[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's 1878.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sir Francis Galton\Ngives a remarkable talk.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's speaking to the Anthropologic\NInstisitute of Great Britain and Ireland.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Known for his pioneering work\Nin human intelligence,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dalton is a brilliant polymath.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's an explorer,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and antrhopologist,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a sociologist,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a psychologist,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a statistician.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's also a Eugenist.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this talk,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he presents a new technique
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by which he can combine photographs\Nand produce composite portraits.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This technique could be used\Nto characterize different types of people.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dalton thinks that if he combines\Nphotographs of violent criminals,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he will discover the face of criminality.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But to his surprise,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the composite portrait that he produces
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is beautiful.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Galton's surprising finding\Nraises deep questions.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is beauty?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why do certain configurations of line\Nand color and form excite us so?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For most of human hisotiry,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these questions have been approached\Nusing logic and speculation,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in the last few decades,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,scientists have addressed\Nthe question of beauty
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using ideas from evolutionary psychology\Nand tools of neuroscience.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're beginning to glimpse\Nthe why and the how of beauty,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at least in terms of what it means\Nfor the human face and form.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in the process,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're stumbling upon some surprises.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When it comes to seeing\Nbeauty in each other,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while this decision is certainly\Nsubjective for the individual,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's sculpted by factors that contribute\Nto the survival of the group.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many experiments have shown
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that a few basic parameters contribute\Nto what makes a face attractive.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These include averaging, symmetry\Nand the effects of hormones.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And let's take each one of these in turn.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Galton's finding
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that composite or average faces\Nare typically more attractive
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than each individual face\Nthat contributes to the average
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has been replicated many times.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This laboratory finding fits\Nwith many people's intuitions.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Average faces represent the central\Ntendencies of a group.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People with mixed features\Nrepresent different populations,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and presumably harbor\Nrare genetic diversity
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and adaptibility to the environment.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many people find\Nmixed-race individuals attractive
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and inbred families less so.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second factor that contributes\Nto beauty is symmetry.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People generally find symmetic faces\Nmore attractive than asymmetic ones.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Developmental abnormalities\Nare often associated with asymmetries,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in plants, animal and humans,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,asymmetries often arise\Nfrom parasitic infections.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Symmetry it turns out,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is also an indicator of health.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the 1930s,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a man named MAximallian Fector Rowis
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,recognized the importance\Nof symmetry for beauty
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when he designed the beauty micrometer.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With this device,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he could measure minor, asymmetric flaws
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which he could then make up for\Nwith products he sold from his company,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,named brilliantly after himself:
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Max Factor,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which as you know is one of the world's\Nmost famous brands for makeup.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The third factor that contributes\Nto facial attractiveness
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the effect of hormones.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here, I need to apologize\Nfor confining my comments
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to heterosexual norms.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But estrogen and testosterone\Nplay important roles
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in shaping features\Nthat we find attractive.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Estrogen produces features\Nthat signal fertility.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Men typically find woman attractive
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who have elements of both\Nyouth and maturity.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A face that's too baby-like might\Nmean that the girl is not yet fertile,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so men find women attractive
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who have large eyes, full lips\Nand narrow chins
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as indicators of youth,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and high cheekbones as an\Nindicator of maturity.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, testosterone produces features\Nthat we regard as typically masculine.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These include heavier brows,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thinner cheeks
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and bigger, squared-off jaws.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But here's a fascinating irony.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In many species,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if anything,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,testosterone suppresses the immune system.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the idea that testosterone-infused\Nfeatures are a fitness indicator
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doesn't really make a whole lot of sense.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here, the logic is turned on its head.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead of a fitness indicator,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,scientists invoke a handicap principle.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The most commonly cited\Nexample of a handicap\N
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a peacock's tail.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This beautiful but cumbersome tail\Ndoesn't exactly help the peacock
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,avoid predators and approach peahens.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why should such an extravagant\Nappendage evolve?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even Charles Darwin,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in an 1860 letter to Asa Gray wrote
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the sight of the peacock's tail\Nmade him physcially illl.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He couldn't explain it with his\Ntheory of natural selection,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and out of this frustration,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he developed a theory of sexual selection.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On this account,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the display of the peacock's tail\Nis about sexual enticement,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this enticement means\Nthat it's more likely
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the peacock will mate\Nand have offspring.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the modern twist on this\Ndisplay argument
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that the peacock is also\Nadvertising its health to the peahen.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Only especially fit organisms\Ncan afford to divert resources
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to maintaining such\Nan extravagant appendage.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Only espeically fit men can afford\Nthe price that testorone levies
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on their immune system.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And by anaology,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,think of the fact that only very\Nrich men can afford
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to pay more than $10,000 for a watch\Nas a display of their financial fitness.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, many people hear these kinds\Nof evoulutionary claims
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and think they mean that we somehow\Nare unconciously seeking mates
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who are healthy,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I htink this idea\Nis probably not right.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Teenagers and young adults are not\Nexactly known for making decisions
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are predicated on health concerns.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But they don't have to be,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and let me explain why.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imaging a population in which people\Nhave three different types of preferences:
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for green, for orange and for red.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From their point of view,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their preferences have nothing\Nto do with health,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they just like what they like.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if it were also the case
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that these preferences are associated\Nwith the different likelihood
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of producing offspring,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let's say in a ration of three\Nto two to one,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then in the first generation,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there would be three greens\Nto two organges to one red,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in each subsequent generation,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the proportion of greens increase
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that intention rations 98 percent\Nof this population has a green preference.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, scientists coming in\Nand sampling this population
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,disovers that green preferences\Nare universal