[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.95,0:00:03.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's 1878.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.06,0:00:08.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sir Francis Galton\Ngives a remarkable talk.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.42,0:00:13.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's speaking to the anthropologic\Ninstitute of Great Britain and Ireland.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.17,0:00:18.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Known for his pioneering work\Nin human intelligence,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.22,0:00:21.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Galton is a brilliant polymath.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.72,0:00:23.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's an explorer,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.52,0:00:25.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an anthropologist,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.29,0:00:26.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a sociologist,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.85,0:00:28.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a psychologist,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.38,0:00:30.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a statistician.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.49,0:00:34.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's also a eugenist.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.81,0:00:36.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this talk,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.87,0:00:38.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he presents a new technique
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.35,0:00:43.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by which he can combine photographs\Nand produce composite portraits.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.66,0:00:49.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This technique could be used\Nto characterize different types of people.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.81,0:00:56.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Galton thinks that if he combines\Nphotographs of violent criminals,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.19,0:00:59.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he will discover the face of criminality.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.42,0:01:02.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But to his surprise,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.43,0:01:06.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the composite portrait that he produces
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.12,0:01:07.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is beautiful.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.15,0:01:13.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Galton's surprising finding\Nraises deep questions.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.67,0:01:15.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is beauty?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.25,0:01:22.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why do certain configurations of line\Nand color and form excite us so?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.56,0:01:26.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For most of human history,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.11,0:01:32.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these questions have been approached\Nusing logic and speculation,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.22,0:01:33.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in the last few decades,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.97,0:01:36.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,scientists have addressed\Nthe question of beauty
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.78,0:01:41.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using ideas from evolutionary psychology\Nand tools of neuroscience.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.71,0:01:47.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're beginning to glimpse\Nthe why and the how of beauty,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.15,0:01:50.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at least in terms of what it means\Nfor the human face and form.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.38,0:01:52.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in the process,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.96,0:01:55.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're stumbling upon some surprises.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.33,0:01:59.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When it comes to seeing\Nbeauty in each other,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.92,0:02:04.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while this decision is certainly\Nsubjective for the individual,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.29,0:02:08.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's sculpted by factors that contribute\Nto the survival of the group.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.01,0:02:11.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many experiments have shown
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.68,0:02:15.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that a few basic parameters contribute\Nto what makes a face attractive.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.49,0:02:22.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These include averaging, symmetry\Nand the effects of hormones.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.19,0:02:25.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And let's take each one of these in turn.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.66,0:02:28.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Galton's finding
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.29,0:02:33.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that composite or average faces\Nare typically more attractive
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.43,0:02:37.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than each individual face\Nthat contributes to the average
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.01,0:02:39.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has been replicated many times.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.14,0:02:44.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This laboratory finding fits\Nwith many people's intuitions.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.94,0:02:49.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Average faces represent the central\Ntendencies of a group.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.85,0:02:54.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People with mixed features\Nrepresent different populations,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.30,0:02:57.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and presumably harbor\Ngreater genetic diversity
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.67,0:03:00.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and adaptability to the environment.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.57,0:03:04.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many people find mixed-race\Nindividuals attractive,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.95,0:03:07.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and inbred families less so.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.83,0:03:13.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second factor that contributes\Nto beauty is symmetry.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.60,0:03:18.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People generally find symmetric faces\Nmore attractive than asymmetric ones.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.96,0:03:24.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Developmental abnormalities\Nare often associated with asymmetries,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.23,0:03:27.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in plants, animals and humans,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.52,0:03:30.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,asymmetries often arise\Nfrom parasitic infections.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.49,0:03:33.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Symmetry, it turns out,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.89,0:03:37.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is also an indicator of health.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.62,0:03:40.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the 1930s,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.99,0:03:43.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a man named Maksymilian Faktorowicz\N
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.90,0:03:47.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,recognized the importance\Nof symmetry for beauty
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.10,0:03:49.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when he designed the beauty micrometer.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.46,0:03:51.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With this device,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.62,0:03:54.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he could measure minor asymmetric flaws
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.70,0:03:59.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which he could then make up for\Nwith products he sold from his company,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.27,0:04:01.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,named brilliantly after himself:
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.50,0:04:03.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Max Factor,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.21,0:04:08.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which as you know is one of the world's\Nmost famous brands for makeup.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.75,0:04:12.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The third factor that contributes\Nto facial attractiveness
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.62,0:04:14.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the effect of hormones.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.79,0:04:20.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here, I need to apologize\Nfor confining my comments
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.44,0:04:22.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to heterosexual norms.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.78,0:04:28.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But estrogen and testosterone\Nplay important roles
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.28,0:04:31.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in shaping features\Nthat we find attractive.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.81,0:04:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Estrogen produces features\Nthat signal fertility.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.48,0:04:39.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Men typically find women attractive
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.46,0:04:43.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who have elements of both\Nyouth and maturity.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.35,0:04:49.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A face that's too baby-like might\Nmean that the girl is not yet fertile,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.12,0:04:51.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so men find women attractive
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.12,0:04:55.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who have large eyes,\Nfull lips and narrow chins
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.38,0:04:57.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as indicators of youth,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.91,0:05:01.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and high cheekbones as an\Nindicator of maturity.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.71,0:05:07.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Testosterone produces features\Nthat we regard as typically masculine.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.90,0:05:10.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These include heavier brows,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.94,0:05:12.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thinner cheeks
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.27,0:05:14.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and bigger, squared-off jaws.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.66,0:05:16.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But here's a fascinating irony.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.88,0:05:19.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In many species,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.03,0:05:20.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if anything,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.35,0:05:24.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,testosterone suppresses the immune system.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.16,0:05:29.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the idea that testosterone-infused\Nfeatures are a fitness indicator
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.30,0:05:31.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doesn't really make a whole lot of sense.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.33,0:05:35.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here, the logic is turned on its head.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.78,0:05:37.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead of a fitness indicator,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.83,0:05:41.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,scientists invoke a handicap principle.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.92,0:05:46.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The most commonly cited\Nexample of a handicap\N
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.48,0:05:48.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the peacock's tail.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.77,0:05:53.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This beautiful but cumbersome tail\Ndoesn't exactly help the peacock
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.12,0:05:56.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,avoid predators and approach peahens.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.35,0:06:00.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why should such an extravagant\Nappendage evolve?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.08,0:06:04.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even Charles Darwin,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.55,0:06:07.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in an 1860 letter to Asa Gray wrote
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.97,0:06:12.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the sight of the peacock's tail\Nmade him physcially illl.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.30,0:06:15.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He couldn't explain it with his\Ntheory of natural selection,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.12,0:06:17.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and out of this frustration,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.18,0:06:20.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he developed the theory\Nof sexual selection.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.60,0:06:22.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On this account,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.68,0:06:27.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the display of the peacock's tail\Nis about sexual enticement,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.23,0:06:31.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this enticement means\Nthat it's more likely
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.27,0:06:35.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the peacock will mate\Nand have offspring.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.00,0:06:39.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the modern twist\Non this display argument
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.65,0:06:44.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that the peacock is also\Nadvertising its health to the peahen.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.00,0:06:51.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Only especially fit organisms\Ncan afford to divert resources
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.26,0:06:54.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to maintaining such\Nan extravagant appendage.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.74,0:06:59.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Only especially fit men can afford\Nthe price that testosterone levies
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.60,0:07:01.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on their immune system.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.56,0:07:02.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And by anaology,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.88,0:07:07.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,think of the fact that only very\Nrich men can afford
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.88,0:07:13.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to pay more than $10,000 for a watch\Nas a display of their financial fitness.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.30,0:07:18.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, many people hear these kinds\Nof evoulutionary claims
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.13,0:07:23.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and think they mean that we somehow\Nare unconciously seeking mates
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.88,0:07:25.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who are healthy,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.82,0:07:28.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I think this idea\Nis probably not right.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.36,0:07:35.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Teenagers and young adults are not\Nexactly known for making decisions
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.35,0:07:37.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are predicated on health concerns.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.59,0:07:40.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But they don't have to be,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.35,0:07:42.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and let me explain why.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.38,0:07:49.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine a population in which people\Nhave three different types of preferences:
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.54,0:07:53.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for green, for orange, and for red.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.94,0:07:55.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From their point of view,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.14,0:07:57.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these preferences have\Nnothing to do with health,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.52,0:07:59.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they just like what they like.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.21,0:08:01.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if it were also the case
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.60,0:08:05.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that these preferences are associated\Nwith the different likelihood
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.61,0:08:07.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of producing offspring,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.35,0:08:11.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let's say in a ratio of [3:2:1]
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.16,0:08:12.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then in the first generation,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.60,0:08:16.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there would be\N[3 greens: 2 oranges: 1 red,]
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.10,0:08:18.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in each subsequent generation,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.17,0:08:22.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the proportion of greens increase
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.21,0:08:27.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that [intention rations] 98 percent\Nof this population has a green preference.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.21,0:08:31.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, scientists coming in\Nand sampling this population
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.26,0:08:35.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,disover that green\Npreferences are universal,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.61,0:08:39.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so the point about this\Nlittle abstract example
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.78,0:08:44.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that while preferences\Nfor specific physical features
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.51,0:08:48.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can be arbitrary for the individual,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.16,0:08:51.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if those features are hertiable
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.58,0:08:57.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they are associated\Nwith a reproductive advangtage,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.54,0:08:58.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over time,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.57,0:09:01.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they become universal for the group.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.24,0:09:08.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what happens in the brain\Nwhen we see beautiful people?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.72,0:09:16.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Attractive faces activate parts of our\Nvisual cortex in the back of the brain;
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.65,0:09:18.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an area called the fusiform gyrus\N
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.62,0:09:21.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is especially attuned\Nto processing faces,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.65,0:09:25.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and an adjacent area called\Nthe lateral occipital complex
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.45,0:09:28.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is especially attuned\Nto processing objects.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.92,0:09:30.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In addition,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.33,0:09:35.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,attractive faces activate parts\Nof our reward and pleasure centers
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.40,0:09:38.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the front and deep in the brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.39,0:09:41.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and these include areas\Nthat have complicated names,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.53,0:09:43.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like the ventral striatum,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.42,0:09:45.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the [orbitofrontal] cortex
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.36,0:09:47.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.15,0:09:52.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our official brain that is attuned\Nto processing faces
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.93,0:09:55.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,interacts with our pleasure centers
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.59,0:09:58.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to underpin the experience of beauty.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.26,0:10:04.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Amazingly, while we all\Nengage with beauty,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.03,0:10:05.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without our knowledge,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.65,0:10:07.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,beauty also engages us.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.63,0:10:13.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our brains respond to attractive faces\Neven when we're not thinking about beauty.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.83,0:10:19.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We conducted an experiement in which\Npeople saw a series of faces,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.14,0:10:20.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in one condition,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.86,0:10:26.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they had to decide if a pair of faces\Nwere the same or a different person.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.91,0:10:30.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even in this condition,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.42,0:10:36.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,attractive faces drove neural activity\Nrobustly in their visual cortex
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.78,0:10:40.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,despite the fact that they were thinking\Nabout a person's identity
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.24,0:10:42.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and not their beauty.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.29,0:10:47.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another group similarly found\Nautomatic responses to beauty
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.57,0:10:49.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,within our pleasure centers.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.70,0:10:51.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So taken together,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.87,0:10:54.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these studies suggest
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.29,0:10:58.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that our brain automatically\Nresponds to beauty
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.73,0:11:01.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by linking vision and pleasure.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.00,0:11:03.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These beauty detectors,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.47,0:11:04.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it seems,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.41,0:11:07.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ping ever time we see beauty\Nregardless of whatever else
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.74,0:11:09.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we might be thinking.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.18,0:11:16.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We also have a "beauty is good"\Nstereotype embedded in the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.89,0:11:20.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Within the [orbitofrontal] cortex,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.14,0:11:21.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's overlapping neural activity\N
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.94,0:11:27.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in response to beauty and to goodness,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.34,0:11:30.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this happens even when people\Naren't expllicitly thinking
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.88,0:11:33.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about beauty or goodness.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.13,0:11:38.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our brains seem to reflexively\Nassociate beauty and good.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.93,0:11:42.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this reflexive association\Nmay be the biologic trigger
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.93,0:11:45.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the many social effects of beauty.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.22,0:11:50.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Attractive people receive\Nall kinds of advantages in life.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.68,0:11:54.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're regarded as more intelligent,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.55,0:11:56.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more trustworthy,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.08,0:11:59.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're given higher pay\Nand lesser punishments,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.68,0:12:02.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even when such judgments\Nare not warranted.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.62,0:12:07.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These kinds of observations\Nreveal beauty's ugly side.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.95,0:12:08.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In my lab,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.97,0:12:14.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we recently found that people with minor\Nfacial anomalies and disfigurements
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.97,0:12:18.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are regarded as less good, less kind,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.78,0:12:23.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,less intelligent, less competent\Nand less hardworking.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.98,0:12:29.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unfortunately, we also have\Na "disfigured is bad" stereotype.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.52,0:12:36.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This stereotype is probably\Nexploited and magnified
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.96,0:12:39.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by images in popular media
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.82,0:12:43.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which facial disfigurement\Nis often used as a shorthand
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.61,0:12:47.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to depict someone of villainous character.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.60,0:12:51.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need to understand\Nthese kinds of implicit biases
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.01,0:12:52.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we are to overcome them,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.77,0:12:56.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and aim for a society in which\Nwe treat people fairly,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.47,0:13:01.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,based on their behavior and not\Non the happenstance of their looks.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.92,0:13:08.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me leave you with one final thought.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.20,0:13:11.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Beauty is a work in progress.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.77,0:13:15.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The so-called universal\Nattributes of beauty
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.88,0:13:17.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were selected for --
Dialogue: 0,0:13:17.82,0:13:21.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,during the almost two million\Nyears of the Pleistocene.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.18,0:13:27.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Life was nasty, brutish\Nand a very long time ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:28.20,0:13:33.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The selection criteria for reproductive\Nsuccess from that time
Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.54,0:13:36.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doesn't really apply today.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.08,0:13:37.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:37.83,0:13:41.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,death by parasite is not one\Nof the top ways that people die,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:41.68,0:13:44.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at least not in the\Ntechnologically-developed world.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:46.17,0:13:48.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From antibiotics to surgery,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.56,0:13:52.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,birth control to in vitro fertilization,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.07,0:13:56.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the filters for reproductive\Nsuccess are being relaxed,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:56.20,0:13:58.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and under these relaxed conditions,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.74,0:14:03.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,preference and trait\Ncombinations are free to drift
Dialogue: 0,0:14:03.13,0:14:04.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and become more variable.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:05.62,0:14:11.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even as we are profoundly\Neffecting our environment,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.02,0:14:16.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,modern medicine and technological\Ninnovation is profoundly effecting
Dialogue: 0,0:14:16.26,0:14:19.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the very essence of what\Nit means to look beautiful.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:21.35,0:14:23.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The universal nature of beauty is changing
Dialogue: 0,0:14:23.92,0:14:26.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even as we're changing the universe.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:28.90,0:14:30.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:30.44,0:14:32.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)