[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.98,0:00:03.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So one of the most important solutions
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.23,0:00:06.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the global challenge\Nposed by climate change
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.53,0:00:09.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lies right under our foot every day.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.48,0:00:11.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's soil.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.38,0:00:17.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Soil's just the thin veil\Nthat covers the surface of land,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.21,0:00:21.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it has the power to shape\Nour planet's destiny.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.26,0:00:25.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,See, a six-foot or so of soil,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.78,0:00:29.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,loose soil material\Nthat covers the earth's surface,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.27,0:00:34.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,represents the difference between life\Nand lifelessness in the earth system,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.49,0:00:38.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it can also help us\Ncombat climate change
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.75,0:00:42.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we can only stop treating it like dirt.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.85,0:00:44.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.24,0:00:46.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Climate change is happening,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.24,0:00:48.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the earth's atmosphere is warming,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.76,0:00:51.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because of the increasing amount\Nof greenhouse gases
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.89,0:00:54.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we keep releasing into the atmosphere.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.21,0:00:55.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You all know that.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.37,0:00:58.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what I assume you might not have heard
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.72,0:01:03.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that one of the most important things\Nour human society could do
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.89,0:01:05.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to address climate change
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.62,0:01:07.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lies right there in the soil.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.85,0:01:14.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm a soil scientist who has been\Nstudying soil since I was 18,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.10,0:01:17.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because I'm interested in unlocking\Nthe secrets of soil
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.83,0:01:22.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and helping people understand this\Nreally important climate change solution.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.78,0:01:26.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So here are the facts about climate.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.05,0:01:29.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The concentration of carbon dioxide\Nin the earth's atmosphere
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.76,0:01:32.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has increased by 40 percent
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.16,0:01:34.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just in the last 150 years or so.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.95,0:01:40.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Human actions are now releasing\N9.4 billion metric tons of carbon
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.89,0:01:42.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into the atmosphere,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.70,0:01:46.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from activities\Nsuch as burning fossil fuels
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.04,0:01:49.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and intensive agricultural practices,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.04,0:01:51.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and other ways we change\Nthe way we use land,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.90,0:01:53.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including deforestation.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.25,0:02:00.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the concentration of carbon dioxide\Nthat stays in the atmosphere
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.66,0:02:03.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is only increasing by about half of that,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.31,0:02:08.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's because half of the carbon\Nwe keep releasing into the atmosphere
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.47,0:02:12.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is currently being taken up\Nby land and the seas
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.20,0:02:14.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through a process we know\Nas carbon sequestration.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.75,0:02:20.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in essence, whatever consequence\Nyou think we're facing
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.44,0:02:22.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from climate change right now,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.73,0:02:28.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're only experiencing the consequence\Nof 50 percent of our pollution,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.15,0:02:32.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the natural ecosystems\Nare bailing us out.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.50,0:02:35.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But don't get too comfortable,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.100,0:02:39.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we have two major things\Nworking against us right now.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.71,0:02:45.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One: unless we do something big,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.70,0:02:47.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then fast,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.64,0:02:49.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,emissions will continue to rise.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.51,0:02:55.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And second: the ability\Nof these natural ecosystems
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.58,0:02:58.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to take up carbon dioxide\Nfrom the atmosphere
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.53,0:03:01.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and sequester it in the natural habitats
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.96,0:03:03.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is currently getting compromised,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.90,0:03:08.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as they're experiencing serious\Ndegradation because of human actions.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.62,0:03:11.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's not entirely clear
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.76,0:03:15.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we will continue to get bailed out\Nby these natural ecosystems
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.73,0:03:19.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we continue on this\Nbusiness-as-usual path that we've been.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.11,0:03:22.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's where the soil comes in:
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.02,0:03:27.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there is about three thousand billion\Nmetric tons of carbon in the soil.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.28,0:03:31.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's roughly about 315 times\Nthe amount of carbon
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.98,0:03:34.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we release\Ninto the atmosphere currently.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.70,0:03:38.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there's twice more carbon in soil\Nthan there is in vegetation and air.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.09,0:03:42.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think about that for a second.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.39,0:03:44.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's more carbon in soil
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.67,0:03:48.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than there is in all\Nof the world's vegetation,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.48,0:03:53.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including the lush tropical rainforests\Nand the giant sequoias,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.92,0:03:56.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the expansive grasslands,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.22,0:03:58.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all of the cultivated systems,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.00,0:04:02.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and every kind of flora you can imagine\Non the face of the earth,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.70,0:04:08.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,plus all the carbon that's currently\Nup in the atmosphere, combined,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.91,0:04:10.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then twice over.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.54,0:04:16.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hence, a very small change\Nin the amount of carbon stored in soil
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.82,0:04:20.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can make a big difference\Nin maintenance of the earth's atmosphere.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.60,0:04:26.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But soil's not just simply\Na storage box for carbon, though.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.60,0:04:29.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It operates more like a bank account,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.58,0:04:32.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the amount of carbon\Nthat's in soil at any given time
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.65,0:04:36.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a function of the amount of carbon\Ncoming in and out of the soil.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.52,0:04:41.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Carbon comes into the soil\Nthrough the process of photosynthesis,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.27,0:04:44.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when green plants take carbon dioxide\Nfrom the atmosphere
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.47,0:04:47.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and use it to make their bodies,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.25,0:04:49.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and upon death,\Ntheir bodies enter the soil.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.75,0:04:52.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And carbon leaves the soil
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.56,0:04:55.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and goes right back up into the atmosphere
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.49,0:04:58.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when the bodies of those\Nformerly living organisms
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.28,0:05:01.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,decay in soil by the activity of microbes.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.06,0:05:06.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,See, decomposition releases\Ncarbon dioxide into the atmosphere,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.13,0:05:10.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as well as other greenhouse gases\Nsuch as methane and nitrous oxide,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.64,0:05:15.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it also releases all the nutrients\Nwe all need to survive.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.36,0:05:20.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the things that makes soil\Nsuch a fundamental component
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.79,0:05:23.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of any climate change mitigation strategy
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.70,0:05:27.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is because it represents\Na long-term storage of carbon.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.91,0:05:31.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Carbon that would have lasted\Nmaybe a year or two
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.06,0:05:34.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in decaying residue\Nif it was left on the surface
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.96,0:05:39.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can stay in soil for hundreds of years,\Neven thousands and more.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.57,0:05:43.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Soil biogeochemists like me
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.24,0:05:47.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,study exactly how the soil system\Nmakes this possible,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.97,0:05:52.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by locking away the carbon\Nin physical association with minerals,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.86,0:05:55.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,inside aggregates of soil minerals,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.80,0:05:59.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and formation of strong chemical bonds
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.34,0:06:02.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that bind the carbon\Nto the surfaces of the minerals.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.05,0:06:06.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,See when carbon is entrapped in soil,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.56,0:06:09.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in these kinds of associations\Nwith soil minerals,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.82,0:06:13.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even the wiliest of the microbes\Ncan't easily degrade it.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.86,0:06:16.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And carbon that's not degrading fast
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.43,0:06:20.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is carbon that's not going back\Ninto the atmosphere as greenhouse gases.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.60,0:06:23.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the benefit of carbon sequestration
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.78,0:06:26.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is not just limited\Nto climate change mitigation.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.01,0:06:33.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Soil that stores large amounts of carbon\Nis healthy, fertile, soft.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.70,0:06:36.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's malleable. It's workable.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.98,0:06:39.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It makes it like a sponge.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.48,0:06:42.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It can hold on to\Na lot of water and nutrients.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.11,0:06:45.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Healthy and fertile soils like this
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.70,0:06:50.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,support the most dynamic, abundant\Nand diverse habitat for living things
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.77,0:06:53.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we know of anywhere\Non the earth system.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.48,0:07:01.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It makes life possible for everything\Nfrom the tiniest of the microbes,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.65,0:07:03.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as bacteria and fungi,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.93,0:07:06.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all the way to higher plants,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.15,0:07:11.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and fulfills the food, feed\Nand fiber needs for all animals,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.22,0:07:12.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including you and I.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.92,0:07:17.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So at this point, you would assume\Nthat we should be treating soil
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.81,0:07:19.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like the precious resource that it is.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.20,0:07:22.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unfortunately, that's not the case.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.83,0:07:28.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Soils around the world are experiencing\Nunprecedented rates of degradation
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.52,0:07:33.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through a variety of human actions\Nthat include deforestation,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.85,0:07:36.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,intensive agricultural production systems,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.65,0:07:37.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,overgrazing,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.98,0:07:41.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,excessive application\Nof agricultural chemicals,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.43,0:07:43.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,erosion and similar things.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.32,0:07:48.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Half of the world's soils\Nare currently considered degraded.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.28,0:07:53.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Soil degradation is bad for many reasons,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.97,0:07:55.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but let me just tell you a couple.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.75,0:08:03.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One: degraded soils have diminished\Npotential to support plant productivity.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.15,0:08:06.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And hence, by degrading soil,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.04,0:08:11.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're compromising our own abilities\Nto provide the food and other resources
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.98,0:08:13.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we need for us
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.88,0:08:17.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and every member of living things\Non the face of the earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.48,0:08:20.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And second:
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.04,0:08:26.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,soil use and degradation,\Njust in the last 200 years or so,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.84,0:08:31.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has released 12 times more carbon\Ninto the atmosphere
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.75,0:08:35.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,compared to the rate at\Nwhich we're releasing carbon
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.33,0:08:37.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into the atmosphere right now.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.03,0:08:40.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm afraid there's even more bad news.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.56,0:08:43.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a story of soils\Nat high latitudes.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.50,0:08:47.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Peatlands in polar environments
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.39,0:08:51.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,store about a third\Nof the global soil carbon reserves.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.18,0:08:54.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These peatlands have\Na permanently frozen ground underneath,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.24,0:08:55.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the permafrost,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.75,0:09:01.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the carbon was able to build up\Nin these soils over long periods of time
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.16,0:09:06.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because even though plants are able\Nto photosynthesize during the short,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.14,0:09:08.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,warm summer months,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.38,0:09:12.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the environment quickly\Nturns cold and dark,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.17,0:09:15.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then microbes are not able\Nto efficiently break down the residue.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.82,0:09:19.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the soil carbon bank\Nin these polar environments
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.83,0:09:22.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,built up over hundreds\Nof thousands of years.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.00,0:09:27.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But right now, with atmospheric warming,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.62,0:09:30.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the permafrost is thawing and draining.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.84,0:09:34.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when permafrost thaws and drains,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.77,0:09:37.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it makes it possible\Nfor microbes to come in
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.63,0:09:40.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and rather quickly\Ndecompose all this carbon,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.85,0:09:45.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the potential to release hundreds\Nof billions of metric tons of carbon
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.57,0:09:48.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into the atmosphere\Nin the form of greenhouse gases.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.14,0:09:53.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this release of additional\Ngreenhouse gases into the atmosphere
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.22,0:09:56.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will only contribute to further warming
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.20,0:09:59.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that makes this predicament even worse,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.86,0:10:04.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as it starts a self-reinforcing\Npositive feedback loop
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.01,0:10:07.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that could go on and on and on,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.86,0:10:10.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dramatically changing our climate future.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.56,0:10:16.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fortunately, I can also tell you\Nthat there is a solution
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.20,0:10:20.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for these two wicked problems\Nof soil degradation and climate change.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.83,0:10:23.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just like we created these problems,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.24,0:10:25.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we do know the solution,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.47,0:10:28.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the solution lies\Nin simultaneously working
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.37,0:10:30.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to address these two things together,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.63,0:10:35.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through what we call\Nclimate-smart land management practices.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.33,0:10:37.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What do I mean here?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.76,0:10:41.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean managing land\Nin a way that's smart
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.04,0:10:44.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about maximizing\Nhow much carbon we store in soil.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.52,0:10:47.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we can accomplish this
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.36,0:10:51.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by putting in place\Ndeep-rooted perennial plants,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.77,0:10:54.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,putting back forests whenever possible,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.15,0:10:58.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reducing tillage and other disturbances\Nfrom agricultural practices,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.63,0:11:03.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including optimizing the use\Nof agricultural chemicals and grazing
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.35,0:11:07.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and even adding carbon to soil,\Nwhenever possible,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.06,0:11:11.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from recycled resources\Nsuch as compost and even human waste.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.72,0:11:16.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This kind of land stewardship\Nis not a radical idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.16,0:11:20.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's what made it possible\Nfor fertile soils
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.68,0:11:24.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be able to support human civilizations\Nsince time immemorial.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.52,0:11:28.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, some are doing it just right now.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.04,0:11:33.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a global effort underway\Nto accomplish exactly this goal.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.19,0:11:38.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This effort that started in France\Nis known as the "4 per 1000" effort,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.56,0:11:43.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it sets an aspirational goal
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.24,0:11:49.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to increase the amount of carbon\Nstored in soil by 0.4 percent annually,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.01,0:11:54.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using the same kind of climate-smart\Nland management practices
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.87,0:11:56.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mentioned earlier.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.75,0:11:59.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if this effort's fully successful,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.17,0:12:03.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it can offset a third\Nof the global emissions
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.58,0:12:06.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of fossil-fuel-derived carbon\Ninto the atmosphere.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.41,0:12:11.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But even if this effort\Nis not fully successful,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.18,0:12:14.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we just start heading\Nin that direction,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.59,0:12:19.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we still end up with soils\Nthat are healthier, more fertile,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.24,0:12:23.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are able to produce all the food\Nand resources that we need
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.42,0:12:25.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for human populations and more,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.75,0:12:28.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and also soils that are better capable
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.20,0:12:31.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of sequestering carbon dioxide\Nfrom the atmosphere
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.62,0:12:34.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and helping with\Nclimate change mitigation.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.40,0:12:39.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm pretty sure that's what politicians\Ncall a win-win solution.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.94,0:12:42.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we all can have a role to play here.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.62,0:12:49.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can start by treating the soil\Nwith the respect that it deserves:
Dialogue: 0,0:12:49.12,0:12:54.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,respect for its ability\Nas the basis of all life on earth,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.45,0:12:58.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,respect for its ability to serve\Nas a carbon bank
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.43,0:13:02.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and respect for its ability\Nto control our climate.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.59,0:13:05.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if we do so,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.20,0:13:07.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can then simultaneously address
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.67,0:13:12.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two of the most pressing\Nglobal challenges of our time:
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.06,0:13:14.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,climate change and soil degradation.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.72,0:13:20.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in the process, we would be able\Nto provide food and nutritional security
Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.93,0:13:22.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to our growing human family.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.44,0:13:24.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.62,0:13:29.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)