[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.06,0:00:10.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tonight, I want to have a conversation
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.10,0:00:13.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about this incredible global issue\Nthat's at the intersection
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.52,0:00:16.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of land use, food, and environment,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.50,0:00:18.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something we can all relate to,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.22,0:00:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what I've been calling\N"the other inconvenient truth".
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.00,0:00:23.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But first, I want to take you\Non a little journey.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.56,0:00:28.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's first visit our planet,\Nbut at night and from space.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.20,0:00:31.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is what our planet looks like\Nfrom outer space
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.15,0:00:33.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at night time, if you were going to\Ntake a satellite
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.48,0:00:35.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and travel around the planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.06,0:00:37.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the thing you would notice first,\Nof course,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.47,0:00:41.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is how dominant the human presence\Non our planet is.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.60,0:00:44.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We see cities, we see oil fields,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.40,0:00:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can even make out\Nfishing fleets in the sea.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.00,0:00:50.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are dominating much\Nof our planet, and mostly
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.60,0:00:53.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through the use of energy\Nthat we see here at night.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.50,0:00:55.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But let's go back\Nand drop it a little deeper
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.90,0:00:57.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and look during the daytime.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.50,0:01:01.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we see during the day\Nis our landscapes.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.50,0:01:05.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is part of the Amazon Basin,\Na place called Rondonia
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.20,0:01:08.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the south center part of\Nthe Brazilian Amazon.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.50,0:01:11.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you look really carefully\Nin the upper right hand corner,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.20,0:01:13.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're going to see a thin white line,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.50,0:01:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is a road\Nthat was built in the 1970s.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.00,0:01:20.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we come back to the same place in 2001
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.70,0:01:23.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what we're going to find\Nis that these roads
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.20,0:01:26.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,spurred off more roads\Nand more roads after that,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.70,0:01:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the end of which is a small clearing\Nin the rainforest,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.00,0:01:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where there are going to be a few cows.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.00,0:01:33.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These cows are used for beef.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.80,0:01:36.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're going to eat these cows,\Nand these cows are eaten
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.45,0:01:39.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,basically in South America,\Nin Brazil and Argentina.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.20,0:01:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're not being shipped up here.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.00,0:01:43.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this kind of fish bone pattern\Nof deforestation
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.78,0:01:46.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is something we notice\Na lot of around the tropics,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.24,0:01:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially in this part of the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.00,0:01:50.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we go a little bit further south
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.25,0:01:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on our little tour of the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.00,0:01:54.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can go to the Bolivian edge\Nof the Amazon,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.15,0:01:56.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here also in 1975.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.57,0:01:58.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you look really carefully,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.30,0:02:01.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's a thin white line\Nthrough that kind of seam,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.46,0:02:03.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there's a lone farmer out there
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.20,0:02:05.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the middle of the primeval jungle.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.16,0:02:10.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's come back again a few years later,\Nhere in 2003.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.50,0:02:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we'll see that\Nthat landscape actually looks
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.00,0:02:16.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a lot more like Iowa\Nthan it does like a rainforest.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.32,0:02:19.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, what you're seeing here\Nare soybean fields.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.30,0:02:21.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These soybeans are being shipped to Europe
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.50,0:02:23.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to China as animal feed,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.66,0:02:26.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially after the Mad Cow Disease scare
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.30,0:02:29.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about a decade ago,\Nwhere we don't want to feed animals
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.07,0:02:31.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,animal protein anymore,\Nbecause that can transmit disease.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.80,0:02:34.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead, we want to feed them\Nmore vegetable proteins,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.45,0:02:36.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so soybeans have really exploded,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.30,0:02:39.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,showing how trade and globalization
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.25,0:02:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are really responsible for the connections
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.00,0:02:43.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to rainforest and the Amazon.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.70,0:02:45.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,An incredibly strange,\Ninterconnected world
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.90,0:02:47.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we have today.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.49,0:02:49.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, again and again what we find
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.30,0:02:52.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as we look around the world\Nin our little tour of the world
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.31,0:02:55.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that landscape after landscape\Nafter landscape
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.57,0:02:57.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have been cleared and altered
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.40,0:03:00.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for growing food and other crops.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.50,0:03:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, one of the questions we've been asking
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.00,0:03:05.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is, how much of the world\Nis used to grow food,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.51,0:03:07.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and where is it, exactly?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.40,0:03:09.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And how can we change that\Ninto the future,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.53,0:03:10.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what does it mean?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.70,0:03:12.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, our team has been looking at this
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.64,0:03:14.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on a global scale using satellite data
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.64,0:03:17.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and ground based data\Nkind of to track farming
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.15,0:03:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at a global scale.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.00,0:03:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is what we've found,\Nand it's startling.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.00,0:03:26.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This map shows the presence\Nof agriculture on planet Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.26,0:03:29.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The green areas are the areas we use
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.07,0:03:31.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to grow crops like wheat,\Nor soybeans, or corn,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.84,0:03:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or rice, or whatever.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.00,0:03:37.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's 16 million square kilometers\Nworth of land.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.80,0:03:39.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you put it all together in one place,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.80,0:03:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it'd be the size of South America.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.00,0:03:45.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second area in brown\Nis the world's pastures
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.04,0:03:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and rangelands where our animals live.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.00,0:03:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That area is about 30 million\Nsquare kilometers,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.00,0:03:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or about an Africa's worth of land,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.00,0:03:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a huge amount of land.\NAnd it's the best land,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.00,0:03:56.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of course, is what you see.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.29,0:03:58.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's left is like the middle\Nof the Sahara Desert,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.88,0:04:01.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or Siberia, or the middle of a rainforest.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.27,0:04:04.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're using a planet's worth\Nof land already.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.50,0:04:06.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we look at this carefully,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.60,0:04:09.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we find that about 40 percent\Nof the Earth's land surface
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.41,0:04:13.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is devoted to agriculture,\Nand it's 60 times larger
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.40,0:04:15.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than all the areas we complain about:
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.50,0:04:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our suburban sprawl, and our cities\Nwhere we mostly live.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.00,0:04:21.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Half of humanity lives in cities today,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.50,0:04:25.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but its 60 times larger area\Nis used to grow food.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.17,0:04:27.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, this is an amazing kind of result,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.30,0:04:29.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it really shocked us\Nwhen we looked at that.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.53,0:04:32.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we're using an enormous amount\Nof land for agriculture,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.46,0:04:34.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also we're using a lot of water.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.50,0:04:37.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a photograph flying into Arizona,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.33,0:04:40.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when you look at it you're like,\Nwhat are they growing here?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.27,0:04:43.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It turns out, they're growing lettuce\Nin the middle of the desert
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.28,0:04:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using water sprayed on top.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.00,0:04:46.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the irony is it's probably sold
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.90,0:04:49.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on our supermarket shelves\Nin the Twin Cities.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.13,0:04:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what's really interesting is
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.00,0:04:53.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this water's got to come from some place,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.48,0:04:56.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it comes from here,\Nthe Colorado River in North America.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.47,0:04:59.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, the Colorado on\Na typical day in the 1950s -
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.51,0:05:01.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is just, not a flood, not a drought,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.50,0:05:04.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kind of an average day -\Nlooks something like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.02,0:05:07.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if we come back today\Nduring a normal condition
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.16,0:05:10.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the exact same location,\Nthis is what's left.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.20,0:05:13.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The difference is mainly\Nirrigating the desert for food,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.60,0:05:15.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or maybe golf courses in Scottsdale.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.70,0:05:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You take your pick.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.00,0:05:18.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, this is a lot of water.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.55,0:05:22.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And again, we're mining water\Nand using it to grow food.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.03,0:05:25.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And today, if you travel down\Nfurther down the Colorado,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.20,0:05:28.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it dries up completely and no longer\Nflows into the ocean.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.20,0:05:30.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've literally consumed an entire river
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.55,0:05:33.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in North America for irrigation.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.20,0:05:35.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, that's not even the worst\Nexample in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.70,0:05:37.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This probably is, the Aral Sea.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.98,0:05:39.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, a lot of you will remember this
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.90,0:05:41.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from your geography classes.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.50,0:05:44.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is in the former Soviet Union\Nbetween Kazakhstan
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.89,0:05:47.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Uzbekistan, one of the great\Ninland seas of the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.84,0:05:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there's kind of a paradox here,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.00,0:05:52.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it looks like\Nit's surrounded by desert.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.34,0:05:53.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why is this sea here?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.75,0:05:56.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The reason it's here is because\Non the right hand side
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.50,0:05:58.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you see two little rivers\Nkind of coming down
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.60,0:06:01.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through the sand,\Nfeeding this basin with water.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.90,0:06:04.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those rivers are draining snow melt
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.15,0:06:06.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from mountains far to the east,\Nwhere snow melts,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.64,0:06:08.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,travels down the river,\Nthrough the desert,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.50,0:06:10.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and forms the great Aral Sea.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.60,0:06:13.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, in the 1950s, the Soviets decided
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.48,0:06:15.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to divert that water\Nto irrigate the desert
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.93,0:06:18.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to grow cotton, believe it or not,\Nin Kazakhstan,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.85,0:06:21.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to sell cotton\Nto the international markets
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.16,0:06:23.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to bring foreign currency\Ninto the Soviet Union.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.35,0:06:24.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They really needed the money.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.96,0:06:26.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, you can imagine what happens:
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.86,0:06:30.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[if] you turn off the water supply\Nto the Aral Sea, what's going to happen?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.39,0:06:32.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here it is in 1973,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.12,0:06:34.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,1986,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.54,0:06:37.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,1999,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.33,0:06:40.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,2004,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.20,0:06:43.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and about 11 months ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.02,0:06:47.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's pretty extraordinary.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.42,0:06:50.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, a lot of us in the audience here\Nlive in the Midwest.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.29,0:06:52.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine that was Lake Superior.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.21,0:06:55.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine that was Lake Huron.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.80,0:06:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's an extraordinary change.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.00,0:07:00.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is not only a change in water
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.20,0:07:01.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and where the shoreline is,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.70,0:07:04.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's a change in the fundamentals\Nof the environment of this region.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.93,0:07:06.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's start with this.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.30,0:07:08.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Soviet Union didn't really\Nhave a Sierra Club,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.60,0:07:09.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let's put it that way.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.75,0:07:12.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what you find at the bottom\Nof the Aral Sea ain't pretty.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.87,0:07:14.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a lot of toxic waste,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.70,0:07:17.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a lot of things were dumped there,\Nthey're now becoming airborne.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.64,0:07:19.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of those small islands
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.22,0:07:21.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was remote and impossible to get to
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.29,0:07:23.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was a site of Soviet biological\Nweapons testing.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.60,0:07:27.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can walk there today.\NWeather patterns have changed:
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.10,0:07:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,19 of the unique 20 fish species\Nfound only in the Aral Sea
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.00,0:07:32.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are now wiped off the face of the Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.96,0:07:36.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is an environmental disaster\Nwrit large.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.09,0:07:37.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But let's bring it home.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.44,0:07:40.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a picture that Al Gore\Ngave me a few years ago
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.09,0:07:42.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that he took when he was\Nin the Soviet Union
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.22,0:07:43.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a long, long time ago showing
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.76,0:07:46.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the fishing fleets of the Aral Sea.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.10,0:07:48.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You see the canal they dug?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.30,0:07:50.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're so desperate to try\Nto kind of float the boats
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.92,0:07:53.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into the remaining pools of water\Nthat they finally had to give up,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.99,0:07:55.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the piers and moorings
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.77,0:07:58.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,simply couldn't keep up\Nwith the retreating shoreline.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.26,0:08:00.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't know about you, but I'm terrified
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.22,0:08:02.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that future archeologists\Nwill dig this up
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.24,0:08:04.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and write stories about our time\Nin history and wonder,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.77,0:08:05.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what were you thinking?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.91,0:08:08.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, that's the future\Nwe have to look forward to.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.29,0:08:09.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We already use about 50 percent
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.80,0:08:12.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the Earth's fresh water\Nthat's sustainable,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.23,0:08:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and agriculture alone\Nis 70 percent of that.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.00,0:08:17.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we use a lot of water,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.15,0:08:19.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a lot of land for agriculture -
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.07,0:08:21.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we also use a lot of the atmosphere\Nfor agriculture.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.84,0:08:24.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Usually when we think\Nabout the atmosphere,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.12,0:08:26.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we think about climate change
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.03,0:08:28.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and greenhouse gases,\Nand mostly around energy.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.43,0:08:30.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it turns out, agriculture is one
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.77,0:08:33.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the biggest emitters\Nof greenhouse gases, too.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.43,0:08:37.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you look at carbon dioxide\Nfrom burning tropical rainforest,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.82,0:08:40.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or methane coming from cows and rice,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.22,0:08:43.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or nitrous oxide\Nfrom too many fertilizers,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.48,0:08:46.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it turns out agriculture is 30 percent\Nof the greenhouse gases
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.90,0:08:49.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,going into the atmosphere\Nfrom human activity!
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.06,0:08:51.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's more than all our transportation,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.16,0:08:52.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's more than all our electricity,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.92,0:08:55.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's more than all other manufacturing,\Nin fact.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.57,0:08:58.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the single largest emitter\Nof greenhouse gases
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.70,0:09:00.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of any human activity in the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.75,0:09:03.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and yet we don't talk about it very much.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.20,0:09:06.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, we have this incredible presence today
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.06,0:09:08.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of agriculture dominating our planet,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.22,0:09:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether it's 40 percent\Nof our land's surface,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.00,0:09:13.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,70 percent of the water we use,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.21,0:09:15.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,30 percent of our greenhouse\Ngas emissions.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.67,0:09:18.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've doubled the flows\Nof nitrogen and phosphorus
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.50,0:09:20.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,around the world simply\Nby using fertilizers,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.83,0:09:23.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,causing huge problems of water quality
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.17,0:09:25.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from rivers, lakes, and even oceans.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.05,0:09:28.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's also the single\Nbiggest driver of biodiversity loss.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.76,0:09:31.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So without a doubt, agriculture
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.50,0:09:35.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the single most powerful force\Nunleashed on this planet
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.30,0:09:37.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since the end of the Ice Age, no question.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.98,0:09:40.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it rivals climate change\Nin importance,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.40,0:09:43.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they're both happening\Nat the same time.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.24,0:09:45.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what's really important\Nhere to remember
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.60,0:09:47.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that it's not all bad.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.50,0:09:49.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not that agriculture's a bad thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.57,0:09:51.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, we completely depend on it.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.53,0:09:53.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not optional, it's not a luxury.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.87,0:09:55.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's an absolute necessity.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.40,0:09:58.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have to provide food and feed, and yes,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.20,0:09:59.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fiber, and even biofuels
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.80,0:10:03.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to something like seven billion\Npeople in the world today.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.10,0:10:05.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if anything, we're going to have
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.09,0:10:07.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the demands on agriculture\Nincrease into the future.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.95,0:10:09.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not going to go away:
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.42,0:10:10.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's going to get a lot bigger,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.96,0:10:12.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mainly because of growing population.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.80,0:10:14.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're seven billion people today
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.90,0:10:16.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,heading towards at least nine,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.60,0:10:19.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,probably nine and a half\Nbefore we're done.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.06,0:10:21.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,More importantly, changing diets
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.68,0:10:25.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the world becomes wealthier\Nas well as more populous -
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.02,0:10:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're seeing increases in\Ndietary consumption of meat,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.00,0:10:31.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which take a lot more resources\Nthan a vegetarian diet does.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.29,0:10:35.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So more people eating\Nmore stuff and richer stuff,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.46,0:10:38.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and of course, having an energy\Ncrisis at the same time
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.30,0:10:41.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we have to replace\Noil with other energy sources
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.95,0:10:43.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that will ultimately have to include
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.80,0:10:46.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some kinds of biofuels\Nand bioenergy sources.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.23,0:10:49.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, you put these together,\Nit's really hard to see
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.20,0:10:51.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how we're going to get\Nto the rest of the century
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.54,0:10:55.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without at least doubling global\Nagricultural production.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.24,0:10:56.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, how are we going to do this?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.88,0:10:58.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How are we going to double
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.27,0:11:00.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,global agro production around the world?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.80,0:11:03.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, we could try to farm more land:
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.10,0:11:05.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is an analysis we've done\Nwhere on the left
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.34,0:11:07.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is where the crops are today.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.11,0:11:09.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the right is where they could be,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.63,0:11:11.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,based on soils and climate,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.43,0:11:14.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,assuming climate change\Ndoesn't disrupt too much of this,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.29,0:11:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is not a good assumption.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.00,0:11:18.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We could farm more land,\Nbut the problem is,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.65,0:11:21.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the remaining lands\Nare in sensitive areas:
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.10,0:11:23.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they have a lot of biodiversity,\Na lot of carbon,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.72,0:11:25.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,things we want to protect.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.64,0:11:28.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we could grow more food\Nby expanding farmland,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.65,0:11:29.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we'd better not,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.80,0:11:31.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it's ecologically a very,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.61,0:11:33.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very dangerous thing to do.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.08,0:11:36.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead, we maybe want to freeze\Nthe footprint of agriculture
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.90,0:11:39.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and farm the lands we have better.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.40,0:11:41.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is work that we're doing
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.08,0:11:43.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to try to highlight places in the world
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.16,0:11:46.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we could improve yields\Nwithout harming the environment.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.87,0:11:49.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The green areas here\Nshow where corn yields
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.55,0:11:51.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- just showing corn as an example -
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.38,0:11:53.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are already really high,\Nprobably the maximum
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.74,0:11:56.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you could find on Earth today\Nfor that climate and soil.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.72,0:11:59.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the brown areas and yellow areas
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.04,0:12:01.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are places where we're only getting\Nmaybe 20 or 30 percent
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.76,0:12:03.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the yield you should be able to get.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.61,0:12:06.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You see a lot of this in Africa,\Neven Latin America,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.05,0:12:07.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but interestingly, Eastern Europe,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.88,0:12:10.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc\Ncountries used to be,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.74,0:12:12.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is still a mess, agriculturally.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.50,0:12:15.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, this would require\Nnutrients and water.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.78,0:12:18.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's going to either be organic,\Nor conventional,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.25,0:12:20.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or some mix of the two to deliver that.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.10,0:12:22.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Plants need water and nutrients.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:22.16,0:12:24.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we can do this,\Nand there are opportunities
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.32,0:12:25.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make this work.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.50,0:12:27.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we have to do it\Nin a way that is sensitive
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.71,0:12:29.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to meeting the food\Nsecurity needs of the future
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.99,0:12:32.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the environmental\Nsecurity needs of the future.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.63,0:12:35.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have to figure out\Nhow to make this tradeoff
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.82,0:12:39.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between growing food and having\Nhealthy environment work better.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.50,0:12:42.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right now, it's kind of\Nall or nothing proposition.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.30,0:12:44.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can grow food in the background
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.14,0:12:47.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- that's a soybean field -\Nand in this flower diagram
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.40,0:12:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it shows we grow a lot of food,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:49.00,0:12:50.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we don't have a lot of clean water,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.94,0:12:52.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're not storing a lot of carbon,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.64,0:12:54.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we don't have a lot of biodiversity.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.47,0:12:56.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the foreground, we have this prairie
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.53,0:12:58.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's wonderful\Nfrom the environmental side,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.72,0:13:01.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but you can't eat anything.\NWhat's there to eat?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:01.07,0:13:03.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need to figure out\Nhow to bring both of those
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.40,0:13:06.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,together into a new kind of agriculture
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.10,0:13:07.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that brings them all together.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.70,0:13:10.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, when I talk about this,\Npeople often tell me,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:10.08,0:13:13.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well, isn't - blank - the answer,\Nor organic food,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.50,0:13:18.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,local food, GMOs, new trade subsidies,\Nnew farmvilles?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.23,0:13:20.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And yes, we have a lot of good ideas here,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.30,0:13:23.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but not any one of these\Nis a silver bullet.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.70,0:13:25.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, what I think they are
Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.28,0:13:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is more like silver buckshot.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:27.00,0:13:28.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I love silver buckshot:
Dialogue: 0,0:13:28.66,0:13:31.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you put it together,\Nand you've got something really powerful.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.52,0:13:33.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we need to put them together.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.37,0:13:35.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what we have to do, I think,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.40,0:13:37.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is invent a new kind of agriculture
Dialogue: 0,0:13:37.86,0:13:40.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that blends the best ideas\Nof commercial agriculture
Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.85,0:13:42.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the Green Revolution
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.20,0:13:45.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the best ideas\Nof organic farming and local food,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.44,0:13:48.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the best ideas\Nof environmental conservation.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.85,0:13:50.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not to have them fighting each other,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:50.65,0:13:52.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but to have them collaborating together
Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.75,0:13:54.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to form a new kind of agriculture,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:54.70,0:13:56.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something I call terraculture,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:56.80,0:13:59.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or farming for a whole planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.10,0:14:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, having this kind of conversation
Dialogue: 0,0:14:01.00,0:14:02.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has been really hard.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.40,0:14:05.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've been trying very hard\Nto bring these key points to people
Dialogue: 0,0:14:05.43,0:14:08.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to reduce the controversy\Nand increase the collaboration.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.30,0:14:09.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to show you a short video
Dialogue: 0,0:14:09.96,0:14:12.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that does kind of show\Nour efforts right now
Dialogue: 0,0:14:12.16,0:14:14.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to bring these sides together\Ninto a single conversation.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:14.85,0:14:16.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let me show you that.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:17.83,0:14:20.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Music)\N[Environment.]
Dialogue: 0,0:14:20.90,0:14:23.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Institute on the environment –\NUniversity of Minnesota]
Dialogue: 0,0:14:23.54,0:14:24.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Driven to discover]
Dialogue: 0,0:14:24.76,0:14:27.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[The world population is growing]
Dialogue: 0,0:14:27.74,0:14:29.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[by 75 million people each year.]
Dialogue: 0,0:14:29.74,0:14:32.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[That's almost the size of Germany.]
Dialogue: 0,0:14:32.58,0:14:35.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Today, we're nearing 7 billion people.]
Dialogue: 0,0:14:35.30,0:14:38.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[At this rate, we'll reach\N9 billion people by 2040.]
Dialogue: 0,0:14:38.25,0:14:39.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[And we all need food.]
Dialogue: 0,0:14:39.92,0:14:41.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[But how?]
Dialogue: 0,0:14:41.20,0:14:44.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[How do we feed a growing world\Nwithout destroying the planet?]
Dialogue: 0,0:14:44.40,0:14:47.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[We already know climate change\Nis a big problem.]
Dialogue: 0,0:14:47.26,0:14:48.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[But it's not the only problem.]
Dialogue: 0,0:14:48.80,0:14:51.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[We need to face\N“the other inconvenient truth.”:]
Dialogue: 0,0:14:51.64,0:14:54.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[a global crisis in agriculture.]
Dialogue: 0,0:14:54.39,0:14:58.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Population growth, meat consumption,\Ndairy consumption, energy costs]
Dialogue: 0,0:14:58.23,0:15:00.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[bioenergy production\N= stress on natural resources.]
Dialogue: 0,0:15:00.90,0:15:04.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[More than 40% of Earth's land\Nhas been cleared for agriculture.]
Dialogue: 0,0:15:04.16,0:15:06.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Global croplands cover\N16 million square kilometers.]
Dialogue: 0,0:15:06.81,0:15:09.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[That's almost the size of South America.]
Dialogue: 0,0:15:09.25,0:15:11.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Global pastures cover\N30 million square kms.]
Dialogue: 0,0:15:11.59,0:15:13.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[That's the size of Africa.]
Dialogue: 0,0:15:13.43,0:15:15.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Agriculture uses 60 times more land]
Dialogue: 0,0:15:15.83,0:15:18.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[than urban and suburban areas combined.]
Dialogue: 0,0:15:18.25,0:15:21.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Irrigation is the biggest\Nuse of water on the planet.]
Dialogue: 0,0:15:21.54,0:15:25.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[We use 2,800 cube kilometers\Nof water on crops every year.]
Dialogue: 0,0:15:25.70,0:15:29.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[That's enough to fill 7,305\NEmpire State Buildings every day.]
Dialogue: 0,0:15:29.85,0:15:32.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Today, many large rivers\Nhave reduced flows.]
Dialogue: 0,0:15:32.52,0:15:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Some dry up altogether.]
Dialogue: 0,0:15:34.00,0:15:38.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Look at the Aral Sea,\Nnow turned to desert.]
Dialogue: 0,0:15:38.50,0:15:42.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Or the Colorado river,\Nwhich no longer flows to the ocean.]
Dialogue: 0,0:15:42.46,0:15:44.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Fertilizers have more than doubled]
Dialogue: 0,0:15:44.31,0:15:46.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[the phosphorus and nitrogen\Nin the environment.]
Dialogue: 0,0:15:46.40,0:15:47.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[The consequence?]
Dialogue: 0,0:15:47.30,0:15:49.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Widespread water pollution]
Dialogue: 0,0:15:49.33,0:15:51.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[and massive degradation\Nof lakes and rivers.]
Dialogue: 0,0:15:51.80,0:15:55.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Surprisingly, agriculture is the biggest\Ncontributor to climate change:]
Dialogue: 0,0:15:55.47,0:15:58.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[it generates 30%\Nof greenhouse gas emissions.]
Dialogue: 0,0:15:58.22,0:16:01.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[That's more than the emission\Nfrom all electricity and industry.]
Dialogue: 0,0:16:01.35,0:16:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Or from all the world's planes,\Ntrains and automobiles.]
Dialogue: 0,0:16:04.00,0:16:06.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Most agricultural emissions\Ncome from tropical deforestation,]
Dialogue: 0,0:16:06.82,0:16:08.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[methane from animals and rice fields]
Dialogue: 0,0:16:08.66,0:16:10.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[and nitrous oxide from over-fertilizing.]
Dialogue: 0,0:16:10.57,0:16:13.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[There is nothing we do that transforms\Nthe world more than agriculture.]
Dialogue: 0,0:16:13.86,0:16:16.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[And there's nothing we do that is more\Ncrucial to our survival.]
Dialogue: 0,0:16:16.94,0:16:18.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Here's the dilemma...]
Dialogue: 0,0:16:18.28,0:16:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[as the world grows\Nby several billion more people,]
Dialogue: 0,0:16:22.00,0:16:26.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[we'll need to double, maybe even triple,\Nglobal food production.]
Dialogue: 0,0:16:26.53,0:16:28.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[So where do we go from here?]
Dialogue: 0,0:16:28.20,0:16:31.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[We need a bigger conversation,\Nan international dialogue.]
Dialogue: 0,0:16:31.05,0:16:32.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[We need to invest in real solutions:]
Dialogue: 0,0:16:32.98,0:16:35.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[incentives for farmers -\Nprecision agriculture -]
Dialogue: 0,0:16:35.23,0:16:37.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[new crop varieties - drip irrigation]
Dialogue: 0,0:16:37.04,0:16:40.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[gray water recycling\N- better tillage practices- smarter diets]
Dialogue: 0,0:16:40.50,0:16:43.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[We need everyone at the table:]
Dialogue: 0,0:16:43.13,0:16:45.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[advocates of commercial agriculture,]
Dialogue: 0,0:16:45.05,0:16:46.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[environmental conservation,]
Dialogue: 0,0:16:46.59,0:16:47.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[and organic farming...]
Dialogue: 0,0:16:47.76,0:16:49.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[must work together.]
Dialogue: 0,0:16:49.93,0:16:51.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[There is no single solution:]
Dialogue: 0,0:16:51.56,0:16:52.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[we need collaboration,]
Dialogue: 0,0:16:52.86,0:16:54.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[imagination,]
Dialogue: 0,0:16:54.03,0:16:54.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[determination.]
Dialogue: 0,0:16:54.95,0:16:57.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Because failure is not an option.]
Dialogue: 0,0:16:59.24,0:17:02.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[How do we feed the world\Nwithout destroying it?]
Dialogue: 0,0:17:02.31,0:17:03.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Jonathan Foley:\NAnd so, we face
Dialogue: 0,0:17:03.82,0:17:05.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of the greatest grand challenges
Dialogue: 0,0:17:05.50,0:17:07.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in all of human history today:
Dialogue: 0,0:17:07.40,0:17:09.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the need to feed nine billion people
Dialogue: 0,0:17:09.88,0:17:13.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and do so sustainably\Nand equitably and justly.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:13.70,0:17:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the same time, protecting our planet
Dialogue: 0,0:17:16.00,0:17:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for this and future generations.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:18.00,0:17:20.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is going to be one\Nof the hardest things
Dialogue: 0,0:17:20.21,0:17:21.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we ever have done in human history,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:21.87,0:17:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we absolutely have to get it right.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:25.00,0:17:29.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we have to get it right\Non our first and only try.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:29.50,0:17:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, thanks very much.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:32.00,0:17:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)