[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.07,0:00:03.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So one of the most important solutions
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.43,0:00:06.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the global challenge\Nposed by climate change
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.62,0:00:10.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lies right under our foot every day.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.88,0:00:12.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's soil.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.58,0:00:17.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Soil's just the thin veil that covers\Nthe surface of land,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.41,0:00:21.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it has the power to shape\Nour planet's destiny.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.46,0:00:25.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,See, a six foot or so of soil
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.91,0:00:29.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lose soil material that covers\Nthe Earth's surface
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.47,0:00:34.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,represents the difference between life\Nand lifelessness in the Earth system,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.58,0:00:39.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it can also help us\Ncombat climate change
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.29,0:00:42.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if we can only stop\Ntreating it like dirt.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.48,0:00:46.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Climate change is happening,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.46,0:00:48.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Earth's atmosphere is warming,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.98,0:00:52.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because of an increasing amount\Nof greenhouse gases
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.31,0:00:54.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we keep releasing into the atmosphere.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.40,0:00:55.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You all know that.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.57,0:00:59.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what I assume you might not have heard
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.01,0:01:04.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that one of the most important things\Nour human society could do
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.13,0:01:06.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to address climate change
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.05,0:01:08.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lies right there in the soil.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.05,0:01:14.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm a soil scientist who has\Nbeen studying soil since I was 18
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.30,0:01:17.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because I'm interested in unlocking\Nthe secrets of soil
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.94,0:01:23.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and helping people understand this\Nreally important climate change solution.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.10,0:01:26.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So here are the facts about climate.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.35,0:01:30.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The concentration of carbon dioxide\Nin the Earth's atmosphere
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.06,0:01:32.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has increased by 40 percent
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.36,0:01:35.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just in the last 150 years or so.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.39,0:01:40.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Human actions are now releasing\N9.4 billion metric tons of carbon
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.60,0:01:42.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into the atmosphere
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.65,0:01:46.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from activities such as\Nburning fossil fuels
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.24,0:01:49.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and intensive agricultural practices
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.65,0:01:52.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and other ways we change\Nthe way we use land,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.73,0:01:55.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including deforestation.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.48,0:02:00.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the concentration of carbon dioxide\Nthat stays in the atmosphere
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.98,0:02:04.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is only increasing by about half of that,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.69,0:02:09.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's because half of the carbon\Nwe keep releasing into the atmosphere
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.52,0:02:12.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is currently being taken up\Nby land and the seas
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.52,0:02:15.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through a process we know\Nas carbon sequestration.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.82,0:02:21.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in essence, whatever consequence\Nyou think we're facing
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.04,0:02:23.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from climate change right now,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.02,0:02:28.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're only experiencing the consequence\Nof 50 percent of our pollution,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.35,0:02:33.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the natural ecosystems\Nare bailing us out.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.79,0:02:36.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But don't get too comfortable,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.20,0:02:40.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we have two major things\Nworking against us right now.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.97,0:02:45.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One, unless we do something big
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.96,0:02:47.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then fast,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.70,0:02:50.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,emissions will continue to rise.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.16,0:02:52.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And second, the ability\Nof these natural ecosystems
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.76,0:02:57.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to take up carbon dioxide\Nfrom the atmosphere
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.29,0:03:02.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and sequester it in the natural habitats
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.66,0:03:04.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is currently getting compromised
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.84,0:03:09.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as they're experiencing serious\Ndegradation because of human actions.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.93,0:03:11.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's not entirely clear
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.96,0:03:14.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we will continue to get bailed out\Nby these natural ecosystems
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.49,0:03:20.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we continue on this\Nbusiness-as-usual path that we've been.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.43,0:03:25.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's where the soil comes in:
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.43,0:03:28.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there is about three thousand billion\Nmetric tons of carbon in the soil.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.57,0:03:32.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's roughly about 315 times\Nthe amount of carbon
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.18,0:03:34.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we release into\Nthe atmosphere currently,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.26,0:03:40.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there's twice more carbon in soil\Nthan there is in vegetation and air.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.33,0:03:43.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think about that for a second.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.51,0:03:45.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's more carbon in soil
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.01,0:03:48.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than there is in all\Nof the world's vegetation,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.68,0:03:52.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including the lush tropical rainforests\Nand the giant sequoias,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.37,0:03:56.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the expansive grasslands,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.39,0:03:59.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all of the cultivated systems,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.39,0:04:04.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and every kind of flora you can imagine\Non the face of the Earth,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.26,0:04:09.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,plus all the carbon that's currently\Nup in the atmosphere combined
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.24,0:04:11.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then twice over.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.90,0:04:17.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hence, a very small change\Nin the amount of carbon stored in soil
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.11,0:04:22.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can make a big difference\Nin maintenance of the Earth's atmosphere.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.80,0:04:26.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But soil's not just simply\Na storage box for carbon though.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.98,0:04:29.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It operates more like a bank account,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.92,0:04:33.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the amount of carbon\Nthat's in soil at any given time
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.55,0:04:37.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a function of the amount of carbon\Ncoming in and out of the soil.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.78,0:04:41.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Carbon comes into the soil\Nthrough the process of photosynthesis
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.92,0:04:45.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when green plants take carbon dioxide\Nfrom the atmosphere
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.23,0:04:47.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and use it to make their bodies,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.48,0:04:50.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and upon death,\Ntheir bodies enter the soil.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.83,0:04:53.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And carbon leaves the soil
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.08,0:04:55.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and goes right back up into the atmosphere
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.81,0:05:00.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when the bodies of those\Nformerly living organisms
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.54,0:05:02.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,decay in soil by activity of microbes.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.34,0:05:06.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,See, decomposition releases\Ncarbon dioxide into the atmosphere
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.54,0:05:10.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as well as other greenhouse gases\Nsuch as methane and nitrous oxide,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.84,0:05:16.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it also releases all the nutrients\Nwe all need to survive.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.77,0:05:20.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the things that makes soil\Nsuch a fundamental component
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.76,0:05:23.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of any climate change mitigation strategy
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.65,0:05:28.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is because it represents\Na long-term storage of carbon.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.19,0:05:31.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Carbon that would have lasted\Nmaybe a year or two
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.54,0:05:33.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in decaying residue\Nif it was left on the surface
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.52,0:05:35.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can stay in soil for hundreds of years,\Neven thousands and more.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.35,0:05:43.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Soil biogeochemists like me
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.11,0:05:48.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,study exactly how the soil system\Nmakes this possible,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.26,0:05:51.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by locking away the carbon
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.46,0:05:53.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in physical association with minerals
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.70,0:05:56.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,inside aggregates of soil minerals
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.03,0:05:59.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and formation of strong chemical bonds
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.45,0:06:03.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that bind the carbon\Nto the surfaces of the minerals.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.25,0:06:06.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,See, when carbon is entrapped in soil\Nin these kinds of associations
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.84,0:06:10.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with soil minerals,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.17,0:06:14.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even the wiliest of the microbes\Ncan't easily degrade it,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.09,0:06:17.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and carbon that's not degrading fast
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.08,0:06:21.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is carbon that's not going back\Ninto the atmosphere as greenhouse gases.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.80,0:06:24.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the benefit of carbon sequestration
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.48,0:06:27.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is not just limited\Nto climate change mitigation.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.42,0:06:30.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Soil that stores large amounts of carbon
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.02,0:06:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is health, fertile, soft.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.00,0:06:35.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's malleable. It's workable.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.57,0:06:37.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It makes it like a sponge.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.27,0:06:43.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It can hold on to\Na lot of water and nutrients.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.31,0:06:46.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Healthy and fertile soils like this
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.61,0:06:50.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,support the most dynamic, abundant,\Nand diverse habitat for living things
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.36,0:06:56.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we know of anywhere\Non the Earth system.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.10,0:07:02.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It makes life possible for everything\Nfrom the tiniest of the microbes
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.17,0:07:06.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as bacteria and fungi
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.46,0:07:07.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all the way to higher plants,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.56,0:07:12.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and fulfills the food, feed,\Nand fiber needs for all animals,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.04,0:07:14.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including you and I.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.21,0:07:18.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So at this point, you would assume\Nthat we should be treating soil
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.25,0:07:21.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like the precious resource that it is.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.13,0:07:23.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unfortunately, that's not the case.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.12,0:07:28.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Soils around the world are experiencing\Nunprecedented rates of degradation
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.72,0:07:31.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through a variety of human actions
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.52,0:07:34.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that include deforestation,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.16,0:07:36.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,intensive agricultural production systems,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.74,0:07:38.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,overgrazing,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.71,0:07:41.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,excessive application\Nof agricultural chemicals,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.71,0:07:44.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,erosion, and similar things.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.80,0:07:50.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Half of the world's soils\Nare currently considered degraded.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.57,0:07:54.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Soil degradation is bad for many reasons,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.17,0:07:56.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but let me just tell you a couple.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.85,0:08:03.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One, degraded soils have diminished\Npotential to support plant productivity,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.30,0:08:06.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and hence, by degrading soil,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.75,0:08:12.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're compromising our own abilities\Nto provide the food and other resources
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.18,0:08:15.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we need for us
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.43,0:08:19.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and every member of living things\Non the face of the Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.68,0:08:24.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And second, soil use and degradation
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.32,0:08:27.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just in the last 200 years or so
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.20,0:08:31.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has released 12 times more carbon\Ninto the atmosphere
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.39,0:08:36.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,compared to the rate
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.39,0:08:38.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at which we're releasing carbon\Ninto the atmosphere right now.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.30,0:08:40.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm afraid there's even more bad news.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.76,0:08:44.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a story of soils\Nat high latitudes.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.30,0:08:47.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Peatlands in polar environments
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.83,0:08:51.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,store about a third\Nof the global soil carbon reserves.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.44,0:08:55.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These peatlands have a permanently\Nfrozen ground underneath, permafrost,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.90,0:09:01.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the carbon was able to build up\Nin these soils over long periods of time
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.14,0:09:05.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because even though plants are able\Nto photosynthesize during the short,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.44,0:09:08.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,warm summer months,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.01,0:09:12.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the environment quickly\Nturns cold and dark
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.78,0:09:17.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then microbes are not able\Nto efficiently break down the residue.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.15,0:09:20.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the soil carbon bank\Nin these polar environments
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.14,0:09:24.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,built up over hundreds\Nof thousands of years.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.33,0:09:28.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But right now, with atmospheric warming,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.01,0:09:32.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the permafrost is thawing and draining,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.32,0:09:34.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when permafrosts thaws and drains,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.97,0:09:37.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it makes it possible\Nfor microbes to come in
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.57,0:09:41.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and rather quickly\Ndecompose all this carbon,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.12,0:09:45.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the potential to release\Nhundreds of billions of metric tons
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.07,0:09:49.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of carbon into the atmosphere\Nin the form of greenhouse gases.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.43,0:09:53.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this release of additional\Ngreenhouse gases into the atmosphere
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.76,0:09:56.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will only contribute to further warming
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.59,0:10:00.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that makes this predicament even worse,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.25,0:10:03.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as it starts a self-reinforcing\Npositive feedback loop
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.08,0:10:08.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that could go on and on and on,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.13,0:10:10.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dramatically changing our climate future.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.85,0:10:16.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fortunately, I can also tell you\Nthat there is a solution
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.40,0:10:21.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for these two wicked problems\Nof soil degradation and climate change.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.25,0:10:23.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just like we created these problems,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.55,0:10:25.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we do know the solution,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.50,0:10:28.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the solution lies\Nin simultaneously working
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.62,0:10:31.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to address these two things together
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.05,0:10:35.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through what we call\Nclimate-smart land management practices.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.53,0:10:38.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What do I mean here?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.13,0:10:41.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean managing land in a way that's smart
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.32,0:10:45.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about maximizing how much carbon\Nwe store in soil.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.72,0:10:47.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we can accomplish this
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.82,0:10:49.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by putting in place
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.05,0:10:51.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,deep-rooted perennial plants,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.97,0:10:54.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,putting back forests whenever possible,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.40,0:10:58.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reducing tillage and other disturbances\Nfrom agricultural practices,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.85,0:11:03.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including optimizing the use\Nof agricultural chemicals and grazing
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.64,0:11:07.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and even adding carbon\Nto soil whenever possible
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.26,0:11:12.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from recycled resources such as compost\Nand even human waste.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.98,0:11:17.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This kind of land stewardship\Nis not a radical idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.45,0:11:21.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's what made it possible\Nfor fertile soils to be able
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.36,0:11:25.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to support human civilizations\Nsince time immemorial.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.81,0:11:29.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, some are doing it just right now.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.37,0:11:34.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a global effort underway\Nto accomplish exactly this goal.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.71,0:11:37.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This effort that started in France
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.26,0:11:39.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is known as the "4 per mille" effort,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.80,0:11:43.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it sets an aspirational goal
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.50,0:11:51.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to increase the amount of carbon\Nstored in soil by 0.4 percent annually
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.21,0:11:54.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using the same kind of climate-smart\Nland management practices
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.100,0:11:56.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mentioned earlier.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.92,0:12:00.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if this effort is fully successful,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.37,0:12:03.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it can offset a third\Nof the global emissions
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.78,0:12:06.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of fossil-fuel derived carbon\Ninto the atmosphere.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.61,0:12:11.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But even if this effort\Nis not fully successful,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.17,0:12:14.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we just start heading\Nin that direction,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.90,0:12:19.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we still end up with soils\Nthat are healthier, more fertile,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.47,0:12:23.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are able to produce all the food\Nand resources that we need
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.62,0:12:25.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for human populations and more,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.95,0:12:28.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and also soils that are better capable
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.67,0:12:31.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of sequestering carbon dioxide\Nfrom the atmosphere
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.93,0:12:35.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and helping with\Nclimate change mitigation.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.72,0:12:40.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm pretty sure that's what politicians\Ncall a win-win solution.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.14,0:12:43.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we all can have a role to play here.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.72,0:12:49.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can start by treating the soil\Nwith the respect that it deserves:
Dialogue: 0,0:12:49.04,0:12:54.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,respect for its ability as the basis\Nof all life on Earth;
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.69,0:12:58.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,respect for its ability to serve\Nas a carbon bank;
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.63,0:13:03.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and respect for its ability\Nto control our climate.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.84,0:13:05.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if we do so,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.44,0:13:07.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can then simultaneously address
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.92,0:13:12.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two of the most pressing\Nglobal challenges of our time:
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.33,0:13:14.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,climate change and soil degradation.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.96,0:13:21.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in the process, we would be able\Nto provide food and nutritional security
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.61,0:13:23.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to our growing human family.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.64,0:13:24.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.100,0:13:28.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)