[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.06,0:00:10.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Take a look at the water in this glass.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.61,0:00:14.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Refreshing, hydrating, and invaluable\Nto your survival.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.36,0:00:15.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Before you take a sip, though,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.93,0:00:20.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how do you know that the water inside\Nis free from disease-causing organisms
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.93,0:00:22.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and pollutants?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.59,0:00:25.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One out of ten people in the world\Ncan't actually be sure
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.59,0:00:28.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that their water is clean \Nand safe to drink.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.43,0:00:31.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why is that?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.39,0:00:32.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Inadequate sanitation,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.81,0:00:34.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,poor protection of drinking water sources,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.92,0:00:36.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and improper hygiene
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.66,0:00:40.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,often lead to sewage \Nand feces-contaminated water
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.38,0:00:43.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the ideal breeding ground\Nfor dangerous bacteria,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.20,0:00:44.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,viruses,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.26,0:00:45.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and parasites.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.99,0:00:49.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the effects of these pathogens\Nare staggering.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.08,0:00:52.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Diarrheal disease from unsafe water is one\Nof the leading causes of death
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.90,0:00:56.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,around the world for children under five.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.19,0:00:58.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And according to a U.N. report from 2010,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.59,0:01:05.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,microbial water-borne illnesses killed\Nmore people per year than war.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.74,0:01:09.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Proper treatment processes, though,\Ncan address these threats.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.81,0:01:11.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They usually have three parts:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.54,0:01:12.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sedimentation,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.61,0:01:13.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,filtration,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.74,0:01:15.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and disinfection.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.33,0:01:17.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once water has been collected\Nin a treatment facility,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.86,0:01:19.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's ready for cleaning.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.60,0:01:23.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first step, sedimentation,\Njust takes time.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.14,0:01:28.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The water sits undisturbed, allowing\Nheavier particles to sink to the bottom.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.34,0:01:31.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Often, though, particles \Nare just too small
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.04,0:01:33.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be removed by sedimentation alone
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.24,0:01:35.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and need to be filtered.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.19,0:01:38.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Gravity pulls the water downward through\Nlayers of sand
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.38,0:01:41.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that catch leftover particles \Nin their pores,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.25,0:01:43.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,prepping the water \Nfor its final treatment,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.75,0:01:45.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a dose of disinfectant.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.81,0:01:49.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Chemicals, primarily forms \Nof chlorine and ozone,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.09,0:01:51.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are mixed in to kill off any pathogens
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.75,0:01:55.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to disinfect pipes \Nand storage systems.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.28,0:01:59.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Chlorine is highly effective in destroying\Nwater's living organisms,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.11,0:02:01.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but its use remains government-regulated
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.48,0:02:04.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it has potentially harmful\Nchemical byproducts.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.80,0:02:09.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if an imbalance of chlorine occurs\Nduring the disinfection process,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.04,0:02:12.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it can trigger other chemical reactions.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.09,0:02:14.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, \Nlevels of chlorine byproducts,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.60,0:02:18.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like trihalomethanes, could skyrocket,\Nleading to pipe corrosion
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.88,0:02:25.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the release of iron, copper,\Nand lead into drinking water.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.49,0:02:27.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Water contamination from these\Nand other sources
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.89,0:02:29.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including leaching,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.04,0:02:30.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,chemical spills,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.39,0:02:31.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and runoffs,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.59,0:02:33.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has been linked \Nto long-term health effects,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.81,0:02:34.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like cancer,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.62,0:02:37.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cardiovascular and neurological diseases,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.34,0:02:39.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and miscarriage.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.49,0:02:41.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unfortunately, analyzing the exact risks
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.70,0:02:45.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of chemically contaminated \Nwater is difficult.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.09,0:02:47.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So while it's clear that disinfectants\Nmake us safer
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.65,0:02:49.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by removing disease-causing pathogens,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.95,0:02:52.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,experts have yet \Nto determine the full scope
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.23,0:02:55.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of how the chemical cocktail \Nin our drinking water
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.04,0:02:58.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,really impacts human health.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.01,0:03:01.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how can you tell whether the water\Nyou have access to,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.57,0:03:03.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether from a tap or otherwise,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.58,0:03:05.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is drinkable?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.36,0:03:07.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Firstly, too much turbidity,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.18,0:03:08.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trace organic compounds,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.94,0:03:13.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or high-density heavy metals like arsenic,\Nchromium, or lead,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.78,0:03:17.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mean that the water \Nis unsuitable for consumption.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.22,0:03:19.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A lot of contaminants, \Nlike lead or arsenic,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.80,0:03:21.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,won't be obvious without tests,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.87,0:03:23.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but some clues, like cloudiness,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.80,0:03:25.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,brown or yellow coloration,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.82,0:03:27.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a foul odor,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.07,0:03:29.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or an excessive chlorine smell
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.69,0:03:32.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can indicate the need \Nto investigate further.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.52,0:03:34.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Water testing kits can go a step further
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.67,0:03:39.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and confirm the presence of many different\Ncontaminants and chemicals.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.89,0:03:41.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With many types of contamination,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.52,0:03:45.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are ways of treating water where \Nit's used instead of close to its source.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.94,0:03:50.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Point-of-use treatment has actually\Nbeen around for thousands of years.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.13,0:03:55.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ancient Egyptians boiled away many\Norganic contaminants with the sun's heat.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.60,0:03:58.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in Ancient Greece, Hippocrates\Ndesigned a bag
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.52,0:04:02.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that trapped bad tasting \Nsediments from water.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.29,0:04:05.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, point-of-use processes usually\Ninvolve ionization
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.86,0:04:07.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to lower mineral content.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.58,0:04:10.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They also use adsorption filtration,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.39,0:04:13.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where a porous material\Ncalled activated carbon
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.35,0:04:17.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,strains the water to remove contaminants\Nand chemical byproducts.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.87,0:04:20.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,While it's not always an effective\Nlong-term solution,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.82,0:04:25.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,point-of-use treatment is portable,\Neasy to install, and adaptable.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.50,0:04:28.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in regions where large-scale\Nsystems are unavailable,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.70,0:04:32.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or where water has been contaminated\Nfurther along its journey,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.13,0:04:36.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these systems can mean the difference\Nbetween life and death.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.57,0:04:40.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Clean water remains a precious\Nand often scarce commodity.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.10,0:04:44.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are nearly 800 million of us who\Nstill don't have regular access to it.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.98,0:04:48.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The good news is that continued\Ndevelopments in water treatment,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.06,0:04:50.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,both on a large and small scale,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.30,0:04:52.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can alleviate a lot of unsafe conditions.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.81,0:04:55.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Implementing proper systems where\Nthey're needed
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.11,0:04:58.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and paying careful attention\Nto the ones already in place
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.49,0:05:01.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will fulfill one of the most basic\Nof our human needs.