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記憶中,

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我一直感覺自己和動物及海洋

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有很深切的連結。

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在這個年紀,

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我個人的玩具

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是海豚飛寶。

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當我首度得知瀕臨絶種物種的訊息,

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我十分難過地發現

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每天有動物會永遠從地球消失。

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我想為牠們做些事情,

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但我總是疑惑,

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一個人能做些什麼來改變事情的發展?

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三十年了,

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我終究得到問題的答案。

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這些鳥群慘遭石油毒害的驚心動魄景象

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最終暴光──去年發生在墨西哥灣,

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十分嚴重的BP(國際石油公司)漏油事件──

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一位德國生物學家名為Silvia Gaus

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說過這樣的話,

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「我們應讓所有的『油鳥』安樂死

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因研究顯示

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釋放牠們重返自然後,低於百分之一的

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『油鳥』能存活下來。」

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我非常不同意這個說法。

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此外,我相信每隻『油鳥』

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值得有第二次生存機會。

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我要告訴你們

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為何我對這件事有強烈的感受。

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2000年6月23日,

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一艘叫『寶藏』(Treasure)的運輸船

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沈入南非開普敦(Capetown)沿海海域,

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1,300噸燃料外洩,

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污染了

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幾乎大半個

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全球南非企鵝棲息地。

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那艘船沈沒在海中,就在南往羅本島(Robben Island)

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和北往Dassen Island的航行路線途中。

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這兩個島是企鵝主要繁殖地。

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正好6年又零3天前,

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即1994年6月20日,

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一艘叫『阿波羅海』(Apollo Sea)鐵礦運輸船沈入Dassen Island附近海域,

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油害一萬隻企鵝──

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半數企鵝死了。

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當『寶藏』在2000年沈入大海時,

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正值繁殖季節高峰,

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科學家曾為南非企鵝紀錄──

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在那時,牠們被列為生存受威脅的物種。

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不久,近兩萬隻企鵝

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遭油污附著。

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當地海鳥營救中心「SANCCOB」(The Southern African Foundation for the Conservation of Coastal Birds)

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立即發起一個大規模的救援行動──

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而且很快地成為

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有始以來最大規模的搶救動物行動。

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嗯,當時我在陸地下工作。

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在新英格蘭海生館時,我是企鵝館館長。

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從昨天算起正好11年前,

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我辦公室電話響起。

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因那通電話,我的生活從而改變了。

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是海鳥營救中心 Estelle van der Meer 打來的電話

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說:「請來協助我們。

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我們有成千上萬隻『油企鵝』

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和成千上萬個熱心,

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但完全沒有經驗的自願者。

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我們需要企鵝專家來訓練並管理他們。」

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於是兩天後,

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我在一架前往開普頓的飛機上,

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同行的還有企鵝專家團隊。

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大樓內的景象

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令人震驚又難以置信。

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事實上,很多人稱其可與戰場相比擬。

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上週,一個十歲的女孩問：

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「那是怎樣的感覺,

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當妳首次走入那棟大樓

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看到那樣多的『油企鵝』?」

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情形是這樣：

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我當下彷彿回到

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那個時刻。

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企鵝是「很愛說話」的鳥類,

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真的真的很吵。

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所以我料定走進這座大樓

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會聽到這樣的嘈雜聲

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喋喋咻咻、嘎嘎作響,

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可是

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當我踏入大樓,進入一道道的門

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取而代之的是,怪異的沈默寂靜

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由此可知

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這些是焦慮、生病、受創的企鵝。

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另一件令人震撼的事是

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自願參與救援的人數眾多,

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一天多達一千人

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到營救中心。

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在整個救援的過程中

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超過一萬二千五百多人

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自世界各地來到開普頓

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協助拯救這些雀鳥。

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令人動容的是

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他們任何人都沒必要這麼做,

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然而他們來了。

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看在我們──在那裡是少數的專業人員──的眼中,

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這個非凡的自願行動

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──對動物危機的回響──

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令人十分敬佩又感動萬分。

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話說回來,我們抵達隔天

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來自海生館的我們兩人負責2號室。

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2號室有超過四千隻『油企鵝』。

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你要知道, 開始的前三天,

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我們照料六十隻企鵝。

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哦! 我們真的忙得人仰馬翻

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而且有點惶恐──至少我是這樣。

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個人而言,我真不知道

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我是否有能力應付

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場面如此殘酷難堪的任務。

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就全體而言,

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我們真的不確定挽救行動能否奏效。

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因為大家都知道

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早在六年前,

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遭油害後,有半數企鵝獲救,

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其中僅半數存活。

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這麼說吧,人力能挽救

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多少『油企鵝』?

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我們當下真不知道。

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但讓我們點燃希望的是

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這些全力以赴、奮不顧身的自願者──

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這三個自願者得強迫餵食企鵝。

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你可能注意到了,他們戴著非常厚的手套。

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你知道的,非洲企鵝

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有像剃刀那般鋒利的鳥喙。

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不久前,

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我們遍體鱗傷,

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這些傷口是

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飽受驚嚇的企鵝留下的。

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就在我們抵達隔天

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一個新的危機呈現,

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浮油漸漸朝北方,向Dassen Island流動,

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救難人員感到絶望,

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因為他們曉得若油水抵達

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就不可能搭救任何『油鳥』了。

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當時真的沒有好辦法了。

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但後來,

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有個研究人員抛出一個瘋狂的點子。

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他說：「雖然有油侵身的風險,我們何不試著

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就在油水中打撈這些鳥!」

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營救團隊搜獲兩萬隻企鵝──

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我們裝載這些企鵝沿海岸行駛長達500英哩(804.65公里)

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以後車廂開放式卡車將他們帶至依莉莎白港

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放入未受油污、乾淨的海域

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讓他們游回家。」

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(笑)

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這樣說吧,三隻企鵝──彼得、潘蜜拉、波西──

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戴著衛星標識裝置；

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研究人員祈禱並希望

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他們回到家園時,

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在那個島及其海域的油能被清除掉。

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還好,他們到達當天

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油被清光了。

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這是一個巨大的賭注,但是這個策略奏效了。

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因此救援團隊現在知道

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可以採取這個策略

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若未來有石油外漏的話。

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正如救助生命；野生救援也一樣,

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我們有前車之鑑,

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從成功救援中學習,

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當然也從失敗救援中獲得教訓。

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最重要的事是知道

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──在1994年『阿波羅海』營救行動──

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大多數的『油企鵝』死於

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未事先察覺而使用

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通風不良的

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運送箱和貨車--

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由於營救團隊的準備不足以

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應付為數眾多的『油企鵝』。

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因而在兩次石油外漏的六年間,

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營救團隊建造成千上萬個通風良好的箱子。

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因此,在執行『寶藏』營救行動時

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在運輸過程中,

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有160隻企鵝暴斃

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而能有5,000隻存活下來。

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所以就此而論,是一場空前的勝戰。

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其他從『阿波羅』營救行動中獲得的經驗

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是如何訓練企鵝、

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如何使用這些訓練箱

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從餵食人員手中順利地取得魚。

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我們再度使用這些手法

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在『寶藏』營救行動中,

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我們在訓練過程中

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注意到一件有趣的事。

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第一批

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撐過變遷而能自由進食的企鵝

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是有金屬帶在翅膀的、

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也是經歷6年前『阿波羅海』漏油的那批企鵝。

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所以企鵝也從先前的事件

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獲得經驗。

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像這樣,所有『油企鵝』

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身體的油污必需被仔細清理；

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兩個人至少得花上一小時的時間

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只為清理一隻企鵝。

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而且清理一隻企鵝時

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首先必須噴灑去油劑在牠身上。

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我想到我最愛的故事──

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在『寶藏』救援行動時發生的。

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此石油外漏事件的約一年前,

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一名十七歲的學生

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發明了一種去油劑

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海鳥營救中心使用去油劑的成效很棒。

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所以在執行『寶藏』援救行動便開始採用。

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但過程中,去油劑被用光了

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情急之下,海鳥營救中心Estelle打電話給該名學生,

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說：「請務必製造更多的去油劑。」

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所以他飛奔到實驗室

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製造出足以清潔其他企鵝的劑量。

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我認為這是最酷的事

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是一名青少年

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發明了一項產品

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協助拯救

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成千上萬隻動物的生命。

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那麼這兩萬隻『油企鵝』後來怎麼了?

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Silvia Gaus說對了嗎?

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我們應該讓所有的企鵝沒有餘地

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只能安樂死嗎?

220
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反正他們大部分還是無法存活下來,是嗎?

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嗯,她錯得離譜。

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在五十萬個小時

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精疲力竭自願勞動後,

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超過百分之九十的『油企鵝』

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被野放成功。

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我們從後續的研究得知

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牠們活得和那些未遭油害的

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企鵝一般長久,

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並且相當成功地繁殖。

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還有大約三千隻企鵝寶寶

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獲救並且由人工哺育。

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我們經由長期的觀測得知

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人工哺育的企鵝寶寶

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順利存活至長大成人並達繁殖年齡,

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比由其雙親哺育的企鵝寶寶還多。

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有了這層了解

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海鳥營救中心便策劃出企鵝寶寶保育計劃。

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每年援救並扶養被棄養的企鵝寶寶。

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而且成功率高達

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百分之八十。

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這是十分重要,

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因為一年前

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非洲企鵝被正式宣佈瀕臨絶種。

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而且不到十年,

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若我們現在不採取

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行動保護牠們的話, 牠們可能滅絶。

247
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這麼說吧,從這個深刻難忘的經驗

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我們學到什麼?

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個人而言,我發現

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自己有能力成就更多,連作夢都難以想像。

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而且我明白個人力量

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能讓情況截然不同──

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瞧!那個十七歲的學生就做到了。

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當我們團結在一起

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行動一致,

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我們能成就非凡。

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的確,成為某個非凡行動的一部分

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──你能體驗超越個人能力所能及的成就──

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是你可能擁有的

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最有意義的經驗。

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最後我想讓大家思考一下

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若你們願意,請接受提議

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我擔任「企鵝大使」的任務

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是喚起民眾意識和募款

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保護企鵝,

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只是,你們為何應該要在乎企鵝?

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你們確實應該要在乎,

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因為牠們是「指標物種」。

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簡單說,如果企鵝逐步滅跡,

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這意味我們的海洋處於垂死狀態,

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我們到頭來還是會受影響,

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因為如同海洋學家Sylvia Earle說的,

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「海洋是我們的自然生命維持系統。」

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目前企鵝面臨的兩個主要威脅是

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過度捕捉和全球暖化。

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這兩件事是

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我們每個人

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實際有能力去解決的牠

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所以若我們每人都能出一份力

280
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便能扭轉乾坤,讓情況改變,

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可使企鵝免於滅絶。

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人類一直是企鵝面臨的最大威脅,

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但現在我們是牠們唯一的希望。

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謝謝大家。

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(掌聲)