[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.11,0:00:09.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nicolas Steno is rarely heard of
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.16,0:00:11.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,outside Intro to Geology,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.44,0:00:14.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but anyone hoping to understand life on Earth
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.24,0:00:17.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,should see how Steno expanded and connected
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.17,0:00:18.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those very concepts:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.68,0:00:21.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Earth, life, and understanding.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.76,0:00:25.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Born Niels Stensen in 1638 Denmark,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.23,0:00:26.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,son of a goldsmith,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.81,0:00:28.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he was a sickly kid
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.14,0:00:30.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whose school chums died of plague.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.64,0:00:32.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He survived to cut up corpses
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.56,0:00:33.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as an anatomist,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.73,0:00:36.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,studying organs shared across species.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.36,0:00:38.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He found a duct in animal skulls
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.25,0:00:40.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that sends saliva to the mouth.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.23,0:00:41.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He refuted Descartes' idea
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.73,0:00:43.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that only humans had a pineal gland,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.86,0:00:46.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,proving it wasn't the seat of the soul,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.11,0:00:48.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,arguably, the debut of neuroscience.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.94,0:00:51.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most remarkable for the time was his method.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.95,0:00:54.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Steno never let ancient texts,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.20,0:00:55.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Aristotelian metaphysics,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.71,0:00:57.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or Cartesian deductions
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.50,0:01:01.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,overrule empirical, experimental evidence.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.17,0:01:05.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His vision, uncluttered by speculation or rationalization,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.13,0:01:06.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,went deep.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.06,0:01:07.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Steno had seen how gallstones
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.67,0:01:10.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,form in wet organs by accretion.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.43,0:01:11.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They obeyed molding principles
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.77,0:01:13.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he knew from the goldsmith trade,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.56,0:01:15.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rules useful across disciplines
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.16,0:01:16.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for understanding solids
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.74,0:01:18.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by their structural relationships.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.77,0:01:20.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Later, the Grand Duke of Tuscany
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.31,0:01:21.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had him dissect a shark.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.98,0:01:23.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Its teeth resembled tongue stones,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.89,0:01:26.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,odd rocks seen inside other rocks
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.39,0:01:28.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in Malta and the mountains near Florence.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.98,0:01:31.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pliny the Elder, old Roman naturalist,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.20,0:01:33.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,said these fell from the sky.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.53,0:01:34.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the Dark Ages,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.70,0:01:36.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,folks said they were snake tongues,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.49,0:01:38.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,petrified by Saint Paul.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.25,0:01:41.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Steno saw that tongue stones were shark teeth
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.06,0:01:42.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and vice versa,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.39,0:01:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the same signs of structural growth.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.00,0:01:47.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Figuring similar things are made in similar ways,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.76,0:01:49.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he argued the ancient teeth
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.40,0:01:50.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,came from ancient sharks
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.88,0:01:53.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in waters that formed rock around the teeth
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.68,0:01:55.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and became mountains.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.42,0:01:58.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rock layers were once layers of watery sediment,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.64,0:02:00.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which would lay out horizontally,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.28,0:02:01.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one atop another,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.39,0:02:03.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,oldest up to newest.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.20,0:02:04.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If layers were deformed,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.68,0:02:05.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tilted,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.20,0:02:07.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cut by a fault or a canyon,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.16,0:02:09.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that change came after the layer formed.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.49,0:02:10.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sounds simple today;
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.78,0:02:12.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,back then, revolutionary.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.100,0:02:14.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He'd invented stratigraphy
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.66,0:02:17.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and laid geology's ground work.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.74,0:02:21.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By finding one origin for shark teeth from two eras
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.73,0:02:24.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by stating natural laws ruling the present
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.63,0:02:26.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,also ruled the past,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.63,0:02:30.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Steno planted seeds for uniformitarianism,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.13,0:02:33.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the idea that the past was shaped by processes
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.09,0:02:34.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,observable today.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.80,0:02:36.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the 18th and 19th centuries,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.75,0:02:39.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,English uniformitarian geologists,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.26,0:02:41.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,James Hutton and Charles Lyell,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.47,0:02:43.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,studied current, very slow rates
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.97,0:02:46.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of erosion and sedimentation
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.01,0:02:48.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and realized the Earth had to be way older
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.19,0:02:51.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than the biblical guestimate, 6000 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.31,0:02:53.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Out of their work came the rock cycle,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.32,0:02:55.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which combined with plate tectonics
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.06,0:02:56.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the mid-twentieth century
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.44,0:02:58.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to give us the great molten-crusting, quaking,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.91,0:03:01.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all-encircling theory of the Earth,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.48,0:03:05.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from a gallstone to a 4.5 billion-year-old planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.56,0:03:06.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now think bigger,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.91,0:03:08.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,take it to biology.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.02,0:03:10.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Say you see shark teeth in one layer
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.16,0:03:11.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a fossil of an organism
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.54,0:03:13.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you've never seen under that.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.19,0:03:15.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The deeper fossil's older, yes?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.45,0:03:16.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You now have evidence
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.50,0:03:19.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the origin and extinction of species over time.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.71,0:03:21.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Get uniformitarian.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.17,0:03:23.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe a process still active today
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.35,0:03:26.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,caused changes not just in rocks but in life.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.84,0:03:28.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It might also explain similarities and differences
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.98,0:03:30.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between species
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.42,0:03:32.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,found by anatomists like Steno.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.62,0:03:33.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a lot to ponder,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.73,0:03:36.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but Charles Darwin had the time
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.27,0:03:37.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on a long trip to the Galapagos,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.90,0:03:40.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reading a copy of his friend Charles Lyell's
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.47,0:03:42.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Principles of Geology,"
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.32,0:03:44.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which Steno sort of founded.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.50,0:03:46.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sometimes giants stand on the shoulders
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.53,0:03:48.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of curious little people.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.53,0:03:50.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nicolas Steno helped evolve evolution,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.88,0:03:52.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,broke ground for geology,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.43,0:03:55.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and showed how unbiased, empirical observation
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.04,0:03:56.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can cut across intellectual borders
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.89,0:03:58.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to deepen our perspective.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.94,0:04:00.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His finest accomplishment, though,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.75,0:04:01.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,may be his maxim,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.88,0:04:03.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,casting the search for truth
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.19,0:04:05.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,beyond our senses and our current understanding
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.72,0:04:07.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the pursuit of the beauty
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.28,0:04:09.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the as yet unknown.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.48,0:04:11.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Beautiful is what we see,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.44,0:04:13.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more beautiful is what we know,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.69,0:04:17.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most beautiful, by far, is what we don't.