[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.90,0:00:30.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Herald: So, willkommen zusammen. Heute\NAbend gibt es den Talk von Andrea über den
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.06,0:00:35.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Corona Virus Structural Task Force". Ich\Nbin melzai_a Herald für die Session. Wir
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.49,0:00:40.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,haben einen Signal Angel, Dia, sie wird\Ndie Fragen sammeln, die in den Chat
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.03,0:00:45.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gestellt werden und am Ende gehen wir im\NVortrag über diese Fragen. So viel zum
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.01,0:00:51.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ablauf. Der Vortrag wird aufgezeichnet.\NUnd ist danach nachträglich verfügbar auf
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.53,0:00:58.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Media.ccc.de irgendwann in den nächsten\NTagen oder Wochen. Und damit würde ich mich
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.22,0:01:01.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,freuen, Andrea, du als\NNachwuchsruppenleiterin an der Uni
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.73,0:01:04.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hamburg, du hast die letzten zwei Jahre\Nmit den Codona Virus beschäftigt, und
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.67,0:01:09.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,daraus wunderbare Visualisierung gemacht.\NWie lief es denn ab und wie sieht Corona
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.97,0:01:12.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,eigentlich aus?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.22,0:01:17.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Andrea: Ja, vielen dank! Erstmal danke für\Ndie Einladung. Und ja, genau darum geht es
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.05,0:01:27.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in dem Talk jetzt, was wir die "corona\Nvirus structure task force" nennen. I'm
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.17,0:01:30.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,going to give the presentation in English;\Nso that international listeners can also
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.99,0:01:37.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,listen in. But you can ask your questions\Nin, well, any language anyone here speaks.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.46,0:01:44.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I understand German, English and Japanese.\NAnd I want to start with a quote by Marie
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.69,0:01:52.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Curie. I know the room Mary is not named\Nafter Marie Curie, but she said something
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.62,0:01:57.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is very true in this pandemic, which\Nis: "nothing in life, is to be feared,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.85,0:02:06.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,only to be understood. Now is the time to\Nunderstand more so that we may fear less."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.57,0:02:12.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And indeed, this holds true for the corona\Nvirus more than anything, because as you
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.11,0:02:18.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all know, you cannot see the virus. You\Ncan only see it indirectly visualized by
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.19,0:02:25.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,science or you can see the measures against\Nit or you can see ill people. But the
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.49,0:02:31.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,virus itself is invisible. And I'm going\Nto start this talk with questions. There
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.55,0:02:39.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will be many questions. And the first one\Nis, what does the corona virus look like?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.29,0:02:44.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now you may think, you know, but the\Nreality of it is that even German news has
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.99,0:02:50.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no idea. And I know that ZDF is now using\Na different picture, which looks more
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.50,0:02:58.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,similar to what I'm going to show, but\Nit's very wrong as well. This picture? Is
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.10,0:03:02.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what most people think the virus looks\Nlike. And I also brought you like two top
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.38,0:03:09.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,model and models of the virus. One can\Neven make sounds. Any spiky ball of
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.80,0:03:15.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this days really passes as a corona virus\Nbecause no one seems to know what the
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.52,0:03:22.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thing really looks like. Only it's like\Ncrowned. And it has spikes. That's the
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.52,0:03:26.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,only thing that all the models have in\Ncommon. But some things look like you can
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.70,0:03:32.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just, you know, like they are little Shrek\Nears type things or have tentacles. No
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.52,0:03:39.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one really knows. So how do we know as\Nscientists and can viruses, be seen? If we
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.54,0:03:45.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,imagine so, this is an electron\Nmicroscopic picture of a human hair. It's
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.25,0:03:53.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,0.1 millimeters. It's the length of this\Nline, so the hair is a little bit less.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.42,0:03:58.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The little red dot, which you may or may\Nnot be able to see inside that circle is
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.04,0:04:02.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the size of the corona virus. Now if we\Nzoom into the picture of the hair, you can
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.67,0:04:10.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,see, I hope, a little red dot here. And\Nthat's the corona virus to measure. So it
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.28,0:04:18.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is 150 nanometers, or 0.0001.5 mm large. That is tiny
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.74,0:04:26.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even by scientists sentence. However. Even\Nsmaller than the virus with 150
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.95,0:04:32.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nanometers. It's a single atom,\Nwhich is represented here again by a
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.44,0:04:40.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dot, which is barely visible and is 0.1\Nnanometers in diameter or one. Angstrom.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.89,0:04:46.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Atoms are tiny, even compared to the\Nvirus. A virus is composed being matter of
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.62,0:04:53.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very, very many atoms. How can we\Nvisualize something this small? Can we see
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.01,0:04:59.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it with a light microscope? And what color\Nwould the virus be? This is to scale.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.84,0:05:04.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yellow light. It is 600 nanometer\Nwavelength meaning from this point to
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.58,0:05:09.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this, it is 600 nanometers. So the\Nwavelength of visible light, which ranges
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.65,0:05:19.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from 400 to 780 nano meters, is actually\Nlonger than the virus is white. So there
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.08,0:05:27.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is no chance whatsoever to ever observe a\Nsingle virus with light just physically
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.09,0:05:33.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not possible. We need something that has a\Nsmaller wavelength, and there are two
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.45,0:05:40.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,things we use X-rays, which have 0.1 nanometer wavelength. So they
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.82,0:05:45.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are very, very small. They're like light. They're also photons. We call it
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.87,0:05:53.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,also X-ray light (Röntgenstralung,\NRöntgenlicht). But they have so high energy
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.19,0:05:58.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that their wavelengths are tiny. The other\Nthing are electrons, which have even
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.27,0:06:02.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,smaller wavelengths. If you choose to\Nregard them not as particles, but as
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.68,0:06:07.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,waves. So we can use electrons and X-rays\Nto observe the virus, and we do. And for
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.74,0:06:12.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this, we have several possibilities. One\Nof them is large particle accelerators
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.71,0:06:17.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like the one I'm working on in Hamburg,\Nwhich produces very intense X-rays.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.20,0:06:23.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another one is an electron microscope. So\Nhere is a model of an electron microscope.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.08,0:06:29.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In order to use it, you need a scientist\Nand then you shoot an electron beam from
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.73,0:06:34.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an electron cannon. That's the official\Nscientific term. It's an electron cannon
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.75,0:06:40.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,onto both an electron gun electron cannon\Nelectron gun. You shoot your electrons
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.91,0:06:44.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through lenses, which are magnetic.\NElectrons are negatively charged so the
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.76,0:06:50.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,magnetic field can be used as a lens\Nsystem onto a sample. For example, the
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.71,0:06:57.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,virus and then you have a detector. What\Ndo we see on this detector? We should
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.12,0:07:03.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,viruses with electrons and record how many\Nelectrons pass through the sample? What we
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.58,0:07:07.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,see looks like this. So of course, it's\Nblack and white because electrons come.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.52,0:07:14.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's no colors involved. And what you\Ncan see is a dark shadow. And then around
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.74,0:07:22.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it, a little bit of bright spots, almost\Nlike a corona during a sun eclipse. So
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.78,0:07:27.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is why the corona virus is called\Ncorona virus, because it spikes under the
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.88,0:07:34.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,electron microscope look like a corona.\NAnd these pictures have no colors, but
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.22,0:07:37.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,scientists like to colored them in\Nparticular in order to tell people that
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.74,0:07:42.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is a dangerous virus and that is the\Nbackground. So if we colored, it may look
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.32,0:07:48.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like this. And this is an official picture\Nreleased very early in the pandemic by the
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.81,0:07:57.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,National Institutes as one of the first\Npictures of the new corona virus. We can
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.36,0:08:01.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,also do scanning electron microscopy,\Nwhich is a similar measure where you coat
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.36,0:08:06.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the entire surface and then you get a\Npretty three dimensional picture. What you
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.84,0:08:11.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can see here are lung cells, the lung\Ncarpet like the like hairy structure here.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.19,0:08:17.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's lung cells that are single type two\Nalveolar epithelial cells. So there are
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.96,0:08:23.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like a little like their job is to\Nget rid of stuff the lungs don't want
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.11,0:08:28.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there, like a carpet, they can move and\Nthey get rid of stuff for you. However,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.71,0:08:32.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these cells, you have a problem. They're\Ninfected with corona virus. You can see
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.83,0:08:41.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some slime or mucus here, and you can see\Nthe viruses here. Because of the coating,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.04,0:08:45.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they look a little bit like cauliflower.\NSo that's nice. But it doesn't give us the
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.68,0:08:50.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,full picture, but so much for people who\Nsay we cannot isolate the virus. We can
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.31,0:08:57.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually even like, make it visible. So we\Ncan make this invisible enemy visible. It
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.86,0:09:02.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is just a question of having the right\Nequipment and a good sample of the virus
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.39,0:09:07.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and many hours of work. The virus\Ntherefore exists and can be made visible
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.83,0:09:12.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using electron microscopes or, for\Nexample, as a particle accelerator. But
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.40,0:09:16.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm not going to go into detail here. We\Nhave not enough time tonight. I'm only
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.53,0:09:25.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,going to talk about electron microscopes\Nhere. So what is the virus made of. Those
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.25,0:09:30.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the virus. We're going to talk about\Nthis picture later in the talk when we
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.26,0:09:35.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,talk about model a little bit more. But\Nhere is one Spike, I think you've all
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.08,0:09:41.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,heard in news from spike proteins, which\Ncover the surface of the virus or the
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.53,0:09:48.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,virion. If we draw this schematically, as\NThomas Splettstösser presented for us, he's an
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.82,0:09:54.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,illustrator, burst in Berlin, it looks\Nlike this. And then we take only the head
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.08,0:09:58.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the spike, which is the region of the\Nspike we know most about, and then comes
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.75,0:10:03.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an animation that I did. So it's not quite\Nas pretty. If we zoom in, we see the
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.13,0:10:09.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,surface and below that surface we see\Nthings represented as a ribbon. However,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.73,0:10:13.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can show this differently. We can show\Nthe individual atoms connected to each
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.81,0:10:19.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,other. The problem with this display is\Nthat it's really hard to find anything
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.73,0:10:25.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here. It is super difficult to get an\Noverview with this picture, so we prefer
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.56,0:10:32.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to show these complicated and fake\Nmolecules made up of atoms as surfaces and
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.47,0:10:38.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ribbons. And this ribbon diagram, by the\Nway, has also been found by a great female
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.57,0:10:42.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,scientist, Jane Richardson, several\Ndecades ago, which was quite revolutionary
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.98,0:10:48.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for my field. So the virus is made up of\Natoms and molecules, and they are
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.52,0:10:55.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,structures can be found out by NMR, X-ray\Ncrystallography and electron microscopy.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.06,0:11:00.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For now, this is all I'm going to tell\Nyou. We're now going to dive very deeply
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.12,0:11:05.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into the biology of the virus and what the\Nstructures tell us. And then in the end,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.33,0:11:09.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to tell you a little bit more\Nexactly how we actually get from the
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.83,0:11:17.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,measurement to the model, which holds some\Npitfalls and problems for us. And it's an
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.88,0:11:23.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,area in which I do usually my research.\NBut first, I'm going to talk about the
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.32,0:11:29.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,model, you all know this picture from the\NCDC, right? And by the way, this thing for
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.22,0:11:33.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a scientist, this thing is not a virus,\Nit's a variant. It's only the transport
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.64,0:11:38.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,form of the virus, the virus. That's a few\Nmore things that are not contained in this
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.63,0:11:44.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,little show. That's just a transport form\Nfor its RNA to get into a whole cell. We
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.63,0:11:48.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,call this a variant. But most people, even\Nscientists, can also refer to it as the
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.05,0:11:55.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,virus. So this is the CDC model, right?\NThat's the picture that went all through
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.69,0:12:00.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the press around the world. That's like\NTHE picture of this pandemic, and it was
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.94,0:12:06.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,made by the CDC very early on by two\Nscientific illustrators there. However,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.97,0:12:11.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,already then it had some problems. They\Nmade it in quite a rash and it has some
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.95,0:12:22.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,errors. So we decided to make a new\Npicture, which looks like this. And. If
Dialogue: 0,0:12:22.47,0:12:28.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you compare it, two pictures, here are the\Ndifferences. The head of the spike in this
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.56,0:12:33.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,illustration sits directly into the\Nsurface, while in reality it is singing
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.70,0:12:42.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sitting on a long, very bendy like rope\Nlike structure that tethers it. So the
Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.05,0:12:46.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,virus, the head of the spike, which binds\Nto the host cell, is quite flexible. The
Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.75,0:12:51.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,surface is not quite as coarse as shown\Nhere. It's smaller. The virus actually
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.47,0:12:58.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,relatively large for a virus, and it's got\Nother proteins swimming in its surface. If
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.14,0:13:04.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you look exactly, you'll see the virus is\Nalso not exactly round. Now we thought
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.32,0:13:07.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is not enough. It's nice to have a\Npicture, but wouldn't it be nice if we
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.55,0:13:12.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could actually touch it? So we made a 3D\Nprintable model for those interested. You
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.83,0:13:18.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can find also all that information on our\Nhomepage. I'm going to show you the 3D
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.78,0:13:26.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,model. Let's see. So. This is the virus\Nmodel. As you can see, the virus is not
Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.88,0:13:33.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,exactly round because it's outside, it's\Nvery soft. It's like a soap bubble. It can
Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.36,0:13:39.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,change its shape quite drastically. It's\Nwobbly and the spikes are actually
Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.14,0:13:42.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stochastic highly distributed. They're not\Nlike regularly arranged and they are
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.86,0:13:49.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,swimming in the skin. And there are other\Nproteins in the surface as well, which you
Dialogue: 0,0:13:49.50,0:13:55.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can perhaps see whether they really formed\Nas little flower shapes, we don't know.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:55.67,0:14:01.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the virus is huge. So this on the same\Nscale, one to one million as a rhinovirus
Dialogue: 0,0:14:01.98,0:14:08.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the common cold. The corona virus is\Nhuge. 20000 base pairs RNA makes it one of
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.51,0:14:15.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the largest virus genomes we know. And a\Nvirus, therefore as soft on the outside,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:15.42,0:14:23.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while rhinovirus has a very hard and rigid\Nshell that is always composed the same.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:23.72,0:14:28.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we need this model in the hopes that,\Nlike other scientists and perhaps schools
Dialogue: 0,0:14:28.44,0:14:34.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would like to print it at home and\Nactually like, get something tangible and
Dialogue: 0,0:14:34.25,0:14:39.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it turned out they did. So we got quite a\Nfew requests from people, from child care
Dialogue: 0,0:14:39.17,0:14:43.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,facilities and from schools and from other\Nscientists. And even my administration
Dialogue: 0,0:14:43.83,0:14:47.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like to have them printed. One even\Nproposed we may have them as Christmas
Dialogue: 0,0:14:47.85,0:14:55.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ornaments, but I found that a little bit\Nlike tasteless. We didn't do it. And like,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:55.56,0:15:01.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just before I left Hamburg, we got a new\Nmodel. This model is now already a year
Dialogue: 0,0:15:01.23,0:15:07.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,old, and in 2021, signs made quite a lot\Nof progress. So we now know there are
Dialogue: 0,0:15:07.05,0:15:11.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fewer spikes and a virus. All in all, it's\Na little bit smaller, so it's not quite
Dialogue: 0,0:15:11.11,0:15:16.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like this, but perhaps less so. It's not\N15 centimeters in diameter. The model is
Dialogue: 0,0:15:16.02,0:15:21.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,12, and it is still like potato shaped.\NIt's not round because now what's
Dialogue: 0,0:15:21.30,0:15:26.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,important for me to show, and I would have\Nlike to show you this model like in front
Dialogue: 0,0:15:26.64,0:15:33.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the camera tonight, but. It went into\Nthe museum, it was the first one we had,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:33.16,0:15:37.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we brought it to the opening of this\Nexhibition in Hamburg "Pandemierück in ide
Dialogue: 0,0:15:37.42,0:15:41.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Gegenwart" the gigawatt, so you can now\Nsee it in the museum and we'll be back in
Dialogue: 0,0:15:41.37,0:15:48.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my office when they have assembled theres.\NAnd this also holds true. I'm going to
Dialogue: 0,0:15:48.84,0:15:52.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,talk about the task force in the second\Nhalf of this talk. But one thing that is
Dialogue: 0,0:15:52.56,0:15:56.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,really true and what's true for this\Nproject as well is the task force is
Dialogue: 0,0:15:56.93,0:16:01.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,typically more interested in new\Ncommunication projects than in all the
Dialogue: 0,0:16:01.22,0:16:07.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pile of stuff we need to finish. You may\Nnotice from home. Right. So this is how
Dialogue: 0,0:16:07.50,0:16:14.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our model. Now, let's dive deeper into the\Nthing, because so far we have only talked
Dialogue: 0,0:16:14.28,0:16:20.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about the virion and only about it's\Noutside. So the virion has to spike
Dialogue: 0,0:16:20.63,0:16:27.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,proteins on the outside. Two other\Nproteins M and E protein, it has a double
Dialogue: 0,0:16:27.20,0:16:34.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,membrane hull, which is very thin and\Nnucleocapsid, which is wrapping the RNA.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:34.23,0:16:38.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The RNA of actually containing the genes\Nfor everything that the virus needs in
Dialogue: 0,0:16:38.80,0:16:45.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,order to like, take possession of the host\Ncell. So the RNA is the important bit the
Dialogue: 0,0:16:45.95,0:16:51.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,virion is transporting and nucleocapsid\Nand everything else kind of packs it and
Dialogue: 0,0:16:51.25,0:16:58.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,makes sure it gets into the host cell. And\NI'm going to show you quickly a video
Dialogue: 0,0:16:58.71,0:17:03.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because I think this is so nice to\Nunderstand, and it's the answer to the
Dialogue: 0,0:17:03.85,0:17:09.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,question why does soap help against corona\Nvirus? Because very many, like other
Dialogue: 0,0:17:09.60,0:17:15.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,viruses, are relatively hard to wash off,\Nbut not corona virus, because it's so
Dialogue: 0,0:17:15.42,0:17:20.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,large, it has only a double membrane\Nshell. And this is a very nice video from
Dialogue: 0,0:17:20.28,0:17:25.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the protein data bank from our colleagues\Nthere. So this is the virus double
Dialogue: 0,0:17:25.28,0:17:31.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,membrane. It has lipid molecules. You can\Nsee there are hydrophobic on the inside
Dialogue: 0,0:17:31.43,0:17:36.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and hydrophilic on the outside, so they\Nlock water on the outside, but not the
Dialogue: 0,0:17:36.27,0:17:42.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,inside. Green molecules are soap. Soap\Nalso has a hydrophobic tail and a
Dialogue: 0,0:17:42.60,0:17:48.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hydrophilic head. So unlike the water\Nwhich stays outside the soap just gets
Dialogue: 0,0:17:48.28,0:17:54.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into the membrane and kind of like goes in\Nbetween the lipids. And then they make
Dialogue: 0,0:17:54.28,0:18:01.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whole sort of water molecules can get\Ninside the virus. They can even assemble.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:01.04,0:18:09.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In around bits of the membrane and get it\Nout of the virus hull or around a spike
Dialogue: 0,0:18:09.55,0:18:16.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and remove to spike, which is hydrophobic\Nto stock out of the virus. This leads to a
Dialogue: 0,0:18:16.28,0:18:21.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,total decomposition of the membrane and\Ntherefore it can be completely dissolved
Dialogue: 0,0:18:21.34,0:18:27.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by soap. As soon as the nucleocapsid and\Nan RNA are exposed, the virus is no longer
Dialogue: 0,0:18:27.64,0:18:34.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,infectious. It needs a spike in order to\Ninfect so, you don't need to disinfect
Dialogue: 0,0:18:34.61,0:18:39.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your hands. You can just wash them with\Nsoap, which I find is so lucky in this
Dialogue: 0,0:18:39.98,0:18:44.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pandemic because, you know, it would be\Nreally ugly if we would need to disinfect
Dialogue: 0,0:18:44.41,0:18:50.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,everything all the time, but we can\Nactually just use soapy water. Although,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:50.23,0:18:55.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let's be honest, I like to use\Ndisinfectant every here, and then it gives
Dialogue: 0,0:18:55.75,0:19:01.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,me just a feeling of more safety. It's\Nkind of like a ritual to protect me. I
Dialogue: 0,0:19:01.25,0:19:09.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,suspect several of you are the same. So,\Nso much for the virion, that's like the
Dialogue: 0,0:19:09.91,0:19:17.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,outer shell, that's like the transport\Nform. But there is more much more. This is
Dialogue: 0,0:19:17.56,0:19:21.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the corona virus life cycle, or I should\Nbe more correct. It should be called
Dialogue: 0,0:19:21.14,0:19:25.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,infection cycle because technically\Nspeaking, viruses are not life. They need
Dialogue: 0,0:19:25.90,0:19:31.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a host cell to reproduce. So we're going\Nto come back to this picture. We're going
Dialogue: 0,0:19:31.52,0:19:40.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to take this apart bit by bit. First of\Nall, there is entry entry into oh yeah.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:40.27,0:19:44.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's quickly go back. The thing at the\Nbottom here, the big thing here. That's
Dialogue: 0,0:19:44.56,0:19:48.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the host cell. And a little one is\Nthe virus, right? We're clear on that
Dialogue: 0,0:19:48.51,0:19:51.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Holbrook's here, right? And is the\Noutside. So this is like your lung
Dialogue: 0,0:19:51.61,0:19:56.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,outside. That's your lung cell inside or\Nhopefully not your lung cell, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:19:56.64,0:20:04.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's the virus. And this is the spike,\Nthe spike as a vaccine target, as you
Dialogue: 0,0:20:04.34,0:20:10.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,know, it's what's encoded in RNA vaccines\Nand it's also contained in all the like
Dialogue: 0,0:20:10.27,0:20:17.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,vector vaccines we see. And I brought you\Nanother model for that, which saw the
Dialogue: 0,0:20:17.44,0:20:28.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,picture here. So this is one to 10 million\Nscale model of the spike. And this is an
Dialogue: 0,0:20:28.68,0:20:36.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,antibody. Now if you are vaccinated either\Nby RNA or by a vector vaccine, your body
Dialogue: 0,0:20:36.44,0:20:42.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,overproduce as far as injected with\Nspikes, which are usually on something to
Dialogue: 0,0:20:42.11,0:20:48.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,carry it a host cell or a cell of your\Nbody if it's an RNA vaccine or a vector.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:48.95,0:20:54.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Your body needs a few days to recognize\Nthis thing, so once it has, it will build
Dialogue: 0,0:20:54.29,0:21:00.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,antibodies that perfectly fit onto that\Nthey can recognize the spike very, very
Dialogue: 0,0:21:00.29,0:21:04.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,exactly. They have a specific binding\Nsite, which is much more rigid than
Dialogue: 0,0:21:04.19,0:21:11.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,anything else the antibody can bind to.\NThen this gets decomposed because the
Dialogue: 0,0:21:11.09,0:21:16.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,vaccine is not viable. What remains in\Nyour body is information for these
Dialogue: 0,0:21:16.26,0:21:24.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,antibodies. So now if you get infected\Nwith corona? The immune system antibody
Dialogue: 0,0:21:24.20,0:21:28.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,recognizes the spike it has previously\Nseen in the vaccine, and that is how the
Dialogue: 0,0:21:28.71,0:21:35.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,vaccine actually works. So having this\Nprotects you, one of the biggest problems
Dialogue: 0,0:21:35.93,0:21:41.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with COVID 19 infections is that the\Nimmune system responds too late. And then
Dialogue: 0,0:21:41.14,0:21:47.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,too much. So having these makes much more\Ncertain that you will not get severe
Dialogue: 0,0:21:47.73,0:21:55.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,COVID, which is, I think, very nice. And\Nwhat we also did, together with the
Dialogue: 0,0:21:55.96,0:22:01.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,animation lab in Utah is not only make\Nthose life life cycle or infection cycle,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:01.72,0:22:06.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we also made an animation the\Nscientifically most accurate animation
Dialogue: 0,0:22:06.13,0:22:11.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,available on how the virus actually binds\Nonto the whole cell. There's a lot we
Dialogue: 0,0:22:11.85,0:22:18.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,don't know, but everything we do know we\Nhave shown here. So here is the virus. You
Dialogue: 0,0:22:18.45,0:22:26.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,know the spike protein already. Yes,\Nnucleocapsid inside there is RNA, which
Dialogue: 0,0:22:26.32,0:22:32.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,encodes for the rest, we're going to go\Ninto the rest after this. And then at the
Dialogue: 0,0:22:32.22,0:22:37.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bottom here is the host cell. So lung\Ncells actually have ACE2 receptors shown
Dialogue: 0,0:22:37.82,0:22:43.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in purple, and a spike protein recognizes\Nthose specifically meaning that items like
Dialogue: 0,0:22:43.75,0:22:53.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a puzzle piece fit exactly onto the purple\Nreceptors on the lung cells. The spikes
Dialogue: 0,0:22:53.84,0:23:01.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bind there and then something else\Nhappens. Another enzyme also being in the
Dialogue: 0,0:23:01.71,0:23:07.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,membrane of the host cell cuts the spike,\Nso it's not like the name spike suggests
Dialogue: 0,0:23:07.22,0:23:12.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it would like shoot something into. But\Nthat's not the case. It gets cut and then
Dialogue: 0,0:23:12.32,0:23:16.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,comes to bed where we are a little bit\Nunclear how this happens. So what we know
Dialogue: 0,0:23:16.25,0:23:20.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is after it's cut, it somehow ends up\Nbeing tethered into the host cell and we
Dialogue: 0,0:23:20.30,0:23:24.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,don't know the mechanism of this. So we\Ndecided to illustrated here with like a
Dialogue: 0,0:23:24.87,0:23:31.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,refolding process and then it's\Nenergetically unstable. So in order to
Dialogue: 0,0:23:31.48,0:23:36.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,become more stable, the whole thing clamps\Nand folds together, thereby dragging the
Dialogue: 0,0:23:36.47,0:23:41.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,virus and the host cell membrane together,\Nthe two membranes to buy a lipid membranes
Dialogue: 0,0:23:41.82,0:23:49.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fuze. The virus material is inserted into\Nthe cell. The RNA is now inside the host
Dialogue: 0,0:23:49.56,0:23:57.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cell, and this is how infection happens.\NSo we felt it was particularly important
Dialogue: 0,0:23:57.05,0:24:01.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to show this to people. We have made this\Nanimation Creative Commons, but
Dialogue: 0,0:24:01.93,0:24:06.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,unfortunately only American television\Ncaught up on it, so we're really hoping
Dialogue: 0,0:24:06.16,0:24:10.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that one of the German like documentaries\Nwill show this, because we think it's
Dialogue: 0,0:24:10.25,0:24:19.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,really nice to see this process like as\Naccurately as we can depicted. So here is
Dialogue: 0,0:24:19.87,0:24:24.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the spike. That's the role of the spike.\NNow the nucleocapsid, an RNA a half
Dialogue: 0,0:24:24.81,0:24:32.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,entered into the host cell. What happens\Nnow is that the nucleocapsid dissolves.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:32.76,0:24:38.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How that exactly happens, we don't know,\Nbut it dissolves and RNA gets immediately
Dialogue: 0,0:24:38.17,0:24:45.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,translated into protein. So the genome\Ngets RET inside the cell because the cell
Dialogue: 0,0:24:45.03,0:24:49.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,believes it's own either comes from the\Nhost cell and it starts building. The
Dialogue: 0,0:24:49.70,0:24:54.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,proteins encoded in proteins are again\Nmolecules. And actually, it makes one
Dialogue: 0,0:24:54.10,0:25:00.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very, very long protein chain really long,\Nwhich is called the poly protein, which
Dialogue: 0,0:25:00.60,0:25:06.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then gets cleaved. So D'Souza's in this\Ncase, the thing that cleaves all the long
Dialogue: 0,0:25:06.59,0:25:11.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,protein chain into individual molecules\Nthat don't actually can work is called the
Dialogue: 0,0:25:11.61,0:25:16.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,main protease because it's cutting protein\Nthat's called the protease. And these are
Dialogue: 0,0:25:16.97,0:25:22.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the little triangle shaped things here.\NOnly when that happens to these bits
Dialogue: 0,0:25:22.15,0:25:26.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,become functional. So if it doesn't\Nhappen, if we can like hindered this like
Dialogue: 0,0:25:26.89,0:25:33.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cutting off the long polypeptide chain, we\Nhave an efficient drug against corona,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:33.01,0:25:37.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is why main protease is a major drug\Ntarget. And what you can see here in red
Dialogue: 0,0:25:37.88,0:25:44.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the drug actually bound two main\Nprotease. So that's what it looks like. We
Dialogue: 0,0:25:44.51,0:25:48.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are looking specifically for inhibitors,\Nwhich will stop this molecule from
Dialogue: 0,0:25:48.22,0:25:52.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,function. So you can imagine this like a\Nscrewdriver that we put out of right point
Dialogue: 0,0:25:52.15,0:25:57.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a machine where it fits and it stops\Nthe entire machinery. That's what we want.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:57.91,0:26:01.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's like called structure based\Ndrug design. When you actually know the
Dialogue: 0,0:26:01.61,0:26:06.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,structure of the molecule and then you\Nfind a molecule, a small molecule, a drug
Dialogue: 0,0:26:06.22,0:26:13.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,molecule that specifically stops whatever\Nthat protein molecule is doing. It's also
Dialogue: 0,0:26:13.22,0:26:21.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how many antibiotics work or, for example,\Nif you've been up long yesterday aspirin.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:21.23,0:26:29.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then. From here, where we have the poly\Nprotein thing. Something happens inside
Dialogue: 0,0:26:29.31,0:26:33.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the cell, the cell is making some kind of\Nfoam, which is connected to the
Dialogue: 0,0:26:33.83,0:26:39.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,endoplasmic reticulum. That's just warm\Nand inside it. These like enzymes that
Dialogue: 0,0:26:39.94,0:26:44.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have now been cut in our functional start,\Nlike a copy machine to make more and more
Dialogue: 0,0:26:44.33,0:26:49.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,copies of the RNA genome of the virus. The\Nwhole cell kind of like foams up and makes
Dialogue: 0,0:26:49.82,0:26:56.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more RNA. And it does so by a copy\Nmachine, which is called RNA polymerase,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:56.64,0:27:04.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because RNA is a polymer and a polymerase\Nis an enzyme that's making polymers and an
Dialogue: 0,0:27:04.95,0:27:13.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,RNA polymerase is an enzyme that makes\Nmore RNA. So one way to block that process
Dialogue: 0,0:27:13.85,0:27:18.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of making more RNAs, which was similarly,\Nyou know, stop the infection cycle because
Dialogue: 0,0:27:18.99,0:27:24.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if it can't produce more RNA, it's got\Nnothing to put into new viruses is to use
Dialogue: 0,0:27:24.17,0:27:29.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,remdesivir or so we thought for a long\Ntime. So does this remdesivir. Remdesivir
Dialogue: 0,0:27:29.23,0:27:35.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,looks to the host cell and to RNA\Npolymerase in particular, like a
Dialogue: 0,0:27:35.95,0:27:41.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nucleotide, like a building block for RNA.\NSo basically, things are it's new paper it
Dialogue: 0,0:27:41.71,0:27:47.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can copy on when in reality it's kind of\Nexplosive like blocks the entire
Dialogue: 0,0:27:47.29,0:27:52.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,polymerase. So you can imagine this like a\NTrojan horse, remdesivir is the Trojan
Dialogue: 0,0:27:52.77,0:27:58.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,horse and RNA dependent RNA polymerase is\Nsure looks like RNA to me and just built
Dialogue: 0,0:27:58.81,0:28:05.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that into the strand. So we'll have a look\Nat this molecule. This is, by the way, I
Dialogue: 0,0:28:05.50,0:28:10.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,should probably go back and explain this\Nfor a moment. This is what we get out of
Dialogue: 0,0:28:10.24,0:28:15.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our measurements and electron microscopy.\NSo this is the so-called reconstruction
Dialogue: 0,0:28:15.23,0:28:18.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,density, and that's what we built a\Nmolecule in. So that's like what the
Dialogue: 0,0:28:18.79,0:28:23.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,measurement gave us, everything else we\Nhave to do by hand. So here is the
Dialogue: 0,0:28:23.45,0:28:31.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,density, and this is what the researcher\Nbuilt into it. The template strand, the
Dialogue: 0,0:28:31.07,0:28:36.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,old one, which is to be copied, is green,\Nthe new one is orange. Remdesivir is
Dialogue: 0,0:28:36.87,0:28:43.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,purple and connected to the end, although\Nthe program doesn't display it as such.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:43.08,0:28:46.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What you can also see is free magnesium\Nions. That's their own thing and a de
Dialogue: 0,0:28:46.88,0:28:54.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,phosphate. So what are more molecules that\Nresearchers modeled in there? Where are
Dialogue: 0,0:28:54.11,0:28:58.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,around it as the protein? So I've just\Nquickly depicted it without so you can see
Dialogue: 0,0:28:58.13,0:29:01.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what's happening because it's all very\Ncrowded and difficult to see around it as
Dialogue: 0,0:29:01.94,0:29:07.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the protein and a jump of two proteins to\Ncopy the RNA and to attach one after the
Dialogue: 0,0:29:07.33,0:29:11.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,other, another building block to the\Nbottom of the orange chain. It's gotten a
Dialogue: 0,0:29:11.96,0:29:17.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,remdesivir and it tried to put it there\Nand it successfully did. And this
Dialogue: 0,0:29:17.15,0:29:22.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,structure was taken as to prove that\Nremdesivir will stop corona. But if you
Dialogue: 0,0:29:22.22,0:29:26.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,look at the density, you can see that the\Nfree magnesium ions and DIPHOSPHATE has no
Dialogue: 0,0:29:26.11,0:29:32.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,density and are not covered by this great\Ncloud, right? So we think they were never
Dialogue: 0,0:29:32.22,0:29:39.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,really there. And the remdesivir itself is\Nalso not having so much density. So it
Dialogue: 0,0:29:39.14,0:29:43.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,turns out that a structure is not quite\Nseeing what the researchers did because
Dialogue: 0,0:29:43.12,0:29:48.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the density doesn't match up with the\Nstructure they built. And as we later
Dialogue: 0,0:29:48.33,0:29:53.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,found out in clinical trials, is that\Nremdesivir, in fact, doesn't really do
Dialogue: 0,0:29:53.09,0:29:58.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what people hoped, which, among other\Nthings, has to do with the fact that RNA
Dialogue: 0,0:29:58.28,0:30:03.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,polymerase from corona virus is able to\Nproofread go like, Oh, there's a
Dialogue: 0,0:30:03.10,0:30:08.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,remdesivir, then go back free nucleotides\Ntake rip out the remdesivir, throw it away
Dialogue: 0,0:30:08.98,0:30:15.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and get the proper nucleotide to build in.\NSo. We're hoping that one over pea-rel will
Dialogue: 0,0:30:15.12,0:30:18.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,be better, which, by the way, uses a\Nsimilar mechanism. It's called a
Dialogue: 0,0:30:18.84,0:30:31.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nucleotide. Yeah, it's similar to a\Nnucleotide. Here's another arrow we found
Dialogue: 0,0:30:31.87,0:30:35.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the bottom of the structure, only going\Nto show you because I think the software
Dialogue: 0,0:30:35.07,0:30:40.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by Tristan Kroll is so cool, it does a\Nreal time molecular dynamics simulation
Dialogue: 0,0:30:40.15,0:30:44.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while you're dragging around your\Nstructure. We found that there is an error
Dialogue: 0,0:30:44.51,0:30:48.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the way the whole molecule was\Narranged. If there's any specialist, there
Dialogue: 0,0:30:48.49,0:30:52.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was a nine amino acid out of reach\Nassociate. OK, I'm going to stop like
Dialogue: 0,0:30:52.10,0:30:56.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,geeking out. There was just an error. Let\Nme show you how he correct that. So first
Dialogue: 0,0:30:56.49,0:31:00.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you marks up the wrong region and then he\Nreleases it and {\i1}quickly flying-away noise{\i0} it goes where it's up to
Dialogue: 0,0:31:00.99,0:31:04.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,go. I wish my life would always be like\Nthis, you said were free days glasses in
Dialogue: 0,0:31:04.87,0:31:08.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,front of your computer. You need hours to\Ndo this by hand, but his software just
Dialogue: 0,0:31:08.31,0:31:15.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,does it. Sorry. It's just if you've spent\Nmonths doing this, you're totally excited
Dialogue: 0,0:31:15.36,0:31:21.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by this wobbly molecule. I just wanted to\Nshow you because I think it's so cool. All
Dialogue: 0,0:31:21.58,0:31:29.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right. Back to a more general content. We\Nhave an hour RNA and a let's imagine we
Dialogue: 0,0:31:29.55,0:31:35.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,didn't get any like good drugs so far, so\Nthe infection cycle is still ongoing. The
Dialogue: 0,0:31:35.42,0:31:40.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,RNA now is exported from the endoplasmic\Nreticulum. By the time we make this, we
Dialogue: 0,0:31:40.05,0:31:43.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,didn't know how. But Hamburg researchers\Nand Dutch researchers have now found out
Dialogue: 0,0:31:43.75,0:31:49.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how this actually works as a pore here and\Nthe pore gets the RNA out. The RNA then
Dialogue: 0,0:31:49.37,0:31:53.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gets packed into new nucleocapsid\Nwere also coded by the genome
Dialogue: 0,0:31:53.89,0:31:59.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the virus, then gets wrapped into a new\Ndouble membrane, which is host membrane.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:59.76,0:32:05.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just it has no spikes, which also were\Nproduced from the genome. And then, of
Dialogue: 0,0:32:05.97,0:32:11.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,course, due the Golgi apparatus is somehow\Ninvolved, it gets exported. Of course, for
Dialogue: 0,0:32:11.58,0:32:17.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,everyone that infected a cell, there will\Nbe thousands that are produced and that's
Dialogue: 0,0:32:17.85,0:32:26.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the entirety of the SarsCoV 2 viral\Nlife cycle. I know, this was a little bit
Dialogue: 0,0:32:26.12,0:32:31.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,much, but I think this is cool and\Nexciting and just about what, you know. I
Dialogue: 0,0:32:31.74,0:32:36.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hope the public can understand about this.\NIt hopefully also tells you why molecular
Dialogue: 0,0:32:36.98,0:32:42.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,structures are important, so they let us\Nunderstand how the virus works, how host
Dialogue: 0,0:32:42.74,0:32:48.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cells are infected. They can help us to\Nfind drug targets and to do structure
Dialogue: 0,0:32:48.48,0:32:53.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,based drug design, where we find drugs\Nthat specifically block these big
Dialogue: 0,0:32:53.37,0:32:59.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,molecular machines from doing their work.\NThey also help us to understand the
Dialogue: 0,0:32:59.51,0:33:06.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,structures of vaccines and antibodies, and\Nthey also let us understand changes due to
Dialogue: 0,0:33:06.55,0:33:10.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two mutations, I haven't got an example\Nbecause of the time. But when we get a
Dialogue: 0,0:33:10.85,0:33:16.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mutation with the structure, I can kind of\Ntell you, that it is going to change or
Dialogue: 0,0:33:16.01,0:33:21.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it is going to change only by knowing\Nthe new genome. I can already make a
Dialogue: 0,0:33:21.34,0:33:25.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,prediction about what the mutation is\Ngoing to change in a functionality. That's
Dialogue: 0,0:33:25.34,0:33:31.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,really important. So in my group, we have\Nsome theories what a Micron actually does.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:31.85,0:33:36.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We haven't published and we haven't even\Ntweeted about them yet because we're still
Dialogue: 0,0:33:36.34,0:33:43.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,waiting for research results. But it's\Nimportant to understand these molecular
Dialogue: 0,0:33:43.24,0:33:52.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,structures, however, is not very easy to\Nget them. So what are the problems? When we
Dialogue: 0,0:33:52.17,0:33:58.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,do our measurement, we get density in this\Ncase, the density is blue. It's from the
Dialogue: 0,0:33:58.75,0:34:02.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,spike head that I've shown in the\Nbeginning, right? So the top that you may
Dialogue: 0,0:34:02.18,0:34:06.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,recognize, this looks a little bit like\Nthe blue density here. This is the result
Dialogue: 0,0:34:06.49,0:34:10.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from our research. And in this case, I\Nhave built almost all of the molecule
Dialogue: 0,0:34:10.92,0:34:15.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,already, so I'm going to show it. This is\Nlike the software. We're actually using a
Dialogue: 0,0:34:15.29,0:34:19.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tenfold to speed I'm usually using, and I\Nwould usually be sitting there with 3D
Dialogue: 0,0:34:19.66,0:34:24.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,glasses. So here's the density. I said\Nthat with my 3D glasses and this bit
Dialogue: 0,0:34:24.19,0:34:30.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hasn't been built, so you can now see me\Nlike by hand. And one bit of molecule
Dialogue: 0,0:34:30.58,0:34:34.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after the other trying to get the murder\Nought to be, and you can quite well see
Dialogue: 0,0:34:34.100,0:34:40.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the computer is not able to do it all\Nautomatically. So I have to help it a
Dialogue: 0,0:34:40.03,0:34:44.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,little bit. And as I said, it's about 10\Ntimes the speed. It's even got like the
Dialogue: 0,0:34:44.24,0:34:49.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,warning from the bin program not reacting\Nall of the software, it's also not
Dialogue: 0,0:34:49.18,0:34:53.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,commercial. This has been developed by\Nother scientists, so the usability is like
Dialogue: 0,0:34:53.80,0:34:59.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so-so cool, just an amazing program. But\Nif you want some new functionality, you
Dialogue: 0,0:34:59.61,0:35:04.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,better program it yourself, because perhaps\Nno one else is going to do it. And we have
Dialogue: 0,0:35:04.44,0:35:10.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually contributed with a plug in or two\Nto cut. Yeah, you can see it's not always
Dialogue: 0,0:35:10.55,0:35:13.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,easy, so I try and go, like, now it's\Ngood. Settings should nicely in the
Dialogue: 0,0:35:13.87,0:35:21.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,density and here it's fairly easy. My\Nstudents love doing this is like for them.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:21.89,0:35:25.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's like computer gaming. They do it for\Nthree months straight. If you don't like,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:25.10,0:35:30.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,get them off the chair, go right up your\Nphysics. They'll do it forever. And
Dialogue: 0,0:35:30.45,0:35:35.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,secretly, I'm jealous. Because I also like\Ndoing this. I don't know if you can
Dialogue: 0,0:35:35.29,0:35:45.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,follow, but this is like playing a game.\NAway, if you're interested in playing this
Dialogue: 0,0:35:45.50,0:35:54.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,game, we are also having. Like practical\Nplaces and stuff. Right! So building,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:54.01,0:35:58.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,building, building, going like, oh,\Nthere's another alanine, I need a pralines
Dialogue: 0,0:35:58.79,0:36:03.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or mutated it. I go like, Yeah, OK, now\Nit's all nicely sitting. So that was easy.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:03.61,0:36:09.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what do I do here? So I've built for\Nsomething here. But is it correct? The
Dialogue: 0,0:36:09.24,0:36:12.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,density does not really tell me what's\Ngoing on here, and I'm going to show it
Dialogue: 0,0:36:12.95,0:36:18.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this to you in slower again. So you\Nunderstand the problem, right? In this
Dialogue: 0,0:36:18.68,0:36:22.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then part of the density, I can really not\Ntell only from the density what's going
Dialogue: 0,0:36:22.72,0:36:28.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on. I know approximately what a molecule\Nmust look like due to the sequence. So
Dialogue: 0,0:36:28.89,0:36:31.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've got some information. I know which\NAtom is connected to which, but how it all
Dialogue: 0,0:36:31.74,0:36:37.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,three dimensionally fits in here, even if\NI know which lines have to go in, there is
Dialogue: 0,0:36:37.12,0:36:41.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,super hard. So it would be very easy for\Nme to make an error here, because the
Dialogue: 0,0:36:41.85,0:36:45.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,measurement data don't tell me enough\Nabout what the model actually should look
Dialogue: 0,0:36:45.98,0:36:55.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like and several interpretation., everal\Nmodels would all be possible. So this is
Dialogue: 0,0:36:55.50,0:36:59.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kind of difficult. I'm just seeing a\Nquestionnaire that I may want to answer
Dialogue: 0,0:36:59.13,0:37:03.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right away. Within could is it possible to\Nverify if you have chosen created the
Dialogue: 0,0:37:03.67,0:37:09.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right building blocks, you know, the\Nbuilding blocks because of the genome? So
Dialogue: 0,0:37:09.38,0:37:14.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Gene tells you the order of amino acids\Nyou want to put after each other. So if
Dialogue: 0,0:37:14.54,0:37:21.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you started at the right point, the rest\Nwill also be like the correct atoms and
Dialogue: 0,0:37:21.84,0:37:26.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the correct connection. But how it like\Nthree dimensionally faults, you don't
Dialogue: 0,0:37:26.04,0:37:36.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,know. You have to make that on the\Ndensity. So it is possible to do it. You
Dialogue: 0,0:37:36.60,0:37:41.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have to write building blocks at hand.\NUsually if there are if there is like, you
Dialogue: 0,0:37:41.91,0:37:46.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,know, if a magnesium ion, for example, is\Nsitting there, the magnesium ion was not
Dialogue: 0,0:37:46.16,0:37:51.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in your genomic information. You just need\Nto know what you're doing to recognize
Dialogue: 0,0:37:51.25,0:37:58.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is a magnesium ion ore does this a\Ndiophosphate or something like this?
Dialogue: 0,0:37:58.19,0:38:06.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right. Going to answer the rest of the\Nquestions later. Molecular models need to
Dialogue: 0,0:38:06.49,0:38:11.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,be built by hand. This can lead to errors.\NThere a few automatic algorithms do work
Dialogue: 0,0:38:11.05,0:38:17.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,under favorable circumstances, but most of\Nthe stuff still has to happen by hand. As
Dialogue: 0,0:38:17.06,0:38:21.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of today, and I got my postdoc from like\Nholidays for 15 minutes today, and he gave
Dialogue: 0,0:38:21.55,0:38:25.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,new numbers. So we've got 1909 \Nmolecular structures
Dialogue: 0,0:38:25.50,0:38:31.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,today. New structures come out every\NWednesday. There are 1334 from X-ray
Dialogue: 0,0:38:31.73,0:38:36.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,crystallography. That's the thing. With\Nthe particle accelerator in Hamburg, I
Dialogue: 0,0:38:36.11,0:38:41.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thought, they have been measured at\Nsynchrotrons all over the world. Not only
Dialogue: 0,0:38:41.15,0:38:46.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hamburg, where BioNTech structures have\Nbeen measured, but also had SARS. There
Dialogue: 0,0:38:46.08,0:38:51.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have been large screens a diamond in Japan\Nand China at Sesamia, at Solemy, in
Dialogue: 0,0:38:51.89,0:38:57.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,America. Synchrotrons all over the world\Ncontributed to this. 35 from nuclear
Dialogue: 0,0:38:57.35,0:39:02.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,magnetic resonance, which is a little bit\Nof a niche method for this type of study.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:02.47,0:39:08.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And 566 from electron microscopy. \NSo 1909 molecular structures
Dialogue: 0,0:39:08.58,0:39:16.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of different states of 17\Nmacromolecules, 17 proteins from a total
Dialogue: 0,0:39:16.34,0:39:26.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of 28. So corona virus in total has 28\Ndifferent genes, 4 proteins. There are 28
Dialogue: 0,0:39:26.79,0:39:33.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,proteins. And we only structurally know 17\Nof them. And then we have like different
Dialogue: 0,0:39:33.08,0:39:37.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,versions of them, different ph, different\Ntemperatures, spike, head bit of spike
Dialogue: 0,0:39:37.12,0:39:47.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,head, spike head with antibody, things like\Nthat. So a 1900 data sets that's in total.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:47.26,0:39:51.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Errors and structures, as we've\Njust seen, can happen because fit between
Dialogue: 0,0:39:51.98,0:39:58.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the data and model is bad, because complete\Nautomation is not possible. Models are
Dialogue: 0,0:39:58.94,0:40:04.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,built manually expertize in many different\Nareas needed. You need to be good
Dialogue: 0,0:40:04.82,0:40:07.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,software. You need to have done all the\Nlab work. The measurement needs to be done
Dialogue: 0,0:40:07.82,0:40:12.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right. Processing needs to be made. You\Nneed to know your statistical validation.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:12.27,0:40:17.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You need to know your chemistry. You need\Nto know your biology. So it's really not
Dialogue: 0,0:40:17.18,0:40:22.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,easy and you need to know your 3D goggles\Nunless you get sick from them, in which
Dialogue: 0,0:40:22.23,0:40:27.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,case you can't use them. One of the major\Naspects of software, the methods you're
Dialogue: 0,0:40:27.72,0:40:35.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using and this is where we come in. Small\Nstructural errors can lead to big
Dialogue: 0,0:40:35.79,0:40:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,structural problems downstream. Imagine\Nthe bid was to remdesivir, the diphosphate
Dialogue: 0,0:40:41.00,0:40:45.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there, the fact that there was something\Nbound into that structure that was not
Dialogue: 0,0:40:45.98,0:40:51.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,really there. But the model had dose like\Nadditional free magnesium ions down the
Dialogue: 0,0:40:51.77,0:40:59.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,line, as I know from insiders, led to like\Nwaste of hundreds thousands of dollars
Dialogue: 0,0:40:59.81,0:41:05.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and many hours of work time in drug\Ndiscovery because they kind of like fed
Dialogue: 0,0:41:05.30,0:41:09.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this model in order to find a drug that\Nultimately never bound because of
Dialogue: 0,0:41:09.99,0:41:17.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,magnesium ion wasn't actually there. So\Nif we make small structures, that builds
Dialogue: 0,0:41:17.68,0:41:21.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,up hugely for the downstream applications\Nwhere they need these molecular
Dialogue: 0,0:41:21.60,0:41:31.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,structures. Errors are common. And now we\Nadd to this an ongoing pandemic. Right.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:31.28,0:41:35.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And her scientists are there to rescue\Ntoday. Lockdown happened, you're sitting
Dialogue: 0,0:41:35.72,0:41:41.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at home, there are no colleagues to help\Nyou. Your child is home schooling. The dog
Dialogue: 0,0:41:41.34,0:41:45.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wants to be fed, your grandma calls,\Nbecause she's worried and you've got to
Dialogue: 0,0:41:45.43,0:41:50.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,solve the spike structure on which lives\Nwill depend as fast as possible. Normally,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:50.94,0:41:54.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we take a year to five to solve a\Nstructure, and in the pandemic you only
Dialogue: 0,0:41:54.45,0:42:03.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,got three months. Of course, errors are\Ngoing to happen. So that's well, just a
Dialogue: 0,0:42:03.94,0:42:08.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,matter of fact. We've got to arrange\Nourselves with it. It's not the fault of
Dialogue: 0,0:42:08.78,0:42:14.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,individuals, it's how the whole thing\Nworks. It's such a complex process. Errors
Dialogue: 0,0:42:14.17,0:42:19.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are going to happen! Now in normal life my\Nteam and I methods developers and
Dialogue: 0,0:42:19.54,0:42:24.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,structural biology. We are the people, who\Ngive us the experimental techniques and
Dialogue: 0,0:42:24.59,0:42:30.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,software to solve their structures as best\Nas we and they can. We're not usually in
Dialogue: 0,0:42:30.67,0:42:36.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the in the stage like we're usually, you\Nknow. For every Nobel Prize, there have
Dialogue: 0,0:42:36.57,0:42:41.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,been like dozens of Nobel Prizes in\Nstructural biology has been methods
Dialogue: 0,0:42:41.11,0:42:45.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,developed in the background to develop the\Nmethods that made it possible to see, you
Dialogue: 0,0:42:45.06,0:42:49.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,know, the structure of the DNA double\Nhelix or structure of the ribosome, or the
Dialogue: 0,0:42:49.30,0:42:56.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,structure of the influenza virus. It's\Njust that normally we're just enablers.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:56.03,0:43:05.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, here was the pandemic and very\Nmany structures that had errors. So we did
Dialogue: 0,0:43:05.13,0:43:10.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what we needed to do. We came together as\Na relatively large team under my
Dialogue: 0,0:43:10.51,0:43:17.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,leadership, we are today 23 people, we\Npeaked at 27 last year from nine countries
Dialogue: 0,0:43:17.28,0:43:21.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to check an improve the molecular\Nstructures of SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:21.01,0:43:31.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So. We are methods developers, most of are\Nmethods developers, we are specialists in
Dialogue: 0,0:43:31.37,0:43:36.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,solving structures. We evaluate all the\Npublished Structures and Protein Data
Dialogue: 0,0:43:36.44,0:43:43.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Databank or PDB from SARS and SARS-\NCoV-2. We reprocess all of them and we
Dialogue: 0,0:43:43.62,0:43:49.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,remodel them, although not all are looked\Nat manually, because that would be just
Dialogue: 0,0:43:49.55,0:43:53.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,too much. We also do a scientific\Ndissemination, putting these structures
Dialogue: 0,0:43:53.31,0:43:58.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into context for people who want to start\Ndoing molecular research on corona virus.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:58.43,0:44:04.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we do public outreach. I'll give you a\Nquick insight into our pipeline because I
Dialogue: 0,0:44:04.68,0:44:10.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thought the software might be interesting\Nfor you. So every Wednesday come new
Dialogue: 0,0:44:10.04,0:44:14.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,entries of molecules in the protein\Ndatabank, which is, by the way, the World
Dialogue: 0,0:44:14.53,0:44:19.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Wide Protein Databank is an open, open\Nresource. Everyone in the world can
Dialogue: 0,0:44:19.04,0:44:23.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,download the new structures, and all the\Njournals require people who make new
Dialogue: 0,0:44:23.47,0:44:28.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,structures to put them there, which is\Nnice. I'm really privileged to be in a
Dialogue: 0,0:44:28.10,0:44:33.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,field where the data are public. We\Ncompared the new structures with the NCBI
Dialogue: 0,0:44:33.15,0:44:37.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,proteomics, so the genes from corona virus\Nto find the structures that belong to
Dialogue: 0,0:44:37.95,0:44:44.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,corona virus, put everything into an sql\Nmetha database. Then we calculate how
Dialogue: 0,0:44:44.11,0:44:48.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,different the structures are from the ones\Nwe already know. We look whether all
Dialogue: 0,0:44:48.53,0:44:52.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,measurement data available, so we have a\Nbig problem of not all measurement data
Dialogue: 0,0:44:52.48,0:44:58.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,being published. I hope we are going to be\Nlike astronomy one day, where everything
Dialogue: 0,0:44:58.64,0:45:06.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gets published. I am sitting in the some\NGerman cometies to that end STIKO AM which
Dialogue: 0,0:45:06.44,0:45:11.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a very new hub. And then we run a\Nnumber of specialized programs which all
Dialogue: 0,0:45:11.06,0:45:16.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,do validation and put the results on\NGitHub immediately. On Thursday, at the
Dialogue: 0,0:45:16.35,0:45:22.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,latest, researchers can find our elevation,\Nremodeling and the quality indication for
Dialogue: 0,0:45:22.16,0:45:28.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the structure everything, that can be done\Nautomatically online. We then, for some
Dialogue: 0,0:45:28.77,0:45:33.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,structures, manually rebuilt them, so we\Nactively look weathered our problems, that
Dialogue: 0,0:45:33.97,0:45:38.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was, for example, the case with the\Nremdesivir structure. We tried to do this
Dialogue: 0,0:45:38.20,0:45:42.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for those structures that we think drug\Ndesigners will use the most or that are
Dialogue: 0,0:45:42.50,0:45:47.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,really important. And when we find errors,\Nwe contact our original office first and
Dialogue: 0,0:45:47.91,0:45:55.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tell them we found an error here is the\Ncorrected structure. Use our data, you
Dialogue: 0,0:45:55.12,0:46:00.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,don't need to cite us, just correct your\Nstructure in the database, please. This
Dialogue: 0,0:46:00.93,0:46:05.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,means we won't get credit, but I meant\Nthat at the beginning of the pandemic,
Dialogue: 0,0:46:05.27,0:46:11.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people were adjusting their structures\Nalready when the preprint was out, so
Dialogue: 0,0:46:11.28,0:46:15.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there would not be problems downstream.\NAnd I have often been asked I would like
Dialogue: 0,0:46:15.42,0:46:20.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to like this again. That was really like\Nwhy people accepted our corrections,
Dialogue: 0,0:46:20.79,0:46:25.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they didn't need to give anyone\Ncredit. They could just like change them.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:25.54,0:46:30.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the database is also online, so\Neveryone from the Philippines to the U.S.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:30.23,0:46:34.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can just use them, whether it's like a\Ncommercial person or a taxpayer, or a
Dialogue: 0,0:46:34.94,0:46:40.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,private person research institution, a\Nfoundation, everyone can use our data.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:40.56,0:46:44.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're just online there for everyone,\Nand we only ask them to give us credit in
Dialogue: 0,0:46:44.31,0:46:51.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the form of a reference citation. We\Ndisseminate the data via GitHub via
Dialogue: 0,0:46:51.11,0:46:57.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Twitter. 3D bio notes, which is a three\Ndimensional database linking directly into
Dialogue: 0,0:46:57.19,0:47:06.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our database, we contact the offers. We\Nalso have entries in Proteopedia. Molprobity,
Dialogue: 0,0:47:06.64,0:47:11.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is a virtual bioinformatics\Ninstitute, links directly into our
Dialogue: 0,0:47:11.45,0:47:15.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,database. So they're always like up to\Ndate showing what we are doing. We have a
Dialogue: 0,0:47:15.10,0:47:20.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,homepage and we do reviews. There's a lot\Nof downstream users. The biggest ones are
Dialogue: 0,0:47:20.44,0:47:29.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the EU Jedi Grand Challenge folding at\Nhome, which peaked out in July last year.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:29.31,0:47:36.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think a 2.4 xTFLOPs computing power for\Nmolecular simulations and used in the
Dialogue: 0,0:47:36.81,0:47:43.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,majority our models to start from. And\Nalso very big is IBM open pandemics. But
Dialogue: 0,0:47:43.83,0:47:47.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are a number of others, plus many\Nindividual apps. So we found a great new
Dialogue: 0,0:47:47.99,0:47:55.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,many friends. Here is our homepage, that's\Nwhere you can find it. There's also an
Dialogue: 0,0:47:55.47,0:48:01.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,English version, you can find blog posts\Nfor the public and for scientists. And in
Dialogue: 0,0:48:01.49,0:48:07.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the end, I would like to talk for like\Nfive minutes about daily life in ritual
Dialogue: 0,0:48:07.02,0:48:14.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mobility. So my team is over 20 people\Nfrom nine to ... we cover nine time zones,
Dialogue: 0,0:48:14.53,0:48:21.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right? Where nine hours time shift apart.\NAnd we had several lockdowns. So.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:21.52,0:48:26.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Actually, the majority of people in the\Ntask force, about half of them don't work
Dialogue: 0,0:48:26.84,0:48:31.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for me. They are volunteering their\Nresearchers elsewhere that volunteer to be
Dialogue: 0,0:48:31.58,0:48:36.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a part of this effort. And there are many\Npeople in the task force who have never
Dialogue: 0,0:48:36.35,0:48:43.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like personally met. So how do you make\Ngroup coherence if you are working for 20
Dialogue: 0,0:48:43.99,0:48:49.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,months or 22 months by now in an\Nenvironment like this, right? We founded
Dialogue: 0,0:48:49.45,0:48:56.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ourselves in March 2020 as a chat group\Ncalled the Coronavirus Structural Task
Dialogue: 0,0:48:56.02,0:49:02.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Force, which was a job back then. It\Ndidn't remain a joke. But that's how life
Dialogue: 0,0:49:02.84,0:49:08.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,plays. We have everyday Zoom meetings at\N10 o'clock, one time per week in the
Dialogue: 0,0:49:08.40,0:49:14.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,afternoon. So do people from Oregon can\Njoin us. We do a lot of like media
Dialogue: 0,0:49:14.70,0:49:20.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,outreach in international and German\Nmedia. We've been like on nano and Terra X
Dialogue: 0,0:49:20.44,0:49:24.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Planet E, we've been in breakfast\Ntelevision. That was a particularly
Dialogue: 0,0:49:24.60,0:49:30.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,interesting experience. My email got link\Nto Querdenker and I got a few very
Dialogue: 0,0:49:30.07,0:49:34.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,interesting email exchanges. I also must\Nsay I never got insulted or frightened by
Dialogue: 0,0:49:34.58,0:49:41.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,anyone, so I just discussed with them and\Nit worked out. And I'm happy because like
Dialogue: 0,0:49:41.59,0:49:49.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I understood, like how, what the theories\Nare, and that was very interesting. Keep
Dialogue: 0,0:49:49.41,0:49:53.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the media also like to write about my\Nhair, my eyes, blah blah blah on these
Dialogue: 0,0:49:53.68,0:49:58.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,things. I just want to note that Streeck\Nis about my age, and Drosten is only nine
Dialogue: 0,0:49:58.44,0:50:05.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,years older than me. So really? OK,\Nwhatever. Most importantly, they're
Dialogue: 0,0:50:05.98,0:50:11.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,talking about our research. We also did a\Nlot of social media. I got a Twitter
Dialogue: 0,0:50:11.30,0:50:15.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,account. Everyone else did as well. You\Ncan watch us work on Twitch if you're
Dialogue: 0,0:50:15.88,0:50:18.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,interested. We found that people find it\Nsoothing to see us modeling these
Dialogue: 0,0:50:18.93,0:50:23.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,structures. I was requested to make\Nstickers for the team as soon as we got a
Dialogue: 0,0:50:23.52,0:50:28.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,grant and we got funded by the Federal\NMinistry for Research and Education in
Dialogue: 0,0:50:28.72,0:50:34.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,2020. We have a YouTube channel where you\Ncan, for example, see the entry animation
Dialogue: 0,0:50:34.13,0:50:40.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the students brought a cactus, which\Nis called Corina the Corona Cactus. I
Dialogue: 0,0:50:40.51,0:50:47.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,know. It looked like we had fun, and we\Ndid. I can tell you being caught, you
Dialogue: 0,0:50:47.47,0:50:55.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,know, being at home, having to care for\Nyour children. Having people dying. Having
Dialogue: 0,0:50:55.12,0:50:59.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an ongoing pandemic, knowing that I 'd be\Nmore open pandemics is going to spend
Dialogue: 0,0:50:59.88,0:51:04.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,another million based on your research.\NAnd also that ZDF wants to talk to you and
Dialogue: 0,0:51:04.59,0:51:09.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Berliner Abendblatt. This is so\Nstressful! Think about all the
Dialogue: 0,0:51:09.98,0:51:15.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,responsibility we had, and it was really\Nterrible for us, so we needed to cheer up
Dialogue: 0,0:51:15.35,0:51:19.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,every here and then, the whole group kind\Nof like grew together and we all became
Dialogue: 0,0:51:19.100,0:51:25.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,friends. This was unheard. For us, it was\Nvery uncommon as researchers. Typically,
Dialogue: 0,0:51:25.100,0:51:29.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our behavior with each other is much more\Nformal than their behavior and this group
Dialogue: 0,0:51:29.03,0:51:35.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was. But these were like exceptional\Ntimes, and we wanted to fight the pandemic
Dialogue: 0,0:51:35.88,0:51:40.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and inform the public. That's what we were\Nthere for and was not so much about
Dialogue: 0,0:51:40.64,0:51:49.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,personal gain. And that was nice. We have\Na group chat. You know, I mean, I'm
Dialogue: 0,0:51:49.34,0:51:53.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,talking to right audience, right? We have\Na group chat. Do you know what that looks
Dialogue: 0,0:51:53.29,0:51:57.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like? Let me tell you. Typically,\Nprofessors don't communicate with this.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:57.76,0:52:05.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have a virtual, Oh, we have a\Nvirtual space. We hope to change to work
Dialogue: 0,0:52:05.87,0:52:13.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,adventure soon. We all want to play games\Nin the evening occasionally with the
Dialogue: 0,0:52:13.13,0:52:17.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,group, so we do some team building\Nefforts. When people can meet in person,
Dialogue: 0,0:52:17.96,0:52:22.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they usually do and sometimes they go and\Ntravel and like, meet each other. But this
Dialogue: 0,0:52:22.54,0:52:31.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has been very limited. And we did grow\Ntogether as a network, that will be there
Dialogue: 0,0:52:31.08,0:52:37.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after the pandemic, so we are 25 people\Nall over the planet that did this
Dialogue: 0,0:52:37.39,0:52:43.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,together. And even if we wouldn't have\Nmade any difference against the virus, I
Dialogue: 0,0:52:43.98,0:52:49.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would still be happy to have done it for\Nthe friendships I made. However, we did
Dialogue: 0,0:52:49.89,0:52:54.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,make a dent. We don't quite know how big\Nit is because our science was open science
Dialogue: 0,0:52:54.91,0:53:00.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the results could be gotten by\Neveryone without reference. But we know a
Dialogue: 0,0:53:00.51,0:53:07.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,few things wouldn't have happened without\Nus. And I'm. Deeply grateful for having
Dialogue: 0,0:53:07.70,0:53:17.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had a purpose during this pandemic. In the\Nend, I have a little bit of a more serious
Dialogue: 0,0:53:17.74,0:53:27.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,topic. My contract is going to run out in\NMay. I think it's going to be prolonged.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:27.10,0:53:35.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When it will, I'll be signing my 14 work\Ncontract since 2008. 14, like I had 13
Dialogue: 0,0:53:35.63,0:53:43.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,year contracts already out of all my task\Nforce members, there is only one holding a
Dialogue: 0,0:53:43.62,0:53:50.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,permanent position and two which are\Nretired. Everyone else, including six
Dialogue: 0,0:53:50.85,0:53:56.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people whose contract is going to run out\Nnext year, are on temporary contracts and
Dialogue: 0,0:53:56.99,0:54:02.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not students. Students are extra. That the\Nstudents are on time limited contracts is
Dialogue: 0,0:54:02.14,0:54:08.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK, but Germany's got a problem. 84\Npercent of academics in German
Dialogue: 0,0:54:08.38,0:54:17.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,universities are on time limited\Ncontracts. So are we. Only one task force
Dialogue: 0,0:54:17.53,0:54:22.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,member has was a permanent position\Nsigned, and that's not me. And this is not
Dialogue: 0,0:54:22.78,0:54:27.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so much on my behalf, because I'm going to\Nfind my way through life. Look at all the
Dialogue: 0,0:54:27.44,0:54:32.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,exposure I had, but there are people out\Nthere who are single moms and dads, who
Dialogue: 0,0:54:32.38,0:54:36.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,come from less privileged backgrounds or\Nhad a harder life and who can just not
Dialogue: 0,0:54:36.77,0:54:44.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,afford to be on one year contracts all the\Ntime while holding a Ph.D.. We're losing
Dialogue: 0,0:54:44.74,0:54:48.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all these bright people and I'm seeing\Nthem right. They leave my institute and
Dialogue: 0,0:54:48.92,0:54:52.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they go to industry. And then the\Nuniversities complain that they're not
Dialogue: 0,0:54:52.76,0:55:00.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,competitive. We need to change the system.\NWe need to have more permanent positions
Dialogue: 0,0:55:00.70,0:55:07.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in science. I promise we won't perform\Nworse, if you give us permanent contracts.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:07.31,0:55:16.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We love what we are doing. So back to the\Ncorona topic. In order to understand the
Dialogue: 0,0:55:16.99,0:55:22.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,virus and its life cycle, we need to\Nunderstand its molecular biology. This
Dialogue: 0,0:55:22.03,0:55:27.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will help with the design of therapeutics.\NWe evaluated these molecular structures
Dialogue: 0,0:55:27.76,0:55:32.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a bespoke pipeline, an expert\Nknowledge provided context and reached out
Dialogue: 0,0:55:32.87,0:55:37.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the taxpayer and the general public to\Ninform them. We also wrote a paper
Dialogue: 0,0:55:37.97,0:55:43.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,together with long off a list making the\Ninvisible enemy visible, which is our
Dialogue: 0,0:55:43.40,0:55:49.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,motto. And as we started this all with\Nquestions, I'm going to end with
Dialogue: 0,0:55:49.13,0:55:55.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,questions. Structural biology remains\Ndifficult. What can we learn from our
Dialogue: 0,0:55:55.24,0:56:01.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,findings? Should we, as a scientists\Ncommunity, change our attitudes towards
Dialogue: 0,0:56:01.50,0:56:10.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,errors? Should this serve as a model for\Nother projects, cannot serve as a model
Dialogue: 0,0:56:10.64,0:56:14.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for other projects? I hadn't thought about\Nthis, but a nature editor asked me when I
Dialogue: 0,0:56:14.40,0:56:18.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was writing a comment whether we believe\Nthat science should always be like this?
Dialogue: 0,0:56:18.81,0:56:23.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My God, that would be awesome. I would\Ntotally be up for it if science would
Dialogue: 0,0:56:23.46,0:56:27.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,always be like this! Come together with a\Nbunch of friends, but without funding!
Dialogue: 0,0:56:27.01,0:56:32.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Start doing something to, you know, fight\Na global pandemic, then get some funding.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:32.21,0:56:39.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Still, having like no senior people on a\Nproject. Can open science compete? I don't
Dialogue: 0,0:56:39.49,0:56:49.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,know. We get pretty little credit. It\Nwould, definitely. OK, science compete. I
Dialogue: 0,0:56:49.10,0:56:53.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,don't know, it doesn't quite look like it\Nstill getting measured only by the
Dialogue: 0,0:56:53.29,0:56:58.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,citations my paper gets. And well, at\Nleast a paper is not behind a paywall, but
Dialogue: 0,0:56:58.98,0:57:02.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we would have published all our stuff\Nin like papers would possibly get more
Dialogue: 0,0:57:02.80,0:57:09.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,credit. I really don't know, but we need\Nto work on this. If we want science, we
Dialogue: 0,0:57:09.37,0:57:16.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,need to change how people are rewarded.\NHow senior they really need to be. I'm 39.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:16.70,0:57:22.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It seems I'm called a junior group leader.\NAll of us are young. The youngest is 24.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:22.20,0:57:26.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's writing our first Alpha article about\Na corona virus protein. I feel that the
Dialogue: 0,0:57:26.86,0:57:31.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,German academic system and all over the\Nworld, actually you need to be older and
Dialogue: 0,0:57:31.26,0:57:37.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,older to become a professor and be\Npermanent and be like a grant holder. I
Dialogue: 0,0:57:37.12,0:57:41.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,don't think it's necessary, I think that\Nprofessors could be 30 and the world
Dialogue: 0,0:57:41.18,0:57:49.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wouldn't, you know, like, go down. Well,\Nwhat will change in science after a
Dialogue: 0,0:57:49.03,0:57:54.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pandemic? We had like large exposure. It\Ncertainly will also have to do with like
Dialogue: 0,0:57:54.29,0:57:58.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,questions like did the virus now come from\Nan app or didn't it? That, you know, would
Dialogue: 0,0:57:58.58,0:58:03.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,change how people view science, I'm sure.\NHow will scientists be viewed by the
Dialogue: 0,0:58:03.72,0:58:08.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,public? Right. Right now, of course, you\Nknow, mom and dad are very proud, but.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:08.96,0:58:14.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's going to change? Are we going to\Nstill be the bad guys because we often
Dialogue: 0,0:58:14.12,0:58:19.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are. But I'm like general, exclusively\Ntaxpayer funded. I never took any money
Dialogue: 0,0:58:19.18,0:58:23.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the pharmaceutical industry. I have\Nlike, you know, no stakes in this game.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:23.52,0:58:31.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm just like earning tax money, so I\Nfeel that, there is a whole complex of
Dialogue: 0,0:58:31.96,0:58:35.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,difficult things there, how people regard\Nscience, but definitely the pandemic is
Dialogue: 0,0:58:35.42,0:58:40.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,going to change, how science is going to\Nbe viewed. What's that going to be?
Dialogue: 0,0:58:40.08,0:58:48.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}Exspiration{\i0} In the end. I'd like to\Nthank all the task force members and all
Dialogue: 0,0:58:48.40,0:58:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our collaboration partners and our\Nscientific fairy godmother, Alvin Pearson,
Dialogue: 0,0:58:54.00,0:58:59.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who had little role in this research but\Nmuch role in our mentorship and bringing
Dialogue: 0,0:58:59.10,0:59:04.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,us forward. My home, the University of\NHamburg, the Coronavirus Structural
Dialogue: 0,0:59:04.30,0:59:08.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Taskforce, our we are funded by the\NDeutsches Officials Command Trust and the
Dialogue: 0,0:59:08.50,0:59:13.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Federal Ministry for Research and\NEducation. I would like to point out that
Dialogue: 0,0:59:13.70,0:59:19.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we are looking for student assistance, not\Nonly for scientific work, but also for
Dialogue: 0,0:59:19.13,0:59:25.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,social media video and programing work and\N3D printing. So if you know anyone who's
Dialogue: 0,0:59:25.43,0:59:30.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,interested, please point him in my\Ndirection. My email is there. We are also
Dialogue: 0,0:59:30.71,0:59:36.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,offering Bachelor, Master and Ph.D. thesis\Nin areas that cover both Lab work and
Dialogue: 0,0:59:36.22,0:59:43.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,computer work, which is a rare thing these\Ndays. You can find us on YouTube and the
Dialogue: 0,0:59:43.69,0:59:50.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,internet and on Twitter and. I'm looking\Nforward to the discussion. And thanks for
Dialogue: 0,0:59:50.99,0:59:53.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,listening.\Nmelzai_a: You write it, so.{\i1}laughing{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:59:53.55,0:59:57.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Andrea: I just brought it up, must have\NbmbF because I'm now sitting on the screen
Dialogue: 0,0:59:57.66,1:00:01.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on dislike committees more and more, I'm\Nreaching an age where I'm sitting on
Dialogue: 0,1:00:01.52,1:00:05.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,committees and I told them legacy software\Nis a problem.
Dialogue: 0,1:00:05.36,1:00:07.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,melzai_a: It's a real.big problem.\NAndrea: You know, it's very troubling that
Dialogue: 0,1:00:07.90,1:00:12.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the software is written in Fortran. Not\Nevery second Linus go to, so it's written
Dialogue: 0,1:00:12.83,1:00:17.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like assembler. No one knows what's in\Nthere anymore. And if a person dies, we're
Dialogue: 0,1:00:17.93,1:00:21.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not going to be able to do anything about\Nthe algorithms. They're just going to be
Dialogue: 0,1:00:21.53,1:00:24.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lost.\Nmelzai_a: Exactly. And they are. So you
Dialogue: 0,1:00:24.81,1:00:28.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have to first influence to grant writing\Ninstitutes that there are grants out so
Dialogue: 0,1:00:28.46,1:00:32.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that this software can read is reversed.\NAnd this software is not easy. So that's
Dialogue: 0,1:00:32.85,1:00:36.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not your typical web page, so you need to\Nwork together in such groups. And so it's
Dialogue: 0,1:00:36.65,1:00:41.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a very interesting piece of the problem, I\Nhave to say. So sadly, as a PhD student went,
Dialogue: 0,1:00:41.72,1:00:45.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we weren't we were looking into this for\Nthe second. Ah.. This is too big of a cake
Dialogue: 0,1:00:45.63,1:00:49.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to eat. {\i1}laughing{\i0} It was very\Ninteresting. So I can also this and you
Dialogue: 0,1:00:49.99,1:00:53.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let you do it. The nudel tool suite, and\Nthat's also only maintained by, I think,
Dialogue: 0,1:00:53.63,1:01:00.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,three people also. So even that one, it's\Nwith many more. It's still not good. So
Dialogue: 0,1:01:00.74,1:01:05.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just my sense of that one.\NAndrea: So I brought my Ph.D. thesis. I
Dialogue: 0,1:01:05.90,1:01:08.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,worked on chalex?? and that faces similar\Nproblems.
Dialogue: 0,1:01:08.33,1:01:15.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,melzai_a: Yeah, it's it's just used in the\Nentire world to solve every small molecule
Dialogue: 0,1:01:15.32,1:01:20.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,structure. There is more or less it was\Nlike, Yeah, so questions were the
Dialogue: 0,1:01:20.36,1:01:25.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,questions. Frankly, we ain't got a first\Nquestion, I think around 20 or 30 minutes
Dialogue: 0,1:01:25.44,1:01:30.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ago, if we yeah, that's that's why that\Nwas so great as a signal angel, she's
Dialogue: 0,1:01:30.27,1:01:34.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,picking up all of these points. And so the\Nfirst question was how do the virus
Dialogue: 0,1:01:34.97,1:01:37.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,variants affect the shape or form of the\Nvirus?
Dialogue: 0,1:01:37.40,1:01:44.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Andrea: I think they so no matter like,\NOK, this is the old model as we know, then
Dialogue: 0,1:01:44.33,1:01:48.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there should be fewer spikes and should be\Na bit smaller. But nothing would change on
Dialogue: 0,1:01:48.69,1:01:54.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this view, like the scale is way too\Nlarge. The mutations each change about 10
Dialogue: 0,1:01:54.92,1:02:01.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,atoms, so every like amino acid at this\Ndifferent, it's about 10 atoms. And those
Dialogue: 0,1:02:01.10,1:02:06.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,changes would be so small you could not\Nsee them on the virus model. You'd
Dialogue: 0,1:02:06.42,1:02:10.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually need to look at the head of the\Nspike in order to see the mutation and
Dialogue: 0,1:02:10.24,1:02:16.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what it actually does. So the changes are\Ntoo small to show them in the model. That
Dialogue: 0,1:02:16.08,1:02:20.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doesn't mean they're not meaningful. So as\Nyou've seen, like the head of the spike
Dialogue: 0,1:02:20.50,1:02:28.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,binds to the host, to the host cell, to\NACE2 receptor, and that binding is highly
Dialogue: 0,1:02:28.08,1:02:35.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,influenced by this by the mutations. Now\Nwe found that we may end up lucky because
Dialogue: 0,1:02:35.92,1:02:41.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the same paths were to antibody as binding\Nis also the piece that binds to the host
Dialogue: 0,1:02:41.73,1:02:47.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cell. So everything that would mate\Ndespite change in a way that the antibody
Dialogue: 0,1:02:47.38,1:02:55.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,couldn't bind any more to it. For its head\Nwould have also changed how it bound to
Dialogue: 0,1:02:55.17,1:03:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the host cell. However, it seems that\NOmicron is still able to bind human cells
Dialogue: 0,1:03:03.00,1:03:08.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very efficiently, while antibodies cannot\Nrecognize it so easily. That may have to
Dialogue: 0,1:03:08.78,1:03:13.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,do with like this finger's actually like\Npacked and you could imagine like putting
Dialogue: 0,1:03:13.10,1:03:17.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cotton wool around it. That's called\Nglycosylation. It's got long sugar changes
Dialogue: 0,1:03:17.100,1:03:22.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are rule, and they're there to\Nobscure the immune system, like the
Dialogue: 0,1:03:22.84,1:03:27.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,antibody goes like orders, wool. I can't\Nreally find where I'm on to bind. Is it
Dialogue: 0,1:03:27.53,1:03:34.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here? I don't know. And that's changed in\NOmicron, but it's not fully understand
Dialogue: 0,1:03:34.21,1:03:40.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,yet. I saw there was a new structure this\Nweek, but I haven't looked at it yet.
Dialogue: 0,1:03:40.52,1:03:44.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, the changes are too small to show\Nit in the virus model. They're like really
Dialogue: 0,1:03:44.53,1:03:50.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tiny changes. And another change that\Nhappens in Omicron as well is the
Dialogue: 0,1:03:50.82,1:03:56.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,proofreading mechanism. When the RNA is\Ncopied is like damaged and we think it's
Dialogue: 0,1:03:56.80,1:04:01.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,damaged. So their so-called eNd RNA, which\Nis a proofreading protein, its sharp is
Dialogue: 0,1:04:01.87,1:04:06.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like to go like a star and correct? Yes,\Ncorrect, correct. Correct. That seems to
Dialogue: 0,1:04:06.63,1:04:10.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,be a little bit broken. So it could be\Nthat Omicron is accumulating so many
Dialogue: 0,1:04:10.96,1:04:17.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mutations because it's RNA copy machine.\NIt's like not working as it should is
Dialogue: 0,1:04:17.23,1:04:21.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,basically not proofreading. That would\Nmean that more viruses are produced that
Dialogue: 0,1:04:21.63,1:04:26.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are not viable and cannot survive. But it\Nwould also mean that it mutates much
Dialogue: 0,1:04:26.55,1:04:32.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,faster, and we think that may have an\Ninfluence. But that's just theory. So far
Dialogue: 0,1:04:32.01,1:04:36.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this hypothesis, we haven't proven it yet.\NSo this is why I haven't tweeted about it
Dialogue: 0,1:04:36.80,1:04:42.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,yet, because it's just a theory, but it\Nwould make sense, right?
Dialogue: 0,1:04:42.06,1:04:46.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,melzai_a: Connected to that, I would have\Na question the ice receptor of small children
Dialogue: 0,1:04:46.40,1:04:51.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a little bit different than that one\Nof the adults to you do know about that
Dialogue: 0,1:04:51.34,1:04:56.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because all the concern to what's more,\Nthe smaller children are the defense.
Dialogue: 0,1:04:56.05,1:05:01.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Andrea: I can't. I have read that, but I\Nhaven't looked into it properly. So I'm
Dialogue: 0,1:05:01.50,1:05:06.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm afraid I'm not going to answer this\Nquestion because I feel I would rather not
Dialogue: 0,1:05:06.25,1:05:08.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,say anything about it than say something\Nthat's wrong especially.
Dialogue: 0,1:05:08.32,1:05:11.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,melzai_a: Well. We're looking forward to\Nthe secretary's right in the public PDB so
Dialogue: 0,1:05:11.84,1:05:19.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that everybody can look at them and.\NAndrea: Know we live in an age of
Dialogue: 0,1:05:19.10,1:05:23.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,preprint, and very often the PDB papers\Nare there when a preprint comes out, which
Dialogue: 0,1:05:23.08,1:05:28.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is how we called so many errors, right?\NThey published a preprint, they put out a
Dialogue: 0,1:05:28.08,1:05:32.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,structure. We went like, there's errors in\Nthe structures. And then when they
Dialogue: 0,1:05:32.35,1:05:34.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,published actual paper, everything was\Ncorrected.
Dialogue: 0,1:05:34.88,1:05:39.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,melzai_a: And she's agreed that believe\Nthe changes, I think are checked on the
Dialogue: 0,1:05:39.38,1:05:42.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,PDB.\Nmelzai_a: This is, in fact, because yes,
Dialogue: 0,1:05:42.62,1:05:45.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's that's what IT people like\Nbecause then that, you know, there's a
Dialogue: 0,1:05:45.80,1:05:52.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,history is very important. And there's a\Nsecond question and it goes towards the
Dialogue: 0,1:05:52.08,1:05:54.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tools that I use to simulate those\Nmolecules.
Dialogue: 0,1:05:54.12,1:05:59.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Andrea: Wait, wait, wait, wait. I have a\Nfollow up to this: thing that I would
Dialogue: 0,1:05:59.36,1:06:03.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,really like to see, but it hasn't happened\Nyet. The PDB is a very static repository
Dialogue: 0,1:06:03.89,1:06:09.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where only original offers are allowed to\Nchange their structures. Now, imagine if
Dialogue: 0,1:06:09.23,1:06:14.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the protein data bank would be like GitHub\Nwith pull requests. We could go like, go
Dialogue: 0,1:06:14.86,1:06:18.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like, changed the molecule around. Go\Nlike, no, it's a better fit to your data.
Dialogue: 0,1:06:18.79,1:06:22.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Please pull.\NHerald: That would be a very subversive
Dialogue: 0,1:06:22.98,1:06:26.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,proposition. I would say.\NAndrea: Yeah, wouldn't that be nice? I'm
Dialogue: 0,1:06:26.26,1:06:31.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like, Why aren't we doing this? It's like\Nthe system is already there. It happens
Dialogue: 0,1:06:31.32,1:06:35.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we have like repositories for a while\Nin software development. We could do the
Dialogue: 0,1:06:35.77,1:06:44.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,same thing with models fitted to our\Nexperimental data. But I think I need to
Dialogue: 0,1:06:44.05,1:06:47.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,go into more committees.\Nmelzai_a: Yeah, it sounds like this. I
Dialogue: 0,1:06:47.100,1:06:53.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would agree for that proposal. There was a\Nperson that was asking about the toolsset
Dialogue: 0,1:06:53.84,1:06:58.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you would use to simulate those\Nmolecules and structures and so on. And if
Dialogue: 0,1:06:58.54,1:07:03.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you then create these more usable pictures\Nfor the public, how do you balance
Dialogue: 0,1:07:03.60,1:07:08.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,artist's impression simplified models and while keeping the scientific truth as
Dialogue: 0,1:07:08.45,1:07:14.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,much as well as possible.\NAndrea: The question you don't need the
Dialogue: 0,1:07:14.16,1:07:17.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,public even to have this problem. You have\Nit already when you make pictures
Dialogue: 0,1:07:17.72,1:07:21.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,scientifically. Because sometimes you want\Nto show our certain aspects of a molecule
Dialogue: 0,1:07:21.59,1:07:26.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very clearly, which means you have to cut\Naway, for example, a part of the molecule.
Dialogue: 0,1:07:26.63,1:07:30.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So one answer to this is the program that\Ndoes. The modeling is not a program that
Dialogue: 0,1:07:30.98,1:07:35.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you use to make the pictures. That's the\Nfirst thing you do. So you make your model
Dialogue: 0,1:07:35.33,1:07:38.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with one program and then you take all the\Ncoordinates of the atoms and you throw
Dialogue: 0,1:07:38.81,1:07:44.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,them into a professional rendering program\Nthat like, we'll do it all pretty. But you
Dialogue: 0,1:07:44.57,1:07:48.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,still have to make an executive decision\Non what to show in your graphics, in your
Dialogue: 0,1:07:48.93,1:07:56.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,paper. And I think that in particular,\Nstructural biologists, who deal with three
Dialogue: 0,1:07:56.80,1:08:01.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dimensional and two-dimensional pictures,\Nwe would do very well to think a lot more
Dialogue: 0,1:08:01.33,1:08:07.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about scientific illustration. So all my\Nteam likes thinking about these things,
Dialogue: 0,1:08:07.77,1:08:12.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is, I think, how we got where we are\Nnow, right? They actually like stuff like
Dialogue: 0,1:08:12.46,1:08:17.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this. They go like, Oh, we can print it 3D\Nand we can put a magnet on it and it's
Dialogue: 0,1:08:17.89,1:08:21.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,going to stick. But it turns out that\Nscientists also need these tools to
Dialogue: 0,1:08:21.98,1:08:26.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,understand what's going on. It's like\Nactually having a 3D model helps you so
Dialogue: 0,1:08:26.83,1:08:32.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,much with thinking about things. Crick and\NWatson. They build a model of their DNA in
Dialogue: 0,1:08:32.42,1:08:37.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,metal for a reason. Because we're looking\Nat three dimensional things, making them
Dialogue: 0,1:08:37.16,1:08:43.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like understandable with our hands. So\Nyes, as a good researcher, you're not only
Dialogue: 0,1:08:43.56,1:08:48.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,able to explain your research to the\Ncleaning woman, you should also be able to
Dialogue: 0,1:08:48.74,1:08:53.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,visualize it properly. And it's part of\Nthe art. If you are a structural biologist
Dialogue: 0,1:08:53.29,1:08:58.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you're not able to make good pictures\Nof your molecules, you're not a good
Dialogue: 0,1:08:58.31,1:09:02.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,structural biologist. End of story. You're\Nin the wrong discipline, you should have
Dialogue: 0,1:09:02.24,1:09:05.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,possibly chosen something where you need\Nless graphics.
Dialogue: 0,1:09:05.36,1:09:12.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,melzai_a: And I think one of your industry\Ndoes is actually a of biologist by
Dialogue: 0,1:09:12.07,1:09:17.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,training. Right? I think you've got...\NAndrea: Tomasello is a proper biologist.
Dialogue: 0,1:09:17.70,1:09:25.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thomas Splettstössersplit shrews as a prop about like a\NPh.D. in bioinformatics and Janet Erosa,
Dialogue: 0,1:09:25.59,1:09:32.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and LiU are both scientists who are having\Na group that only deals with illustration.
Dialogue: 0,1:09:32.57,1:09:36.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's actually in science. We have\Nseveral groups in the world and structural
Dialogue: 0,1:09:36.46,1:09:41.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,biology who only do illustration as\Nscience. So David Goodsell with his
Dialogue: 0,1:09:41.69,1:09:48.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,watercolors, is very well known, but Janet\NErosa is another one. So actually making
Dialogue: 0,1:09:48.18,1:09:54.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these animations and pictures is so\Ncomplicated that television can't do it.
Dialogue: 0,1:09:54.88,1:10:00.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the ZDF made a series of animations,\Nso they made very nice ones for Planet E
Dialogue: 0,1:10:00.48,1:10:06.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rizzo and Nano with us. But then they\Nasked my expertize to make another
Dialogue: 0,1:10:06.09,1:10:11.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,animation. And they only had like a call\Nwith us, and they never came back and then
Dialogue: 0,1:10:11.43,1:10:18.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,published a completely wrong animation of\Nthe entire viral mechanism under my name.
Dialogue: 0,1:10:18.63,1:10:24.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'm still sad every time I see it\Nthree times a day. Heute Journal shows a
Dialogue: 0,1:10:24.69,1:10:29.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wrong structure of the virus for which\Nthey claim that I helped them make it, and
Dialogue: 0,1:10:29.47,1:10:34.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I wrote to them and told them, Your\Ndepiction of the virus is wrong. I can
Dialogue: 0,1:10:34.53,1:10:43.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,help you make a new one. But it seems that\Nit's 2. deutsche Fernsehen der heute Journal at least didn't
Dialogue: 0,1:10:43.20,1:10:49.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,care on. I guess they think it's not\Nimportant enough, but I think with a
Dialogue: 0,1:10:49.83,1:10:55.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,threat like this where we really cannot\Nsee the virus, it is important to bring to
Dialogue: 0,1:10:55.05,1:11:00.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the public the best possible depiction we\Ncan deliver. Sometimes, however, as I
Dialogue: 0,1:11:00.68,1:11:05.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,said, you omit certain aspects, for\Nexample, to show the effects of a mutation
Dialogue: 0,1:11:05.01,1:11:12.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,yet only showed a side of the mutation.\NYou don't show all the atoms. But. That's
Dialogue: 0,1:11:12.62,1:11:15.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,really an important part of what we are\Ndoing. Like pointing out the important
Dialogue: 0,1:11:15.83,1:11:18.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bits of ...\Nmelzai_a: Scientific information is so
Dialogue: 0,1:11:18.13,1:11:23.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,important, I think we have one final\Nquestion, which I would say comes out
Dialogue: 0,1:11:23.90,1:11:30.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,comes towards the direction of the immune\Nsystem. And the question would be can you
Dialogue: 0,1:11:30.46,1:11:35.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can you define vaccine on purpose so that\Nthe immune system can forget how to
Dialogue: 0,1:11:35.95,1:11:39.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,produce the antibodies after a defined\Nperiod of time? And I think the concern
Dialogue: 0,1:11:39.89,1:11:48.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here is about increasing your \Nfinancial gain in the crisis, for example.
Dialogue: 0,1:11:48.67,1:11:55.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So programed obsolescence, as both of\Nthose mentioned. So you're a bit late. So
Dialogue: 0,1:11:55.54,1:12:00.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you could keep it short, that would be\Ngreat. OK? Andrea: The quick answer is no,
Dialogue: 0,1:12:00.80,1:12:08.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's not possible. You can make. You can\Nenhance how long vaccines and how much
Dialogue: 0,1:12:08.48,1:12:13.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,immune response you get from a vaccine or\Ncertain additives. But you can not, like
Dialogue: 0,1:12:13.93,1:12:18.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,make them a definite time because\Neverybody is different. So even when you
Dialogue: 0,1:12:18.81,1:12:21.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,get your booster shot, they say six\Nmonths, but you may need it after three
Dialogue: 0,1:12:21.84,1:12:27.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,months or you may need it after 12\Nauthorityto. It's very hard to tell. And
Dialogue: 0,1:12:27.55,1:12:32.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pharma industry does not have tools that\Nwould allow them that, to my knowledge. So
Dialogue: 0,1:12:32.52,1:12:38.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think that's not a risk.\Nmelzai_a: I mean, it's it's a human
Dialogue: 0,1:12:38.69,1:12:43.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,system, and so complex is the rocket to\Nthe Moon. So.
Dialogue: 0,1:12:43.78,1:12:46.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Andrea: I think it's a it's a valid\Nconcern. It's just technologically not
Dialogue: 0,1:12:46.86,1:12:53.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,possible. Luckily, I guess. \Nmelzai_a: The final and really last question, I think,
Dialogue: 0,1:12:53.43,1:12:57.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is where can somebody find the 3D models\Nout there?
Dialogue: 0,1:12:57.11,1:13:01.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Andrea: Oh, you can go to inside\NCorona..de and find a blog post about a 3D
Dialogue: 0,1:13:01.78,1:13:13.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thing or you go to Thingy Reuss and you\Nlook for inside corona. I can. Yeah. Yeah.
Dialogue: 0,1:13:13.05,1:13:21.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I just go to. I just put it in. Why not\Nthat? That's our home page and then on
Dialogue: 0,1:13:21.11,1:13:29.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thingy worse. It's also called inside\Ncorona. And you can also write me a
Dialogue: 0,1:13:29.38,1:13:36.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,message on Twitter if you don't find it at\Na turn up. And remember, we're going to
Dialogue: 0,1:13:36.86,1:13:43.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,put out a new model soon in January, but\NI'm still waiting for the final files and
Dialogue: 0,1:13:43.26,1:13:49.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,holiday. So it will be a few more weeks.\Nmelzai_a: So but that trend in January,
Dialogue: 0,1:13:49.84,1:13:53.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not in December 2008. Yeah, exactly. Or\Nprinted?
Dialogue: 0,1:13:53.26,1:13:59.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Andrea: Yes. So thank you very much for\Nhaving me.
Dialogue: 0,1:13:59.96,1:14:02.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,melzai_a: Yeah, it was good. Thank you.\NAnd I think if they are no more questions.
Dialogue: 0,1:14:02.82,1:14:08.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everybody. All right. Oh, you know how it\Nlooks like? I think that's really
Dialogue: 0,1:14:08.28,1:14:12.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,important. I think one and a half years\Nago, I came across the first pictures was
Dialogue: 0,1:14:12.02,1:14:17.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like, This is how it looks like. Now I can\Ntell it to the people who who don't read
Dialogue: 0,1:14:17.71,1:14:26.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the scientific original papers because\Nthey are so difficult to read. So. Yeah.
Dialogue: 0,1:14:26.09,1:14:34.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Good. You know. And thanks for being here\Nand looking forward to hearing and seeing
Dialogue: 0,1:14:34.13,1:14:38.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more and hopefully once this will be over.\NI think
Dialogue: 0,1:14:38.05,1:14:43.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Andrea: I hope so too. Going back out of\Nthe spotlight to being just a Methods
Dialogue: 0,1:14:43.73,1:14:45.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,developer, that would be nice. \NHerald: That would be nice, yes.
Dialogue: 0,1:14:45.73,1:15:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Subtitles created by c3subtitles.de\Nin the year 2022. Join, and help us!