takes the DNA\Nand shoves the two pieces back together.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.87,0:03:08.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This isn't a very efficient system,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.99,0:03:12.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because what happens is\Nsometimes a base drops out
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.15,0:03:13.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a base is added.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.29,0:03:17.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's an okay way to maybe, like,\Nknock out a gene,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.02,0:03:20.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's not the way that we\Nreally want to do genome editing.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.27,0:03:23.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second repair pathway\Nis a lot more interesting.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.10,0:03:24.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this repair pathway,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.76,0:03:27.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it takes a homologous piece of DNA.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.39,0:03:30.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now mind you, in a diploid\Norganism like people,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.22,0:03:32.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we've got one copy of our genome\Nfrom our mom
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.93,0:03:34.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and one from our dad,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.42,0:03:38.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so if one gets damaged, it can use\Nthe other chromosome to repair it.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.12,0:03:40.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's where this comes from.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.04,0:03:42.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The repair is made,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.18,0:03:44.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and now the genome is safe again.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.51,0:03:46.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The way that we can hijack this
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.34,0:03:48.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is we can feed it
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.43,0:03:50.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a false piece of DNA,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.35,0:03:52.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a piece that has homology on both ends
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.66,0:03:54.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but is different in the middle.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.10,0:03:58.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now you can put whatever you want\Nin the center and the cell gets fooled.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.32,0:04:00.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you can change a letter,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.33,0:04:01.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can take letters out,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.88,0:04:04.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but most importantly, you can\Nstuff new DNA in,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.70,0:04:07.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kind of like a Trojan horse.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.01,0:04:09.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CRISPR is going to be amazing
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.29,0:04:12.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in terms of the number of different\Nscientific advances
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.99,0:04:14.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it's going to catalyze.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.85,0:04:18.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The thing that's special about it\Nis this modular targeting system.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.04,0:04:21.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, we've been shoving DNA\Ninto organisms for years. Right?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.76,0:04:24.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But because of the modular\Ntargeting system, we can actually
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.32,0:04:26.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,put it exactly where we want it.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.56,0:04:33.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The thing is that there's\Na lot of talk about it being cheap
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.21,0:04:35.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it being easy,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.06,0:04:38.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I run a community lab.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.02,0:04:41.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm starting to get emails from people\Nthat say stuff like,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.100,0:04:46.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Hey, can I come to your open night\Nand, like, maybe use CRISPR
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.02,0:04:49.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and engineer my genome?"
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.32,0:04:51.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like, seriously.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.31,0:04:54.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm, "No, you can't."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.46,0:04:56.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"But I've heard it's cheap.\NI've heard it's easy."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.80,0:04:58.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we're going\Nto explore that a little bit.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.100,0:05:00.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how cheap is it?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.97,0:05:03.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yeah, it is cheap in comparison.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.69,0:05:07.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's going to take the cost of the average\Nmaterials for an experiment
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.11,0:05:10.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from thousands of dollars\Nto hundreds of dollars,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.04,0:05:11.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it cuts the time a lot too.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.94,0:05:14.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It can cut it from weeks to days.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.25,0:05:15.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's great.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.89,0:05:18.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You still need a professional lab\Nto do the work in.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.74,0:05:22.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're not going to do anything meaningful\Noutside of a professional lab.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.06,0:05:25.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, don't listen to anyone who says\Nyou can do this sort of stuff
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.38,0:05:27.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on your kitchen table.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.65,0:05:32.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's really not easy\Nto do this kind of work.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.18,0:05:34.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not to mention,\Nthere's a patent battle going on,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.29,0:05:36.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so even if you do invent something,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.14,0:05:40.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Broad Institute and UC Berkeley
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.57,0:05:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are in this incredible patent battle.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.00,0:05:45.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's really fascinating\Nto watch it happen,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.18,0:05:48.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they're accusing each other\Nof fraudulent claims
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.46,0:05:52.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then they've got people saying,\N"Oh, well I signed my notebook
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.06,0:05:53.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here or there."
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.22,0:05:55.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This isn't going to be settled for years,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.02,0:05:59.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when it does, you can bet\Nyou're going to pay someone
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.32,0:06:01.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a really hefty licensing fee\Nin order to use this stuff.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.63,0:06:03.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So is it really cheap?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.42,0:06:08.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, it's cheap if you're doing\Nbasic research and you've got a lab.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.98,0:06:12.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how about easy?\NLet's look at that claim.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.21,0:06:15.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The devil is always in the details.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.35,0:06:19.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We don't really know\Nthat much about cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.21,0:06:20.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're still kind of black boxes.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.90,0:06:26.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So for example, we don't know\Nwhy some guide RNAs work really well
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.15,0:06:27.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and some guide RNAs don't.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.88,0:06:31.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We don't know why some cells\Nwant to do one repair pathway
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.28,0:06:34.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and some cells would rather do the other.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.14,0:06:36.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And besides that,\Nthere's the whole problem
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.57,0:06:39.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of getting the system\Ninto the cell in the first place.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.78,0:06:41.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In a petri dish, that's not that hard,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.88,0:06:44.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but if you're trying to do it\Non a whole organism,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.14,0:06:45.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it gets really tricky.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.100,0:06:49.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's okay if you use something like blood\Nor bone marrow.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.56,0:06:51.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those are the targets\Nof a lot of research now.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.74,0:06:53.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was a great story\Nof some little girl
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.77,0:06:55.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who they saved from leukemia
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.81,0:06:58.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by taking the blood out, editing it,\Nand putting it back
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.51,0:07:01.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a precursor of CRISPR.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.09,0:07:03.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is a line of research\Nthat people are going to do.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.69,0:07:05.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But right now, if you want to get\Ninto the whole body,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.91,0:07:07.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're probably going\Nto have to use a virus.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.91,0:07:10.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you take the virus,\Nyou put the CRISPR into it,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.33,0:07:12.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you let the virus infect the cell.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.35,0:07:14.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But now you've got this virus in there,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.90,0:07:17.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we don't know what the long term\Neffects of that are.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.62,0:07:19.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Plus, CRISPR has some off-target effects,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.72,0:07:22.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a very small percentage,\Nbut they're still there.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.89,0:07:25.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what's going to happen\Nover time with that?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.84,0:07:28.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are not trivial questions,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.52,0:07:30.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there are scientists\Nthat are trying to solve them,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.80,0:07:33.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they will eventually\Nhopefully be solved.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.19,0:07:37.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it ain't plug-and-play,\Nnot by a long shot.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.02,0:07:39.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So is it really easy?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.16,0:07:41.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, if you spend a few years\Nworking it out
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.89,0:07:43.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in your particular system,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.44,0:07:45.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,yes it is.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.66,0:07:49.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the other thing is we don't really\Nknow that much about
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.65,0:07:53.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how to make a particular thing happen
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.86,0:07:57.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by changing particular spots\Nin the genome.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.31,0:08:01.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're a long way away from figuring out\Nhow to give a pig wings, for example,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.88,0:08:04.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or even an extra leg.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.23,0:08:07.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'd settle for an extra leg.\NThat would be kind of cool, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.11,0:08:08.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what is happening
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.72,0:08:13.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that CRISPR is being used\Nby thousands and thousands of scientists
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.09,0:08:15.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to do really, really important work,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.35,0:08:20.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like making better models\Nof diseases in animals, for example,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.84,0:08:23.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or for taking pathways
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.62,0:08:25.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that produce valuable chemicals
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.80,0:08:29.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and getting them into industrial\Nproduction and fermentation vats,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.97,0:08:33.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or even doing really basic research\Non what genes do.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.68,0:08:37.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the story of CRISPR\Nwe should be telling,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.05,0:08:40.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I don't like it that\Nthe flashier aspects of it
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.64,0:08:42.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are drowning all of this out.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.50,0:08:46.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lots of scientists did a lot of work\Nto make CRISPR happen,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.90,0:08:48.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what's interesting to me
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.73,0:08:53.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that these scientists\Nare being supported by our society.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.36,0:08:54.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think about it.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.93,0:08:58.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've got an infrastructure that allows\Na certain percentage of people
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.81,0:09:03.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to spend all their time doing research.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.44,0:09:06.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That makes us all the inventors of CRISPR,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.70,0:09:11.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I would say that makes us all\Nthe shepherds of CRISPR.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.66,0:09:14.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We all have a responsibility.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.12,0:09:18.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I would urge you to really learn\Nabout these types of technologies,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.10,0:09:20.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because really only in that way
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.23,0:09:22.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are we going to be able to guide
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.57,0:09:26.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the development of these technologies,\Nthe use of these technologies,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.81,0:09:28.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and make sure that in the end,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.86,0:09:31.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's a positive outcome
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.04,0:09:34.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for both the planet and for us.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.73,0:09:36.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thanks.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.23,0:09:40.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)