[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.87,0:00:03.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's 1878.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.97,0:00:08.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sir Francis Galton\Ngives a remarkable talk.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.32,0:00:13.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's speaking to the anthropologic\Ninstitute of Great Britain and Ireland.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.17,0:00:18.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Known for his pioneering work\Nin human intelligence,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.22,0:00:20.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Galton is a brilliant polymath.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.72,0:00:23.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's an explorer,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.29,0:00:25.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an anthropologist,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.07,0:00:26.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a sociologist,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.62,0:00:28.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a psychologist
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.22,0:00:29.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a statistician.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.39,0:00:33.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's also a eugenist.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.60,0:00:35.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this talk,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.81,0:00:41.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he presents a new technique\Nby which he can combine photographs
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.58,0:00:43.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and produce composite portraits.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.66,0:00:49.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This technique could be used\Nto characterize different types of people.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.70,0:00:56.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Galton thinks that if he combines\Nphotographs of violent criminals,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.08,0:00:59.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he will discover the face of criminality.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.25,0:01:02.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But to his surprise,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.26,0:01:05.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the composite portrait that he produces
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.95,0:01:07.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is beautiful.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.03,0:01:13.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Galton's surprising finding\Nraises deep questions:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.52,0:01:15.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is beauty?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.07,0:01:22.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why do certain configurations of line\Nand color and form excite us so?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.37,0:01:25.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For most of human history,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.92,0:01:31.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these questions have been approached\Nusing logic and speculation.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.12,0:01:33.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in the last few decades,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.66,0:01:36.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,scientists have addressed\Nthe question of beauty
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.56,0:01:41.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using ideas from evolutionary psychology\Nand tools of neuroscience.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.50,0:01:46.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're beginning to glimpse\Nthe why and the how of beauty,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.94,0:01:50.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at least in terms of what it means\Nfor the human face and form.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.20,0:01:52.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in the process,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.78,0:01:55.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're stumbling upon some surprises.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.16,0:01:58.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When it comes to seeing\Nbeauty in each other,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.75,0:02:04.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while this decision is certainly\Nsubjective for the individual,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.13,0:02:08.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's sculpted by factors that contribute\Nto the survival of the group.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.81,0:02:11.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many experiments have shown
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.48,0:02:15.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that a few basic parameters contribute\Nto what makes a face attractive.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.32,0:02:21.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These include averaging, symmetry\Nand the effects of hormones.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.02,0:02:24.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's take each one of these in turn.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.53,0:02:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Galton's finding
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.03,0:02:33.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that composite or average faces\Nare typically more attractive
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.34,0:02:36.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than each individual face\Nthat contributes to the average
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.92,0:02:38.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has been replicated many times.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.93,0:02:44.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This laboratory finding fits\Nwith many people's intuitions.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.75,0:02:48.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Average faces represent\Nthe central tendencies of a group.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.72,0:02:54.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People with mixed features\Nrepresent different populations,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.07,0:02:57.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and presumably harbor\Ngreater genetic diversity
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.44,0:02:59.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and adaptability to the environment.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.34,0:03:04.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many people find mixed-race\Nindividuals attractive,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.76,0:03:06.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and inbred families less so.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.63,0:03:12.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second factor that contributes\Nto beauty is symmetry.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.47,0:03:17.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People generally find symmetric faces\Nmore attractive than asymmetric ones.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.76,0:03:24.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Developmental abnormalities\Nare often associated with asymmetries,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.03,0:03:27.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in plants, animals and humans,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.32,0:03:30.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,asymmetries often arise\Nfrom parasitic infections.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.37,0:03:33.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Symmetry, it turns out,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.62,0:03:37.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is also an indicator of health.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.47,0:03:40.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the 1930s,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.78,0:03:43.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a man named Maksymilian Faktorowicz
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.70,0:03:46.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,recognized the importance\Nof symmetry for beauty
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.90,0:03:49.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when he designed the beauty micrometer.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.30,0:03:51.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With this device,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.47,0:03:54.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he could measure minor asymmetric flaws
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.55,0:03:59.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which he could then make up for\Nwith products he sold from his company,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.12,0:04:02.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,named brilliantly\Nafter himself, Max Factor,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.97,0:04:05.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which, as you know,\Nis one of the world's most famous brands
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.01,0:04:07.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for "make up."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.52,0:04:12.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The third factor that contributes\Nto facial attractiveness
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.50,0:04:14.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the effect of hormones.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.53,0:04:19.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here, I need to apologize\Nfor confining my comments
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.28,0:04:21.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to heterosexual norms.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.62,0:04:28.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But estrogen and testosterone\Nplay important roles
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.11,0:04:30.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in shaping features\Nthat we find attractive.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.64,0:04:35.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Estrogen produces features\Nthat signal fertility.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.33,0:04:39.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Men typically find women attractive
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.31,0:04:43.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who have elements\Nof both youth and maturity.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.18,0:04:48.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A face that's too baby-like might\Nmean that the girl is not yet fertile,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.12,0:04:51.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so men find women attractive
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.12,0:04:55.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who have large eyes,\Nfull lips and narrow chins
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.38,0:04:56.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as indicators of youth,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.70,0:05:01.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and high cheekbones\Nas an indicator of maturity.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.56,0:05:07.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Testosterone produces features\Nthat we regard as typically masculine.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.78,0:05:10.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These include heavier brows,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.82,0:05:12.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thinner cheeks
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.15,0:05:14.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and bigger, squared-off jaws.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.43,0:05:16.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But here's a fascinating irony.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.70,0:05:18.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In many species,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.87,0:05:20.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if anything,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.28,0:05:23.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,testosterone suppresses the immune system.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.00,0:05:29.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the idea that testosterone-infused\Nfeatures are a fitness indicator
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.20,0:05:31.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doesn't really make a whole lot of sense.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.18,0:05:34.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here, the logic is turned on its head.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.66,0:05:37.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead of a fitness indicator,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.83,0:05:41.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,scientists invoke a handicap principle.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.79,0:05:46.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The most commonly cited\Nexample of a handicap
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.34,0:05:47.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the peacock's tail.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.54,0:05:52.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This beautiful but cumbersome tail\Ndoesn't exactly help the peacock
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.96,0:05:54.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,avoid predators
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.91,0:05:56.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and approach peahens.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.19,0:06:00.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why should such an extravagant\Nappendage evolve?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.95,0:06:03.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even Charles Darwin,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.41,0:06:07.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in an 1860 letter to Asa Gray wrote
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.83,0:06:11.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the sight of the peacock's tail\Nmade him physically ill.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.14,0:06:15.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He couldn't explain it\Nwith his theory of natural selection,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.07,0:06:16.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and out of this frustration,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.99,0:06:20.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he developed the theory\Nof sexual selection.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.50,0:06:22.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On this account,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.68,0:06:27.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the display of the peacock's tail\Nis about sexual enticement,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.08,0:06:33.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this enticement means\Nit's more likely the peacock will mate
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.33,0:06:34.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and have offspring.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.82,0:06:38.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the modern twist\Non this display argument
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.47,0:06:44.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that the peacock is also\Nadvertising its health to the peahen.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.00,0:06:51.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Only especially fit organisms\Ncan afford to divert resources
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.15,0:06:53.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to maintaining such\Nan extravagant appendage.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.59,0:06:59.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Only especially fit men can afford\Nthe price that testosterone levies
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.51,0:07:00.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on their immune system.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.56,0:07:04.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And by analogy, think of the fact
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.24,0:07:11.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that only very rich men can afford\Nto pay more than $10,000 for a watch
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.23,0:07:13.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a display of their financial fitness.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.11,0:07:17.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, many people hear these kinds\Nof evolutionary claims
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.94,0:07:23.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and think they mean that we somehow\Nare unconsciously seeking mates
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.69,0:07:25.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who are healthy.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.63,0:07:28.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think this idea\Nis probably not right.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.27,0:07:35.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Teenagers and young adults are not exactly\Nknown for making decisions
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.16,0:07:37.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are predicated on health concerns.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.54,0:07:40.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But they don't have to be,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.17,0:07:41.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and let me explain why.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.15,0:07:44.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine a population
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.21,0:07:49.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which people have three different\Nkinds of preferences:
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.41,0:07:52.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for green, for orange and for red.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.92,0:07:55.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From their point of view,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.14,0:07:57.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these preferences have\Nnothing to do with health;
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.52,0:07:59.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they just like what they like.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.13,0:08:04.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if it were also the case\Nthat these preferences are associated
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.19,0:08:07.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the different likelihood\Nof producing offspring --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.22,0:08:10.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let's say in a ratio of 3:2:1 --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.06,0:08:12.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then in the first generation,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.53,0:08:15.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there would be 3 greens\Nto 2 oranges to 1 red,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.82,0:08:18.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in each subsequent generation,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.03,0:08:20.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the proportion of greens increase,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.07,0:08:23.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that in 10 generations,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.80,0:08:27.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,98 percent of this population\Nhas a green preference.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.96,0:08:31.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, a scientist coming in\Nand sampling this population
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.11,0:08:34.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,discovers that green\Npreferences are universal.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.61,0:08:39.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the point about this little\Nabstract example
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.50,0:08:44.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that while preferences\Nfor specific physical features
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.19,0:08:46.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can be arbitrary for the individual,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.09,0:08:49.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if those features are heritable
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.23,0:08:57.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they are associated\Nwith a reproductive advantage,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.42,0:08:58.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over time,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.65,0:09:00.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they become universal for the group.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.17,0:09:08.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what happens in the brain\Nwhen we see beautiful people?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.52,0:09:14.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Attractive faces activate\Nparts of our visual cortex
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.57,0:09:16.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the back of the brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.54,0:09:18.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an area called the fusiform gyrus,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.51,0:09:21.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is especially tuned\Nto processing faces,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.33,0:09:25.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and an adjacent area called\Nthe lateral occipital complex,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.37,0:09:28.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is especially attuned\Nto processing objects.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.70,0:09:30.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In addition,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.12,0:09:35.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,attractive faces activate parts\Nof our reward and pleasure centers
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.22,0:09:37.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the front and deep in the brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.18,0:09:41.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and these include areas\Nthat have complicated names,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.33,0:09:43.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like the ventral striatum,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.22,0:09:45.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the orbitofrontal cortex
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.16,0:09:47.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.73,0:09:52.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our visual brain that is tuned\Nto processing faces
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.74,0:09:55.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,interacts with our pleasure centers
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.40,0:09:57.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to underpin the experience of beauty.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.72,0:10:03.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Amazingly, while we all\Nengage with beauty,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.84,0:10:05.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without our knowledge,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.46,0:10:07.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,beauty also engages us.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.48,0:10:10.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our brains respond to attractive faces
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.00,0:10:13.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even when we're not thinking about beauty.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.64,0:10:18.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We conducted an experiment\Nin which people saw a series of faces,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.95,0:10:20.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in one condition,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.68,0:10:26.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they had to decide if a pair of faces\Nwere the same or a different person.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.91,0:10:30.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even in this condition,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.42,0:10:36.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,attractive faces drove neural activity\Nrobustly in their visual cortex,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.59,0:10:40.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,despite the fact that they were thinking\Nabout a person's identity
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.13,0:10:41.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and not their beauty.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.13,0:10:47.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another group similarly found\Nautomatic responses to beauty
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.46,0:10:49.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,within our pleasure centers.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.55,0:10:53.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Taken together, these studies suggest
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.03,0:10:58.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that our brain automatically\Nresponds to beauty
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.57,0:11:00.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by linking vision and pleasure.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.85,0:11:04.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These beauty detectors, it seems,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.26,0:11:06.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ping every time we see beauty,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.12,0:11:08.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,regardless of whatever else\Nwe might be thinking.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.02,0:11:16.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We also have a "beauty is good"\Nstereotype embedded in the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.71,0:11:19.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Within the orbitofrontal cortex,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.96,0:11:21.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's overlapping neural activity
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.76,0:11:25.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in response to beauty and to goodness,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.18,0:11:30.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this happens even when people\Naren't explicitly thinking
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.73,0:11:32.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about beauty or goodness.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.91,0:11:37.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our brains seem to reflexively\Nassociate beauty and good.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.69,0:11:42.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this reflexive association\Nmay be the biologic trigger
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.69,0:11:45.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the many social effects of beauty.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.06,0:11:50.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Attractive people receive\Nall kinds of advantages in life.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.56,0:11:54.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're regarded as more intelligent,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.33,0:11:55.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more trustworthy,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.96,0:11:59.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're given higher pay\Nand lesser punishments,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.53,0:12:02.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even when such judgments\Nare not warranted.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.57,0:12:06.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These kinds of observations\Nreveal beauty's ugly side.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.80,0:12:09.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In my lab, we recently found
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.89,0:12:14.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that people with minor facial\Nanomalies and disfigurements
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.84,0:12:18.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are regarded as less good, less kind,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.65,0:12:23.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,less intelligent, less competent\Nand less hardworking.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.85,0:12:29.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unfortunately, we also have\Na "disfigured is bad" stereotype.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.40,0:12:37.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This stereotype is probably\Nexploited and magnified
Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.08,0:12:39.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by images in popular media,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.52,0:12:43.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which facial disfigurement\Nis often used as a shorthand
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.44,0:12:46.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to depict someone of villainous character.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.38,0:12:50.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need to understand\Nthese kinds of implicit biases
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.86,0:12:52.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we are to overcome them,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.62,0:12:56.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and aim for a society\Nin which we treat people fairly,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.32,0:13:00.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,based on their behavior and not\Non the happenstance of their looks.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.76,0:13:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me leave you with one final thought.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.04,0:13:11.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Beauty is a work in progress.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.53,0:13:15.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The so-called universal\Nattributes of beauty
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.76,0:13:21.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were selected for during the almost\Ntwo million years of the Pleistocene.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.94,0:13:26.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Life was nasty, brutish\Nand a very long time ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:28.01,0:13:33.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The selection criteria\Nfor reproductive success from that time
Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.36,0:13:35.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doesn't really apply today.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.97,0:13:37.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:37.48,0:13:41.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,death by parasite is not one\Nof the top ways that people die,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:41.57,0:13:44.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at least not in the technologically\Ndeveloped world.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.100,0:13:48.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From antibiotics to surgery,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.38,0:13:51.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,birth control to in vitro fertilization,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:51.90,0:13:55.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the filters for reproductive success\Nare being relaxed.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:55.96,0:13:58.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And under these relaxed conditions,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.64,0:14:02.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,preference and trait combinations\Nare free to drift
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.89,0:14:04.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and become more variable.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:05.42,0:14:09.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even as we are profoundly\Naffecting our environment,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:10.98,0:14:14.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,modern medicine\Nand technological innovation
Dialogue: 0,0:14:14.32,0:14:16.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is profoundly affecting
Dialogue: 0,0:14:16.10,0:14:19.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the very essence of what it means\Nto look beautiful.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:21.20,0:14:23.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The universal nature of beauty is changing
Dialogue: 0,0:14:23.77,0:14:26.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even as we're changing the universe.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:28.86,0:14:30.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:30.07,0:14:33.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)