WEBVTT 00:00:01.078 --> 00:00:04.985 Since 2009, the world has been stuck 00:00:04.985 --> 00:00:10.067 on a single narrative around a coming global food crisis, 00:00:10.067 --> 00:00:13.380 and what we need to do to avoid it. 00:00:13.380 --> 00:00:18.634 How do we feed nine billion people by 2050? 00:00:18.634 --> 00:00:23.243 Every conference, podcast, and dialogue around global food security 00:00:23.243 --> 00:00:24.915 starts with this question 00:00:24.915 --> 00:00:26.892 and goes on to answer it 00:00:26.892 --> 00:00:32.923 by saying we need to produce 70 percent more food. NOTE Paragraph 00:00:32.923 --> 00:00:36.244 The 2050 narrative started to evolve 00:00:36.244 --> 00:00:38.561 shortly after global food prices 00:00:38.561 --> 00:00:41.675 hit all-time highs in 2008. 00:00:41.675 --> 00:00:44.453 People were suffering and struggling, 00:00:44.453 --> 00:00:46.649 governments and world leaders 00:00:46.649 --> 00:00:48.718 needed to show us that they were paying attention 00:00:48.718 --> 00:00:51.162 and were working to solve it. 00:00:51.162 --> 00:00:55.741 The thing is, 2050 is so far into the future 00:00:55.741 --> 00:00:58.597 that we can't even relate to it, 00:00:58.597 --> 00:01:00.277 and more importantly, 00:01:00.277 --> 00:01:02.538 if we keep doing what we're doing, 00:01:02.538 --> 00:01:06.365 it's going to hit us a lot sooner than that. NOTE Paragraph 00:01:06.365 --> 00:01:10.559 I believe we need to ask a different question. 00:01:10.559 --> 00:01:12.902 The answer to that question 00:01:12.902 --> 00:01:17.349 needs to be framed differently. 00:01:17.349 --> 00:01:20.117 If we can reframe the old narrative 00:01:20.117 --> 00:01:22.645 and replace it with new numbers 00:01:22.645 --> 00:01:25.447 that tell us a more complete pictures, 00:01:25.447 --> 00:01:29.014 numbers that everyone can understand 00:01:29.014 --> 00:01:31.629 and relate to, 00:01:31.629 --> 00:01:34.283 we can avoid the crisis altogether. NOTE Paragraph 00:01:36.812 --> 00:01:39.808 I was a commodities trader in my past life, 00:01:39.808 --> 00:01:42.805 and one of the things that I learned trading 00:01:42.805 --> 00:01:45.606 is that every market has a tipping point, 00:01:45.606 --> 00:01:49.173 the point at which change occurs so rapidly 00:01:49.173 --> 00:01:51.127 that it impacts the world 00:01:51.127 --> 00:01:54.329 and things change forever. 00:01:54.329 --> 00:01:58.044 Think of the last financial crisis, 00:01:58.044 --> 00:02:01.142 or the dot com crash. NOTE Paragraph 00:02:01.142 --> 00:02:04.831 So here's my concern. 00:02:04.831 --> 00:02:07.086 We could have a tipping point 00:02:07.086 --> 00:02:09.156 in global food and agriculture 00:02:09.156 --> 00:02:11.189 if surging demand 00:02:11.189 --> 00:02:18.594 surpasses the agricultural system's structural capacity to produce food. 00:02:18.594 --> 00:02:23.072 This means at this point supply can no longer keep up with demand 00:02:23.072 --> 00:02:25.693 despite exploding prices, 00:02:25.693 --> 00:02:30.497 unless we can commit to some type of structural change. 00:02:30.497 --> 00:02:32.525 This time around, 00:02:32.525 --> 00:02:35.503 it won't be about stock markets and money. 00:02:35.503 --> 00:02:36.769 It's about people. 00:02:36.769 --> 00:02:38.324 People could starve 00:02:38.324 --> 00:02:41.488 and governments may fall. 00:02:41.488 --> 00:02:45.907 This question of at what point does supply struggle 00:02:45.907 --> 00:02:47.732 to keep up with surging demand 00:02:47.732 --> 00:02:51.349 is one that started off as an interest for me while I was trading 00:02:51.349 --> 00:02:54.185 and became an absolute obsession. 00:02:54.185 --> 00:02:57.159 It went from interest to obsession 00:02:57.159 --> 00:03:00.818 when I realized through my research how broken the system was, 00:03:00.818 --> 00:03:06.235 and how very little data was being used to make such critical decisions. 00:03:06.235 --> 00:03:10.322 That's the point I decided to walk away from a career on Wall Street 00:03:10.322 --> 00:03:12.721 and start an entrepreneurial journey 00:03:12.721 --> 00:03:15.640 to start Gro Intelligence. NOTE Paragraph 00:03:15.640 --> 00:03:18.800 At Gro, we focus on bringing this data 00:03:18.800 --> 00:03:21.584 and doing the work to make it actionable, 00:03:21.584 --> 00:03:24.809 to empower decision-makers at every level. 00:03:24.809 --> 00:03:27.865 But doing this work, 00:03:27.865 --> 00:03:29.119 we also realized that the world, 00:03:29.119 --> 00:03:30.569 not just world leaders, 00:03:30.569 --> 00:03:34.821 but businesses and citizens like every single person in this room, 00:03:34.821 --> 00:03:37.495 lacked an actionable guide 00:03:37.495 --> 00:03:42.623 on how we can avoid a coming global food security crisis. 00:03:42.623 --> 00:03:45.036 And so we built a model, 00:03:45.036 --> 00:03:47.712 leveraging the petabytes of data we sit on, 00:03:47.712 --> 00:03:50.832 and we solved for the tipping point. NOTE Paragraph 00:03:50.832 --> 00:03:54.393 Now, no one knows we've been working on this problem, 00:03:54.393 --> 00:03:56.132 and this is the first time 00:03:56.132 --> 00:04:01.094 that I'm sharing what we discovered. 00:04:01.094 --> 00:04:03.064 We discovered that the tipping point 00:04:03.064 --> 00:04:06.622 is actually a decade from now. 00:04:06.622 --> 00:04:09.413 We discovered that the world 00:04:09.413 --> 00:04:13.709 will be short 214 trillion calories 00:04:13.709 --> 00:04:17.736 by 2027. 00:04:17.736 --> 00:04:22.714 The world is not in a position to fill this gap. NOTE Paragraph 00:04:22.714 --> 00:04:25.180 Now, you'll notice 00:04:25.180 --> 00:04:29.467 that the way I'm framing this is different from how I started, 00:04:29.467 --> 00:04:31.755 and that's intentional, because until now, this problem 00:04:31.755 --> 00:04:35.019 has been quantified using mass: 00:04:35.019 --> 00:04:37.760 think kilograms, tons, hectograms, 00:04:37.760 --> 00:04:40.618 whatever your unit of choice is in mass. 00:04:40.618 --> 00:04:43.610 Why do we talk about food in terms of weight? 00:04:43.610 --> 00:04:45.081 Because it's easy. 00:04:45.081 --> 00:04:48.589 We can look at a photograph and determine tonnage on a ship 00:04:48.589 --> 00:04:50.733 by using a simple pocket calculator. 00:04:50.733 --> 00:04:54.165 We can weigh trucks, airplanes and oxcarts. 00:04:54.165 --> 00:04:59.005 But what we care about in food is nutritional value. 00:04:59.005 --> 00:05:02.521 Not all foods are created equal, 00:05:02.521 --> 00:05:05.134 even if they weigh the same. 00:05:05.134 --> 00:05:07.501 This I learned firsthand 00:05:07.501 --> 00:05:11.093 when I moved from Ethiopia to the US for university. 00:05:11.093 --> 00:05:13.642 Upon my return back home, 00:05:13.642 --> 00:05:16.753 my father, who was so excited to see me, 00:05:16.753 --> 00:05:21.276 greeted me by asking why I was fat. 00:05:21.276 --> 00:05:25.130 Now, turns out that eating 00:05:25.130 --> 00:05:31.865 approximately the same amount of food as I did in Ethiopia, but in America, 00:05:31.865 --> 00:05:36.088 had actually lent a certain fullness to my figure. 00:05:36.088 --> 00:05:41.682 This is why we should care about calories, 00:05:41.682 --> 00:05:42.917 not about mass. 00:05:42.917 --> 00:05:45.772 It is calories which sustain us. NOTE Paragraph 00:05:47.154 --> 00:05:52.422 So 214 trillion calories is a very large number, 00:05:52.422 --> 00:05:55.859 and not even the most dedicated of us 00:05:55.859 --> 00:05:59.234 think in the hundreds of trillions of calories. 00:05:59.234 --> 00:06:02.191 So let me break this down differently. 00:06:02.191 --> 00:06:05.461 An alternative way to think about this 00:06:05.461 --> 00:06:08.497 is to think about it in Big Macs. 00:06:08.497 --> 00:06:11.285 214 trillion calories. 00:06:11.285 --> 00:06:14.116 A single Big Mac has 563 calories. 00:06:14.116 --> 00:06:20.523 That means the world will be short 379 billion Big Macs in 2027. 00:06:20.523 --> 00:06:24.370 That is more Big Macs than McDonald's has ever produced. NOTE Paragraph 00:06:26.218 --> 00:06:30.336 So how did we get to these numbers in the first place? 00:06:30.336 --> 00:06:32.204 They're not made up. 00:06:32.204 --> 00:06:34.581 This map shows you 00:06:34.581 --> 00:06:37.619 where the world was 40 years ago. 00:06:37.619 --> 00:06:41.569 It shows you net calorie gaps in every country in the world. 00:06:41.569 --> 00:06:42.841 Now, simply put, 00:06:42.841 --> 00:06:46.025 this is just calories consumed in that country 00:06:46.025 --> 00:06:49.408 minus calories produced in that same country. 00:06:49.408 --> 00:06:51.846 This is not a statement on malnutrition or anything else. 00:06:51.846 --> 00:06:55.929 It's simply saying how many calories are consumed in a single year 00:06:55.929 --> 00:06:57.924 minus how many are produced. 00:06:57.924 --> 00:07:01.278 Blue countries are net calorie exporters, 00:07:01.278 --> 00:07:02.706 or self-sufficient. 00:07:02.706 --> 00:07:05.365 They have some in storage for a rainy day. 00:07:05.365 --> 00:07:08.186 Red countries are net calorie importers. 00:07:08.186 --> 00:07:10.009 The deeper, the brighter the red, 00:07:10.009 --> 00:07:12.467 the more you're importing. 00:07:12.467 --> 00:07:16.868 40 years ago, such few countries were net exporters of calories, 00:07:16.868 --> 00:07:19.595 I could count them with one hand. 00:07:19.595 --> 00:07:21.491 Most of the African continent, 00:07:21.491 --> 00:07:24.386 Europe, most of Asia, 00:07:24.386 --> 00:07:26.685 South America excluding Argentina, 00:07:26.685 --> 00:07:28.881 were all net importers of calories. 00:07:28.881 --> 00:07:32.988 And what's surprising is that China used to actually be food self-sufficient. 00:07:32.988 --> 00:07:36.858 India was a big net importer of calories. NOTE Paragraph 00:07:36.858 --> 00:07:39.881 40 years later, this is today. 00:07:40.337 --> 00:07:44.322 You can see the drastic transformation that's occurred in the world. 00:07:44.322 --> 00:07:47.847 Brazil has emerged as an agricultural powerhouse. 00:07:47.847 --> 00:07:51.100 Europe is dominant in global agriculture. 00:07:51.100 --> 00:07:54.349 India has actually flipped from red to blue. 00:07:54.349 --> 00:07:56.405 It's become food self-sufficient. 00:07:56.405 --> 00:07:58.704 And China went from that light blue 00:07:58.704 --> 00:08:02.570 to the brightest red that you see on this map. NOTE Paragraph 00:08:02.570 --> 00:08:06.243 How did we get here? What happened? 00:08:06.243 --> 00:08:09.762 So this chart shows you India and Africa. 00:08:09.762 --> 00:08:12.890 Blue line is India, red line is Africa. 00:08:12.890 --> 00:08:16.917 How is it that two regions that started off so similarly 00:08:16.917 --> 00:08:19.017 in such similar trajectories 00:08:19.017 --> 00:08:21.210 take such different paths? 00:08:21.210 --> 00:08:24.308 India had a green revolution. 00:08:24.308 --> 00:08:28.859 Not a single African country had a green revolution. 00:08:28.859 --> 00:08:29.805 The net outcome? 00:08:29.805 --> 00:08:31.358 India is food self-sufficient 00:08:31.358 --> 00:08:34.732 and in the past decade has actually been exporting calories. 00:08:34.732 --> 00:08:39.538 The African continent now imports over 300 trillion calories a year. 00:08:39.538 --> 00:08:42.351 Then we add China, the green line. 00:08:42.351 --> 00:08:47.385 Remember the switch from the blue to the bright red? 00:08:47.385 --> 00:08:48.732 What happened, and when did it happen? 00:08:48.732 --> 00:08:53.643 China seemed to be on a very similar path to India 00:08:53.643 --> 00:08:55.994 until the start of the 21st century, 00:08:55.994 --> 00:08:58.568 where it suddenly flipped. 00:08:58.568 --> 00:09:00.617 A young and growing population 00:09:00.617 --> 00:09:03.605 combined with significant economic growth 00:09:03.605 --> 00:09:06.269 made its mark with a big bang, 00:09:06.269 --> 00:09:09.738 and no one in the markets saw it coming. 00:09:09.738 --> 00:09:13.528 This flip was everything to global agricultural markets. 00:09:13.528 --> 00:09:16.107 Luckily now, South America 00:09:16.107 --> 00:09:21.538 was starting to boom at the same time as China's rise, 00:09:21.538 --> 00:09:26.582 and so therefore, supply and demand were still somewhat balanced. NOTE Paragraph 00:09:26.582 --> 00:09:28.902 So the question becomes, 00:09:28.902 --> 00:09:31.509 where do we go from here? 00:09:31.509 --> 00:09:33.327 Oddly enough, 00:09:33.327 --> 00:09:35.632 it's not a new story, 00:09:35.632 --> 00:09:39.499 except this time it's not just a story of China. 00:09:39.499 --> 00:09:42.115 It's a continuation of China, 00:09:42.115 --> 00:09:44.047 an amplification of Africa, 00:09:44.047 --> 00:09:46.897 and a paradigm shift in India. 00:09:46.897 --> 00:09:51.775 By 2023, Africa's population is forecasted to overtake that 00:09:51.775 --> 00:09:54.684 of India's and China's. 00:09:54.684 --> 00:09:57.083 By 2023, these three regions combined 00:09:57.083 --> 00:10:01.231 will make up over half the world's population. 00:10:01.231 --> 00:10:05.698 This crossover point starts to present really interesting challenges 00:10:05.698 --> 00:10:07.521 for global food security, 00:10:07.521 --> 00:10:12.147 and a few years later, we're hit hard with that reality. NOTE Paragraph 00:10:12.147 --> 00:10:17.335 What does the world look like in 10 years? 00:10:17.335 --> 00:10:21.216 So far, as I mentioned, India has been food self-sufficient. 00:10:21.216 --> 00:10:25.463 Most forecasters predict that this will continue. 00:10:25.463 --> 00:10:27.232 We disagree. 00:10:27.232 --> 00:10:32.108 India will soon become a net importer of calories. 00:10:32.108 --> 00:10:35.329 This will be driven both by the fact that demand is growing 00:10:35.329 --> 00:10:38.506 from a population growth standpoint plus economic growth. 00:10:38.506 --> 00:10:40.324 It will be driven by both. 00:10:40.324 --> 00:10:42.676 And even if you have optimistic assumptions 00:10:42.676 --> 00:10:44.496 around production growth, 00:10:44.496 --> 00:10:47.318 it will make that slight flip. 00:10:47.318 --> 00:10:51.916 That slight flip can have huge implications. NOTE Paragraph 00:10:51.916 --> 00:10:56.728 Next, Africa will continue to be a net importer of calories, 00:10:56.728 --> 00:11:00.389 again driven by population growth and economic growth. 00:11:00.389 --> 00:11:04.320 This is again assuming optimistic production growth assumptions. 00:11:04.320 --> 00:11:05.611 Then China, 00:11:05.611 --> 00:11:08.043 where population is flattening out, 00:11:08.043 --> 00:11:10.412 calorie consumption will explode 00:11:10.412 --> 00:11:13.337 because the types of calories consumed 00:11:13.337 --> 00:11:17.941 are also starting to be higher calorie content foods. 00:11:17.941 --> 00:11:20.151 And so therefore, 00:11:20.151 --> 00:11:21.588 these three regions combined 00:11:21.588 --> 00:11:24.566 start to present a really interesting challenge for the world. NOTE Paragraph 00:11:24.566 --> 00:11:29.101 Until now, countries with calorie deficits 00:11:29.101 --> 00:11:31.698 have been able to meet these deficits 00:11:31.698 --> 00:11:33.984 from importing from surplus regions. 00:11:33.984 --> 00:11:37.044 By surplus regions, I'm talking about 00:11:37.044 --> 00:11:39.992 North America, South America and Europe. 00:11:39.992 --> 00:11:42.384 This line chart over here shows you 00:11:42.384 --> 00:11:46.774 the growth and the projected growth over the next decade of production 00:11:46.774 --> 00:11:49.680 from North America, South America and Europe. 00:11:49.680 --> 00:11:50.858 What it doesn't show you 00:11:50.858 --> 00:11:54.660 is that most of this growth is actually going to come from South America, 00:11:54.660 --> 00:11:56.315 and most of this growth 00:11:56.315 --> 00:11:59.225 is going to come at the huge cost 00:11:59.225 --> 00:12:02.425 of deforestation. 00:12:02.425 --> 00:12:06.168 And so when you look at the combined demand increase 00:12:06.168 --> 00:12:10.478 coming from India, China and the African continent, 00:12:10.478 --> 00:12:14.386 and look at it versus the combined increase in production coming from India, 00:12:14.386 --> 00:12:19.556 China, the African continent, North America, South America and Europe, 00:12:19.556 --> 00:12:25.036 you are left with a 214 trillion calorie deficit, 00:12:25.036 --> 00:12:26.729 one we can't produce. 00:12:26.729 --> 00:12:30.569 And this, by the way, is actually assuming we take all the extra calories 00:12:30.569 --> 00:12:33.196 produced in North America, South America and Europe 00:12:33.196 --> 00:12:39.516 and export them solely to India, China and Africa. NOTE Paragraph 00:12:39.516 --> 00:12:43.792 What I just presented to you is a vision of an impossible world. 00:12:43.792 --> 00:12:45.999 We can do something to change that. 00:12:45.999 --> 00:12:48.901 We can change consumption patterns, 00:12:48.901 --> 00:12:51.264 we can reduce food waste, 00:12:51.264 --> 00:12:54.781 or we can make a bold commitment 00:12:54.781 --> 00:12:57.964 to increasing yields exponentially. NOTE Paragraph 00:12:57.964 --> 00:13:00.495 Now I'm not going to go into discussing 00:13:00.495 --> 00:13:02.600 changing consumption patterns or reducing food waste, 00:13:02.600 --> 00:13:05.101 because those conversations have been going on for some time now. 00:13:05.101 --> 00:13:06.728 Nothing has happened. 00:13:06.728 --> 00:13:08.228 Nothing has happened 00:13:08.228 --> 00:13:10.209 because those arguments 00:13:10.209 --> 00:13:13.451 ask the surplus regions to change their behavior 00:13:13.451 --> 00:13:17.016 on behalf of deficit regions. 00:13:17.016 --> 00:13:19.720 Waiting for others to change their behavior 00:13:19.720 --> 00:13:22.195 on your behalf for your survival 00:13:22.195 --> 00:13:23.787 is a terrible idea. 00:13:23.787 --> 00:13:25.818 It's unproductive. NOTE Paragraph 00:13:25.818 --> 00:13:28.634 So I'd like to suggest an alternative 00:13:28.634 --> 00:13:31.687 that comes from the red regions. 00:13:31.687 --> 00:13:34.655 China, India, Africa. 00:13:34.655 --> 00:13:37.866 China is constrained in terms of how much more land it actually has 00:13:37.866 --> 00:13:39.447 available for agriculture, 00:13:39.447 --> 00:13:43.243 and it has massive water resource availability issues. 00:13:43.243 --> 00:13:48.065 So the answer really lies in India and in Africa. 00:13:48.065 --> 00:13:52.996 India has some upside in terms of potential yield increases. 00:13:52.996 --> 00:13:55.318 Now this is the gap between its current yield 00:13:55.318 --> 00:13:59.795 and the theoretical maximum yield it can achieve. 00:13:59.795 --> 00:14:03.258 It has some unfarmed arable land remaining, but not much, 00:14:03.258 --> 00:14:06.475 India is quite land constrained. 00:14:06.475 --> 00:14:09.410 Now the African continent, on the other hand, 00:14:09.410 --> 00:14:12.421 has vast amounts of arable land remaining 00:14:12.421 --> 00:14:16.229 and significant upside potential in yields. 00:14:16.229 --> 00:14:18.886 Somewhat simplified picture here, 00:14:18.886 --> 00:14:23.556 but if you look at sub-Saharan African yields in corn today, 00:14:23.556 --> 00:14:28.957 they are where North American yields were in 1940. 00:14:28.957 --> 00:14:32.818 We don't have 70-plus years to figure this out, 00:14:32.818 --> 00:14:35.230 so it means we need to try something new 00:14:35.230 --> 00:14:38.659 and we need to try something different. 00:14:38.659 --> 00:14:42.127 The solution starts with reforms. 00:14:42.127 --> 00:14:46.141 We need to reform and commercialize 00:14:46.141 --> 00:14:48.742 the agricultural industries in Africa 00:14:48.742 --> 00:14:50.557 and in India. NOTE Paragraph 00:14:50.557 --> 00:14:52.416 Now, by commercialization, 00:14:52.416 --> 00:14:55.878 commercialization is not about commercial farming alone. 00:14:55.878 --> 00:14:58.873 Commercialization is about leveraging data 00:14:58.873 --> 00:15:00.706 to craft better policies, 00:15:00.706 --> 00:15:02.657 to improve infrastructure, 00:15:02.657 --> 00:15:04.361 to lower the transportation costs, 00:15:04.361 --> 00:15:08.719 and to completely reform banking and insurance industries. 00:15:08.719 --> 00:15:11.656 Commercialization is about taking agriculture 00:15:11.656 --> 00:15:15.846 from too risky an endeavor to one where fortunes can be made. 00:15:15.846 --> 00:15:19.124 Commercialization is not about just farmers. 00:15:19.124 --> 00:15:24.660 Commercialization is about the entire agricultural system. 00:15:24.660 --> 00:15:28.979 But commercialization also means confronting the fact 00:15:28.979 --> 00:15:32.537 that we can no longer place the burden of growth 00:15:32.537 --> 00:15:36.417 on small-scale farmers alone, 00:15:36.417 --> 00:15:42.080 and accepting that commercial farms and the introduction of commercial farms 00:15:42.080 --> 00:15:44.841 could provide certain economies of scale 00:15:44.841 --> 00:15:48.518 that even small-scale farmers can leverage. 00:15:48.518 --> 00:15:52.398 It is not about small-scale farming or commercial agriculture, 00:15:52.398 --> 00:15:53.920 or big agriculture. 00:15:53.920 --> 00:15:59.321 We can create the first successful models of the coexistence and success 00:15:59.321 --> 00:16:03.181 of small-scale farming alongside commercial agriculture. 00:16:03.181 --> 00:16:06.621 This is because, for the first time ever, 00:16:06.621 --> 00:16:09.880 the most critical tool for success in the industry -- 00:16:09.880 --> 00:16:11.567 data and knowledge -- 00:16:11.567 --> 00:16:14.923 is becoming cheaper by the day. 00:16:14.923 --> 00:16:18.244 And very soon, it won't matter how much money you have 00:16:18.244 --> 00:16:19.948 or how big you are 00:16:19.948 --> 00:16:24.172 to make optimal decisions and maximize probability of success 00:16:24.172 --> 00:16:27.652 in reaching your intended goal. 00:16:27.652 --> 00:16:31.934 Companies like Gro are working really, really hard to make this a reality. NOTE Paragraph 00:16:31.934 --> 00:16:36.450 So if we can commit to this new, bold initiative, 00:16:36.450 --> 00:16:38.629 to this new, bold change, 00:16:38.629 --> 00:16:42.360 not only can we solve the 214 trillion gap 00:16:42.360 --> 00:16:43.925 that I talked about, 00:16:43.925 --> 00:16:47.180 but we can actually set the world on a whole new path. 00:16:47.180 --> 00:16:51.350 India can remain food self-sufficient, 00:16:51.350 --> 00:16:53.080 and Africa can emerge 00:16:53.080 --> 00:16:57.503 as the world's next dark blue region. NOTE Paragraph 00:16:57.503 --> 00:16:59.826 The new question is, 00:16:59.826 --> 00:17:01.485 how do we produce 00:17:01.485 --> 00:17:03.930 214 trillion calories 00:17:03.930 --> 00:17:09.081 to feed 8.3 billion people by 2027? 00:17:09.081 --> 00:17:11.217 We have the solution. 00:17:11.217 --> 00:17:13.715 We just need to act on it. NOTE Paragraph 00:17:13.715 --> 00:17:15.588 Thank you. NOTE Paragraph 00:17:15.588 --> 00:17:20.597 (Applause)