[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.96,0:00:13.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Light, where does light come from?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.08,0:00:16.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All the light around us,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.18,0:00:19.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even the one coming from\Nthese lit objects
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.64,0:00:20.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,comes from the sky.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.63,0:00:24.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One way or another it reached us,\Nmaybe some time ago, from the sky.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.58,0:00:27.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Light comes from cosmos only.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.25,0:00:30.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From which cosmos? From the one around us.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.78,0:00:34.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From this sky, that we cannot see\Nin our city.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.50,0:00:39.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bergamo cannot see this sky,\Nyou can see this sky in Africa only.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.85,0:00:44.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You see it in the dark, when the city\Ndoesn't illuminate night sky.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.16,0:00:48.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you happen to go in southern world,\Nyou can see this sky.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.14,0:00:51.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, let's imagine to be some time ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.32,0:00:53.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two and half million years ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.04,0:00:59.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There will even been a first hominid\Nin his evolution phase
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.94,0:01:01.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who raised up from the ground
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.20,0:01:05.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he realized what he got\Nabove his head.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.26,0:01:10.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine that moment,\Nan important moment for our history
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.77,0:01:13.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that comes from the remote ancient times.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.39,0:01:20.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From that moment onwards, man always had\Nwith him in his culture
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.49,0:01:26.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the awareness of universe\Nand of light coming from the sky.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.72,0:01:28.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's have a quantum leap.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.08,0:01:30.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know this profile very well.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.82,0:01:34.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's Stonehenge profile.\NWhat Stonehenge is?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.26,0:01:37.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is an achievement\Nof a primitive people.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.44,0:01:40.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,About 4,500 years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.45,0:01:43.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then practically before History begins.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.14,0:01:47.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is an example on how the study,\Nthe sky observation,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.25,0:01:50.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had shaped the human culture.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.94,0:01:55.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In order to make this particular\Nbuilding system,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.03,0:01:59.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that ancient people did a huge effort,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.51,0:02:02.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they brought very heavy stones
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.90,0:02:07.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from dozens, perhaps hundreds\Nkilometers far away,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.25,0:02:10.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to structure them\Nin a very large circular frame.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.89,0:02:12.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.33,0:02:14.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In order to watch stars.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.74,0:02:17.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To see planet motion,\Nto understand when it is sow time,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.67,0:02:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when to harvest.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.00,0:02:22.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In order to do rituals\Nrelated to mythologies,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.37,0:02:26.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just related to information\Ncoming from the sky.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.29,0:02:28.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sky always shaped our culture:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.87,0:02:32.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mayan, Egyptian and\Nall the humanity history
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.17,0:02:36.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, according to this example,\Nusing technology,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.83,0:02:39.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most advanced features at that age.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.48,0:02:42.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's have another jump,\Nabout 2,300 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.34,0:02:45.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are in the Mediterranean Sea,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.47,0:02:48.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a Greek-Roman ship\Ncarries some goods
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.58,0:02:51.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between Greece and Italy
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.96,0:02:58.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it sinks in front of Kythera Island,\Na Peloponnese island.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.21,0:03:02.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1906, at previous century beginning,\Nthis wreck was found
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.01,0:03:06.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and while collecting the wreck stuff,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.61,0:03:10.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the hold of a 2,200 years old ship
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.36,0:03:12.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at that point,\Napart from the usual amphorae,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.92,0:03:16.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,structures like these were found,\Nsome sort of small wheels
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.21,0:03:22.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,completely covered with limestone,\Nbrought to Athens museum
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.45,0:03:25.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and left there for 60 years long.\NNobody knows what they were.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.46,0:03:29.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,60 years later, they make them\Nradio-graphs with x-ray
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.16,0:03:32.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and discover within those wheels\Nsome very thin gears
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.21,0:03:37.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like clocks of 1600 century,\Nbut we are in 200 b.C. century.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.18,0:03:38.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was some sort of astrolabe,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.81,0:03:42.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a system which allowed\Nto powerful people of that time
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.88,0:03:47.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to compute planet motion,\Nabove all sun and moon eclipses.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.51,0:03:52.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine what does it mean\Nfor a General, or for a politician,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.03,0:03:56.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to know when the sun is going to hide,\Nwhen the moon is going to be overshadowed.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.36,0:03:59.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,An incredibly sophisticated technology.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.42,0:04:03.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Marcus T. Cicero told us that\Ntwo of this machine type,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.05,0:04:08.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were available at that time,\Nin the Greek-Roman civilization.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.35,0:04:11.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We found one of them undersea,\Nan extraordinary good luck!
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.79,0:04:15.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another example of how technology,\Nthe more advanced one,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.13,0:04:16.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had been made available,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.90,0:04:17.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but for what?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.68,0:04:19.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In order to study, to understand the sky.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.22,0:04:22.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's have another jump.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.47,0:04:24.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is an Almagesto page.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.79,0:04:28.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Almagesto was a sort of encyclopedia,\Nlike the Britannica one,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.81,0:04:31.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where all the information known\Nto mankind were collected
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.35,0:04:36.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in one thousand years between\Nthe end of Roman Empire
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.78,0:04:38.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and half of first millennium.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.68,0:04:43.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As you can see from these images,\NEarth is perfectly shaped.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.10,0:04:49.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It has all its continents: North and\NSouth America, even Australia.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.66,0:04:52.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's the problem?\NIt is at the center of the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.77,0:04:55.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All the celestial spheres surround it.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.81,0:04:58.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The one carrying the Sun,\Nthe one carrying the Moon,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.59,0:05:02.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the various planets, gradually up to\Nthe sphere that leads to the fixed stars.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.12,0:05:09.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Indeed, being in 1550, America\Nwas discovered by Columbus in 1492,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.65,0:05:13.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it is not yet a clear understanding\Nwhere this planet stands
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.64,0:05:14.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,within the Universe.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.96,0:05:18.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Indeed, we have to wait until 1609,\Nwhen Galileo,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.30,0:05:23.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using this small spyglass which\Nyou can buy with 50€ in a general store,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.43,0:05:28.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,understood that some satellites\Nwere turning around a planet, Jupiter,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.60,0:05:31.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that they were drilling, ruining,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.08,0:05:34.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they were destroying\Ncelestial spheres harmony.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.84,0:05:37.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the end Earth found\Nits position in the Universe.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.16,0:05:40.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Sun was not turning around the Earth,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.37,0:05:42.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but Earth was turning around Sun.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.81,0:05:45.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Spyglass, the technology of that moment,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.44,0:05:51.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now, the technological development\Nleads to extraordinary progresses.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.68,0:05:53.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a previous century spyglass,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.96,0:05:59.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is the spyglass through which Hubble\Nlooked at our galaxy for a long time,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.47,0:06:03.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he took pictures of our set of Stars,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.46,0:06:06.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that then it was thought to be\Nthe whole Universe
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.63,0:06:11.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and while studying some small stars,\Na bit blurry,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.84,0:06:15.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from night to night he understood\Nthat other galaxies exist,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.28,0:06:16.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very, very far away.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.98,0:06:20.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From night to night\NUniverse expanded
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.15,0:06:22.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by a factor of a thousand more
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.03,0:06:24.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and from then on\Nwe continued expanding it,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.98,0:06:28.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,up to, pretty much, to its origins.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.55,0:06:32.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This by using a telescope clearly\Nvery much powerful than Galileo's one.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.93,0:06:35.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today we have in space\Nthe telescope of telescopes:
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.34,0:06:39.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hubble telescope,\Nwhich looks at the Universe
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.52,0:06:44.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using extraordinarily favorable conditions
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.39,0:06:46.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,being able to do observations\Nfrom the space
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.54,0:06:48.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this picture you can see\Non the right side
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.84,0:06:52.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a Cosmos pinhead\Non our head above
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.70,0:06:56.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hugely magnified by Hubble
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.04,0:07:00.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we can see early galaxies,\Nearly protostars,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.42,0:07:04.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can see an Universe how it was\Nbillions and billions of years ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.62,0:07:09.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I told you that technology is fundamental\Nto understand the Universe around us
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.89,0:07:12.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but you'll see how amazing\Nis the pace
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.09,0:07:15.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of technology evolution\Nin the last century.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.33,0:07:20.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Last century allowed us to do much greater\Nadvancements
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.74,0:07:24.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than in thousands and billions of years\Nbefore now.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.75,0:07:27.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see this picture,\Nwe are in Scrovegni Chapel
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.36,0:07:36.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we see how in 1301 Giotto\Npainted a wonderful series of paintings
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.85,0:07:40.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including the Nativity and you can value\Nthis painting beauty
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.25,0:07:47.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we can see the shape,\Nthe persons images,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.17,0:07:50.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,animals, a hut perspective
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.18,0:07:54.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but above the hut we see a ugly comet
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.12,0:07:58.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some sort of reddish shapeless small ball
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.34,0:08:01.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we wonder why a so great painter\Nas Giotto was
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.73,0:08:04.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had drawn a so ugly comet.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.94,0:08:08.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because he had seen it in the sky,\Nbecause in that moment he saw
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.15,0:08:10.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that star passing on his head.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.93,0:08:13.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is Halley comet, which passes\Neach 76 years
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.62,0:08:17.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in 1301 it was passing\Non this painter's head
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.24,0:08:18.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who precisely copied it.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.94,0:08:23.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, these photo in 1910,\Nfirst ones of this comet,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.20,0:08:25.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,show us a structure totally similar
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.42,0:08:27.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the painted one by Giotto in 1300.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.47,0:08:32.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1986, 76 years later,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.55,0:08:35.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,man was able to make\Nhis artificial satellites
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.98,0:08:38.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,his remote-controlled robots
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.76,0:08:43.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which literally went to pinch the tail\Nof Giotto comet
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.11,0:08:44.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In order to see how it is made.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.08,0:08:47.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,600 years to go from eye to photography,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.17,0:08:50.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,76 years to pass from photography
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.77,0:08:55.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the ability to reach Halley comet.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.63,0:08:58.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Technology, technology.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.00,0:09:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These gentlemen are Penzias and Wilson,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.00,0:09:02.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two engineers who become famous
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.87,0:09:06.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because substantially they authored\Na paper which says:
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.67,0:09:09.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we tried to build an electronic equipment
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.82,0:09:11.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a very low environmental noise
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.80,0:09:15.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which had practically to measure\Nno one of any noise types
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.46,0:09:18.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we hear a continuous, deafening noise,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.27,0:09:20.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,coming everywhere from the universe.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.58,0:09:22.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This equipment has its own ear,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.06,0:09:24.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is an antenna, a sort of\Na big radio antenna,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.51,0:09:28.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which allowed them to realize that\Ntheir noise comes from everywhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.09,0:09:31.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They don't know what they had found,\Npublished this finding
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.10,0:09:35.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and after a few later,\Nothers understood
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.50,0:09:38.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they were listening to\Nthe Big Bang echo
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.26,0:09:40.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they awarded Nobel prize for that.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.24,0:09:43.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A noise which is actually the echo\Nof the initial big explosion.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.56,0:09:48.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, we perform studies of the same kind\Nusing more powerful equipments.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.72,0:09:53.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This stratospheric balloon studied\Nthat Big Bang echo,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.80,0:09:56.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,understanding that it has\Na very particular structure.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.08,0:09:59.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you wear glasses in order to see\Nthe Big Bang
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.08,0:10:03.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they are a sort of someway\Nspecial Goggle glasses,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.16,0:10:05.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,made by scientists studying these things
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.46,0:10:08.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you get out to see the sky,\Nyou'll see a pocked one,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.18,0:10:09.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as it had measles.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.47,0:10:14.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That measles is the detail\Nof Big Bang explosion,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.86,0:10:17.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as you can see it 300,000 years later.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.27,0:10:21.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe you have seen\Na picture like this
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.12,0:10:23.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the headlines of main newspapers:
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.48,0:10:25.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a satellite named Plank
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.88,0:10:29.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,completed this picture of the sky\Naffected by measles,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.86,0:10:31.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Big Bang measles,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.63,0:10:36.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is just a sky, which revealed\N280,000 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.04,0:10:37.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,300,000 years after Big Bang.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.34,0:10:41.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But recently you read on newspapers\Nthis unbelievable thing,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.20,0:10:45.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an equipment located at South Pole\Ndid much more.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.22,0:10:49.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It found in this picture\Nof 300,000 years ago
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.70,0:10:52.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a mark of something that happened
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.41,0:10:56.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,1 billionth of second after\Nthe initial explosion.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.29,0:10:58.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These polarized light circles in the sky
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.30,0:11:03.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are telling us what happened\Njust at the beginning of time.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.39,0:11:10.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Technology. But what happened\Nover the past 50 years?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.50,0:11:11.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A very big revolution.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.95,0:11:15.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We learned how to see the Universe colours
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.06,0:11:18.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which are not visible to human eyes
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.50,0:11:21.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and above all not visible from the Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.81,0:11:26.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Universe seen by Galileo, Hubble,\Nusing telescopes,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.25,0:11:29.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is sending us the light\Nwhich goes through atmosphere.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.82,0:11:33.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This light is a visible light which\Ngoes fairly through the air.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.79,0:11:38.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Radio waves seen by Penzias and Wilson\Nare like the ones done by cellular phones,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.74,0:11:40.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they fairly go through the air.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.92,0:11:42.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there are many other waves
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.72,0:11:45.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that cannot go through the air,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.24,0:11:50.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, in order to see them, we have\Nto go out, literally, from the atmosphere.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.85,0:11:55.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Over the past 50 years we were able\Nto do so systematically
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.54,0:11:59.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we were able to get all the colors\Nof an otherwise invisible Universe.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.30,0:12:03.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For instance this picture you can see\Nif we shift to visible light
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.54,0:12:06.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the Universe, Milky Way,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.58,0:12:10.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which dominates our viewpoint, \Nseen from the Earth,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.04,0:12:15.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the first hominids' eyes,\Nby Galileo's eyes and Hubble's ones.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.76,0:12:16.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the visible range.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.79,0:12:17.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It has some structure,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:17.88,0:12:20.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We cannot see it clearly as a whole,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.16,0:12:21.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it has these features.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.99,0:12:23.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we shift in the infrared range,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.03,0:12:26.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is a frequency that doesn't go\Nthrough the atmosphere,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.27,0:12:29.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can see a totally different shape.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.12,0:12:31.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the microwaves range,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.67,0:12:34.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the ones of the microwaves oven\Nwe have in our kitchen,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.67,0:12:36.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,again it changes completely.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.58,0:12:40.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the radiowaves range, the one\Nwe can see from Earth, too,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.24,0:12:43.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where are Penzias and Wilson measures,\Nit changes again;
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.83,0:12:46.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some set of cold gas
Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.17,0:12:49.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which appear and give out\Nthat kind of radio light.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:49.36,0:12:50.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the ultraviolet range,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.08,0:12:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is a color not going easily\Nthrough atmosphere,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.14,0:12:59.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all a series of stars appear which are\Notherwise invisible in the visible range.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.70,0:13:02.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the x-rays range,\Nour Universe changes again,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.99,0:13:05.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it looks completely different\Nwith very hot sources.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.06,0:13:09.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To finish in the gamma rays range,\Nwhich are those nuclear explosions,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.52,0:13:13.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where some objects are exploding\Nin a nuclear way
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.72,0:13:17.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,inexhaustibly, since millions\Nand millions years.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.25,0:13:21.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the Universe we have\Nin front of our eyes
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.14,0:13:26.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a Universe full of colours,\Nthat 50 years ago we don't know.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.66,0:13:30.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the part of an invisible Universe\Nwhich has become a visible one,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:30.80,0:13:33.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which has unveiled during\Nthe last 50 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:34.04,0:13:36.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thanks to people work\Nlike Riccardo Giacconi,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.43,0:13:39.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an Italian who awarded Nobel prize in 2002
Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.50,0:13:42.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because he found Universe\Nmade of X-ray sources,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.64,0:13:45.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nobody believed it,\N"He can't do this experiment."
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.42,0:13:47.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He stubbornly insisted,\Nhe went to America
Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.17,0:13:50.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he made this satellite,\Nput into orbit
Dialogue: 0,0:13:50.63,0:13:52.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he saw first X-rays sources.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.29,0:13:55.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or this satellite called Fermi,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:56.17,0:13:59.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a tribute to our great physicist\Nin 40-50 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.56,0:14:03.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which literally observes\Nthe very hot Universe
Dialogue: 0,0:14:04.54,0:14:07.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,along an endless nuclear explosion.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:07.79,0:14:11.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or these even more modern equipments\Ncalled "Cherenkov-light" tools
Dialogue: 0,0:14:12.10,0:14:15.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which look at light\Nwith a so ultimate color
Dialogue: 0,0:14:16.34,0:14:19.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we aren't able even\Nto produce it in our labs
Dialogue: 0,0:14:20.19,0:14:22.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a terribly high energy
Dialogue: 0,0:14:23.30,0:14:27.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,produced in some cases\Nby those sources, energy monsters,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:28.43,0:14:31.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which are somewhere In our Universe.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:31.87,0:14:36.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This partially explains because\Nwe have so many satellites,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:36.57,0:14:39.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,each is an eye looking at\Ndifferent colours
Dialogue: 0,0:14:40.34,0:14:44.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,looking at different distances,\Nlooking at a short or long distance
Dialogue: 0,0:14:44.63,0:14:49.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reaching visible Universe borders,\Nunto Big Bang touching.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:50.67,0:14:54.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then we now have these beautiful pictures
Dialogue: 0,0:14:54.17,0:14:58.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the Milky Way, but of the Universe, too\Nin all the imaginable colours.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:59.08,0:15:03.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is our Universe,\Nbecome visible over the past 60 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:03.98,0:15:08.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,previously its 90%\Nwas completely unreachable.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:08.77,0:15:12.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We finished, did we reach\Nscience fulfillment?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:13.29,0:15:15.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do we get visible limits?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:15.20,0:15:17.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No, we don't.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:17.46,0:15:21.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We indeed don't yet know what is\Nthe true dark Universe.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:21.75,0:15:26.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is a so dark Universe that\Nlight cannot be released,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:27.01,0:15:30.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not only released light\Ndoesn't go through atmosphere.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:31.32,0:15:36.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is a Universe substantially invisible\Nfor any light type.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:37.10,0:15:40.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then we recently learned\Nover the past 50 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:40.90,0:15:44.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,many things about the Universe.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:44.50,0:15:48.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We know it is flat, homogeneous,\Nisotropic, made of radiation,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:48.89,0:15:52.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,matter, protons, neutrons,\Nas we are,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:52.59,0:15:55.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we knows that is 4% only of the whole.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:55.78,0:15:57.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It exists a component, called dark matter,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:58.16,0:16:01.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we know is about 23%,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:01.50,0:16:04.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,six more times plenteous than usual matter
Dialogue: 0,0:16:04.53,0:16:08.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it is in this room, it goes across us,\Nbut we cannot see it.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:08.90,0:16:12.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not only, we understood that there is\Nanother 73%,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:12.83,0:16:16.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is vacuum-hidden energy,\Nabsolutely unknown
Dialogue: 0,0:16:16.31,0:16:18.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,beside that it exists.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:18.82,0:16:21.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Among other things, primeval anti-matter
Dialogue: 0,0:16:21.19,0:16:23.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that symbolizes Big Bang
Dialogue: 0,0:16:23.14,0:16:25.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has gone away and we don't know\Nwhere it has been.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:25.96,0:16:28.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we learned to look at\Nall the Universe colours
Dialogue: 0,0:16:28.90,0:16:31.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but while we are doing so,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:31.23,0:16:34.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we discovered that about 95%\Nof the Universe,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:34.99,0:16:38.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is literally here, but invisible,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:38.88,0:16:41.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using all the techniques we invented
Dialogue: 0,0:16:41.42,0:16:43.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over the past 50 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:43.70,0:16:46.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we know that we don't know,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:46.42,0:16:48.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we never have been\Nso consciously ignorant
Dialogue: 0,0:16:49.20,0:16:52.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about nature.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:52.71,0:16:56.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, after a century\Nof extraordinary growth
Dialogue: 0,0:16:57.43,0:16:59.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after a literally exploding technology
Dialogue: 0,0:17:00.27,0:17:02.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that opened us all the Universe colours,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:03.00,0:17:05.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we reached a new board, a new border,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:05.56,0:17:09.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we know that 95% of what is around us\Nshould still be discovered.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:10.58,0:17:13.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we are on the new millennium\Nthresholds
Dialogue: 0,0:17:14.59,0:17:16.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we have still to discover most things
Dialogue: 0,0:17:17.10,0:17:20.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which are around us.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:20.46,0:17:24.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So my meaning for this TEDx Talk is,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:25.75,0:17:31.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"AAA. We know that 95% of Universe\Nis invisible at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:31.71,0:17:34.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Looking for ideas to understand\Nwhat is made of."
Dialogue: 0,0:17:34.96,0:17:36.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:37.67,0:17:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)